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Advances in Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Type 1 Diabetes 2.0
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Advances in Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Type 1 Diabetes 2.0

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Immunology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2023) | Viewed by 8473

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Alessandra Fierabracci

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy
Interests: autoimmunity; type 1 diabetes; endocrinopathies; T regulatory cells; autoreactive T cells; nanotechnologies; NK cells; extracellular vesicles; immunoregulation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (type 1 diabetes) is a heterogeneous disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic β cells, culminating in absolute insulin deficiency. The goals of type 1 diabetes care, according to the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial (DCCT), are to achieve good glycemic control. This requires preventing hyperglycemia (which is associated with long-term microvascular and macrovascular complications) and to avoid recurrent episodes of hypoglycemia, which ultimately affects cognitive function. However, despite the continuing optimization of insulin therapy regimes, the actual hormonal substitutive administration acts only to treat the symptoms without an effect on disease pathology and etiopathogenesis. In recent decades, a great deal of interest has been focused on prevention approaches in high-risk individuals, based on the hypothesis that therapeutic intervention, if applied at the early stage of disease, might contribute to maintaining endogenous β cell function by preserving the residual β cell reservoir from autoimmune attack. Following the publication of the first Special Issue in 2019, this second Issue represents an update on the most recent developments

Dr. Alessandra Fierabracci
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • autoimmunity
  • type 1 diabetes
  • T regulatory cells
  • autoreactive T cells
  • dendritic cells
  • nanotechnologies
  • NK cells
  • extracellular vesicles
  • cytokines
  • antigen-specific therapies
  • anti-inflammatory therapies
  • immunoregulation

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Editorial

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6 pages, 211 KiB  
Editorial
Advances in Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Type 1 Diabetes
by Annamaria Cudini and Alessandra Fierabracci
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24(11), 9220; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms24119220 - 25 May 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 953
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease characterized by the selective destruction of pancreatic insulin-producing beta cells due to the aberrant activation of different immune effector cells (reviewed (rev [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Type 1 Diabetes 2.0)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

12 pages, 3751 KiB  
Article
Interleukin-35 Prevents the Elevation of the M1/M2 Ratio of Macrophages in Experimental Type 1 Diabetes
by Zhengkang Luo, Charlotte Soläng, Rasmus Larsson and Kailash Singh
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(14), 7970; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms23147970 - 19 Jul 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2226
Abstract
Macrophages play an important role in the early development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Based on the phenotype, macrophages can be classified into pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages. Despite intensive research in the field of macrophages and T1D, the kinetic response of [...] Read more.
Macrophages play an important role in the early development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Based on the phenotype, macrophages can be classified into pro-inflammatory (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages. Despite intensive research in the field of macrophages and T1D, the kinetic response of M1/M2 ratio has not been studied in T1D. Thus, herein, we studied the M1 and M2 macrophages in the early development of T1D using the multiple low dose streptozotocin (MLDSTZ) mouse model. We determined the proportions of M1 and M2 macrophages in thymic glands, pancreatic lymph nodes and spleens on days 3, 7 and 10 after the first injection of STZ. In addition, we investigated the effect of IL-35 in vivo on the M1/M2 ratio and IL-35+ plasmacytoid dendritic cells in diabetic mice and in vitro on the sorted macrophages. Our results revealed that the M1/M2 ratio is higher in STZ-treated mice but this was lowered upon the treatment with IL-35. Furthermore, IL-35 treated mice had lower blood glucose levels and a higher proportion of IL-35+ cells among pDCs. Macrophages treated with IL-35 in vitro also had a higher proportion of M2 macrophages. Together, our data indicate that, under diabetic conditions, pro-inflammatory macrophages increased, but IL-35 treatment decreased the pro-inflammatory macrophages and increased anti-inflammatory macrophages, further suggesting that IL-35 prevents hyperglycemia by maintaining the anti-inflammatory phenotype of macrophages and other immune cells. Thus, IL-35 should be further investigated for the treatment of T1D and other autