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The Role of Magnesium and Other Bio-Elements in Pathoetiology of Human and Animal Ailments

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Bioactives and Nutraceuticals".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 30050

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Martin Kolisek

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Jessenius Medical Faculty, Comenius University in Bratislava, Martin, Slovakia
Interests: molecular aspects of Mg2+ transports and cellular Mg homeostasis; SLC transporters; molecular genetics and physiology of neurodegeneration; rare mitochondrial diseases; phosphoproteome
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Rhian Touyz

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
University of Glasgow
Interests: molecular physiology of cardiovascular system; physiology of endothelial cells; Mg in cardiovascular diseases; hypertension; translational and personalized medicine; oxidative stress
Dr. Gerhard Sponder

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Freie Universität Berlin
Interests: molecular biology and genetics of Mg2+ transporters; cellular and subcellular biology; stem cells
Prof. Dr. Andrea Fleig

E-Mail Website
Co-Guest Editor
University of Hawai’i
Interests: molecular signaling; electrophysiology; TRPM channels/chanzymes; cellular Mg2+ and Ca2+ homeostasis

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Magnesium (Mg) and other biometals (BM) play an essential role in various physiological processes in cells but also at the level of tissue, organ, and of the whole body. Aberrant homeostasis of Mg or other BM can be the consequence of some disease conditions, but it might also be a factor priming the onset of certain diseases. Among serious disease conditions associated with disturbed Mg and other BM homeostasis are cardiovascular, metabolic and also neurological, neurodegenerative, neuromuscular, and psychiatric diseases. In this Special Issue of IJMS, we welcome any original research, review or minireview/hypothesis regarding the role of Mg and of other BM (or their homeostatic factors) in the pathoetiology of human and animal ailments and their use in diagnostics and patient therapy following principles of translational and/or personalized medicine.

Assoc. Prof.Martin Kolisek
Dr. Rhian Touyz
Dr. Gerhard Sponder
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 1662 KiB  
Article
The Combined Influence of Magnesium and Insulin on Central Metabolic Functions and Expression of Genes Involved in Magnesium Homeostasis of Cultured Bovine Adipocytes
by Sandra K. Becker, Gerhard Sponder, Mansur A. Sandhu, Susanne Trappe, Martin Kolisek and Jörg R. Aschenbach
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(11), 5897; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms22115897 - 31 May 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2595
Abstract
At the onset of lactation, dairy cows suffer from insulin resistance, insulin deficiency or both, similar to human diabetes, resulting in lipolysis, ketosis and fatty liver. This work explored the combined effects of different levels of magnesium (0.1, 0.3, 1 and 3 mM) [...] Read more.
At the onset of lactation, dairy cows suffer from insulin resistance, insulin deficiency or both, similar to human diabetes, resulting in lipolysis, ketosis and fatty liver. This work explored the combined effects of different levels of magnesium (0.1, 0.3, 1 and 3 mM) and insulin (25, 250 and 25,000 pM) on metabolic pathways and the expression of magnesium-responsive genes in a bovine adipocyte model. Magnesium starvation (0.1 mM) and low insulin (25 pM) independently decreased or tended to decrease the accumulation of non-polar lipids and uptake of the glucose analog 6-(N-(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl)amino)-6-deoxyglucose (6-NBDG). Activity of glycerol 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GPDH) was highest at 25 pM insulin and 3 mM magnesium. Expression of SLC41A1 and SLC41A3 was reduced at 0.1 mM magnesium either across insulin concentrations (SLC41A1) or at 250 pM insulin (SLC41A3). MAGT1 expression was reduced at 3 mM magnesium. NIPA1 expression was reduced at 3 mM and 0.1 mM magnesium at 25 and 250 pM insulin, respectively. Expression of SLC41A2, CNNM2, TRPM6 and TRPM7 was not affected. We conclude that magnesium promotes lipogenesis in adipocytes and inversely regulates the transcription of genes that increase vs. decrease cytosolic magnesium concentration. The induction of GAPDH activity by surplus magnesium at low insulin concentration can counteract excessive lipomobilization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Magnesium and Other Bio-Elements in Pathoetiology of Human and Animal Ailments)
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25 pages, 6223 KiB  
Article
Dietary Mg2+ Intake and the Na+/Mg2+ Exchanger SLC41A1 Influence Components of Mitochondrial Energetics in Murine Cardiomyocytes
by Zuzana Tatarkova, Jeroen H. F. de Baaij, Marian Grendar, Jörg R. Aschenbach, Peter Racay, Caro Bos, Gerhard Sponder, Joost G. J. Hoenderop, Monika Röntgen, Monika Turcanova Koprusakova and Martin Kolisek
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(21), 8221; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms21218221 - 03 Nov 2020
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2645
Abstract
Cardiomyocytes are among the most energy-intensive cell types. Interplay between the components of cellular magnesium (Mg) homeostasis and energy metabolism in cardiomyocytes is poorly understood. We have investigated the effects of dietary Mg content and presence/functionality of the Na+/Mg2+ exchanger [...] Read more.
Cardiomyocytes are among the most energy-intensive cell types. Interplay between the components of cellular magnesium (Mg) homeostasis and energy metabolism in cardiomyocytes is poorly understood. We have investigated the effects of dietary Mg content and presence/functionality of the Na+/Mg2+ exchanger SLC41A1 on enzymatic functions of selected constituents of the Krebs cycle and complexes of the electron transport chain (ETC). The activities of aconitate hydratase (ACON), isocitrate dehydrogenase (ICDH), α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase (KGDH), and ETC complexes CI–CV have been determined in vitro in mitochondria isolated from hearts of wild-type (WT) and Slc41a1−/− mice fed a diet with either normal or low Mg content. Our data demonstrate that both, the type of Mg diet and the Slc41a1 genotype largely impact on the activities of enzymes of the Krebs cycle and ETC. Moreover, a compensatory effect of Slc41a1−/− genotype on the effect of low Mg diet on activities of the tested Krebs cycle enzymes has been identified. A machine-learning analysis identified activities of ICDH, CI, CIV, and CV as common predictors of the type of Mg diet and of CII as suitable predictor of Slc41a1 genotype. Thus, our data delineate the effect of dietary Mg content and of SLC41A1 functionality on the energy-production in cardiac mitochondria. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Magnesium and Other Bio-Elements in Pathoetiology of Human and Animal Ailments)
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15 pages, 3124 KiB  
Article
Quantification of Iron Release from Native Ferritin and Magnetoferritin Induced by Vitamins B2 and C
by Oliver Strbak, Lucia Balejcikova, Martina Kmetova, Jan Gombos, Alzbeta Trancikova, Michal Pokusa and Peter Kopcansky
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(17), 6332; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms21176332 - 31 Aug 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2497
Abstract
Various pathological processes in humans are associated with biogenic iron accumulation and the mineralization of iron oxide nanoparticles, especially magnetite. Ferritin has been proposed as a precursor to pathological magnetite mineralization. This study quantifies spectroscopically the release of ferrous ions from native ferritin [...] Read more.
Various pathological processes in humans are associated with biogenic iron accumulation and the mineralization of iron oxide nanoparticles, especially magnetite. Ferritin has been proposed as a precursor to pathological magnetite mineralization. This study quantifies spectroscopically the release of ferrous ions from native ferritin and magnetoferritin as a model system for pathological ferritin in the presence of potent natural reducing agents (vitamins C and B2) over time. Ferrous cations are required for the transformation of ferrihydrite (physiological) into a magnetite (pathological) mineral core and are considered toxic at elevated levels. The study shows a significant difference in the reduction and iron release from native ferritin compared to magnetoferritin for both vitamins. The amount of reduced iron formed from a magnetoferritin mineral core is two to five times higher than from native ferritin. Surprisingly, increasing the concentration of the reducing agent affects only iron release from native ferritin. Magnetoferritin cores with different loading factors seem to be insensitive to different concentrations of vitamins. An alternative hypothesis of human tissue magnetite mineralization and the process of iron-induced pathology is proposed. The results could contribute to evidence of the molecular mechanisms of various iron-related pathologies, including neurodegeneration. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Magnesium and Other Bio-Elements in Pathoetiology of Human and Animal Ailments)
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Review

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18 pages, 1684 KiB  
Review
Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Minerals in Relation to a Healthy Gut Microbiome
by Viktor Bielik and Martin Kolisek
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(13), 6803; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms22136803 - 24 Jun 2021
Cited by 55 | Viewed by 9365
Abstract
Adequate amounts of a wide range of micronutrients are needed by body tissues to maintain health. Dietary intake must be sufficient to meet these micronutrient requirements. Mineral deficiency does not seem to be the result of a physically active life or of athletic [...] Read more.
Adequate amounts of a wide range of micronutrients are needed by body tissues to maintain health. Dietary intake must be sufficient to meet these micronutrient requirements. Mineral deficiency does not seem to be the result of a physically active life or of athletic training but is more likely to arise from disturbances in the quality and quantity of ingested food. The lack of some minerals in the body appears to be symbolic of the modern era reflecting either the excessive intake of empty calories or a negative energy balance from drastic weight-loss diets. Several animal studies provide convincing evidence for an association between dietary micronutrient availability and microbial composition in the gut. However, the influence of human gut microbiota on the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of trace elements in human food has rarely been studied. Bacteria play a role by effecting mineral bioavailability and bioaccessibility, which are further increased through the fermentation of cereals and the soaking and germination of crops. Moreover, probiotics have a positive effect on iron, calcium, selenium, and zinc in relation to gut microbiome composition and metabolism. The current literature reveals the beneficial effects of bacteria on mineral bioaccessibility and bioavailability in supporting both the human gut microbiome and overall health. This review focuses on interactions between the gut microbiota and several minerals in sport nutrition, as related to a physically active lifestyle. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Magnesium and Other Bio-Elements in Pathoetiology of Human and Animal Ailments)
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15 pages, 581 KiB  
Review
Tellurium: A Rare Element with Influence on Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic Biological Systems
by Silvia Vávrová, Eva Struhárňanská, Ján Turňa and Stanislav Stuchlík
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(11), 5924; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms22115924 - 31 May 2021
Cited by 34 | Viewed by 4286
Abstract
Metalloid tellurium is characterized as a chemical element belonging to the chalcogen group without known biological function. However, its compounds, especially the oxyanions, exert numerous negative effects on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Recent evidence suggests that increasing environmental pollution with tellurium has [...] Read more.
Metalloid tellurium is characterized as a chemical element belonging to the chalcogen group without known biological function. However, its compounds, especially the oxyanions, exert numerous negative effects on both prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms. Recent evidence suggests that increasing environmental pollution with tellurium has a causal link to autoimmune, neurodegenerative and oncological diseases. In this review, we provide an overview about the current knowledge on the mechanisms of tellurium compounds’ toxicity in bacteria and humans and we summarise the various ways organisms cope and detoxify these compounds. Over the last decades, several gene clusters conferring resistance to tellurium compounds have been identified in a variety of bacterial species and strains. These genetic determinants exhibit great genetic and functional diversity. Besides the existence of specific resistance mechanisms, tellurium and its toxic compounds interact with molecular systems, mediating general detoxification and mitigation of oxidative stress. We also discuss the similarity of tellurium and selenium biochemistry and the impact of their compounds on humans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Magnesium and Other Bio-Elements in Pathoetiology of Human and Animal Ailments)
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22 pages, 798 KiB  
Review
A Review of the Action of Magnesium on Several Processes Involved in the Modulation of Hematopoiesis
by Fabiana da Silva Lima and Ricardo Ambrósio Fock
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(19), 7084; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms21197084 - 25 Sep 2020
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3298
Abstract
Magnesium (Mg2+) is an essential mineral for the functioning and maintenance of the body. Disturbances in Mg2+ intracellular homeostasis result in cell-membrane modification, an increase in oxidative stress, alteration in the proliferation mechanism, differentiation, and apoptosis. Mg2+ deficiency often [...] Read more.
Magnesium (Mg2+) is an essential mineral for the functioning and maintenance of the body. Disturbances in Mg2+ intracellular homeostasis result in cell-membrane modification, an increase in oxidative stress, alteration in the proliferation mechanism, differentiation, and apoptosis. Mg2+ deficiency often results in inflammation, with activation of inflammatory pathways and increased production of proinflammatory cytokines by immune cells. Immune cells and others that make up the blood system are from hematopoietic tissue in the bone marrow. The hematopoietic tissue is a tissue with high indices of renovation, and Mg2+ has a pivotal role in the cell replication process, as well as DNA and RNA synthesis. However, the impact of the intra- and extracellular disturbance of Mg2+ homeostasis on the hematopoietic tissue is little explored. This review deals specifically with the physiological requirements of Mg2+ on hematopoiesis, showing various studies related to the physiological requirements and the effects of deficiency or excess of this mineral on the hematopoiesis regulation, as well as on the specific process of erythropoiesis, granulopoiesis, lymphopoiesis, and thrombopoiesis. The literature selected includes studies in vitro, in animal models, and in humans, giving details about the impact that alterations of Mg2+ homeostasis can have on hematopoietic cells and hematopoietic tissue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Magnesium and Other Bio-Elements in Pathoetiology of Human and Animal Ailments)
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34 pages, 3028 KiB  
Review
Current Methods of Magnetic Resonance for Noninvasive Assessment of Molecular Aspects of Pathoetiology in Multiple Sclerosis
by Petra Hnilicová, Oliver Štrbák, Martin Kolisek, Egon Kurča, Kamil Zeleňák, Štefan Sivák and Ema Kantorová
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2020, 21(17), 6117; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms21176117 - 25 Aug 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3876
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease with expanding axonal and neuronal degeneration in the central nervous system leading to motoric dysfunctions, psychical disability, and cognitive impairment during MS progression. The exact cascade of pathological processes (inflammation, demyelination, excitotoxicity, diffuse neuro-axonal degeneration, oxidative [...] Read more.
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease with expanding axonal and neuronal degeneration in the central nervous system leading to motoric dysfunctions, psychical disability, and cognitive impairment during MS progression. The exact cascade of pathological processes (inflammation, demyelination, excitotoxicity, diffuse neuro-axonal degeneration, oxidative and metabolic stress, etc.) causing MS onset is still not fully understood, although several accompanying biomarkers are particularly suitable for the detection of early subclinical changes. Magnetic resonance (MR) methods are generally considered to be the most sensitive diagnostic tools. Their advantages include their noninvasive nature and their ability to image tissue in vivo. In particular, MR spectroscopy (proton 1H and phosphorus 31P MRS) is a powerful analytical tool for the detection and analysis of biomedically relevant metabolites, amino acids, and bioelements, and thus for providing information about neuro-axonal degradation, demyelination, reactive gliosis, mitochondrial and neurotransmitter failure, cellular energetic and membrane alternation, and the imbalance of magnesium homeostasis in specific tissues. Furthermore, the MR relaxometry-based detection of accumulated biogenic iron in the brain tissue is useful in disease evaluation. The early description and understanding of the developing pathological process might be critical for establishing clinically effective MS-modifying therapies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Magnesium and Other Bio-Elements in Pathoetiology of Human and Animal Ailments)
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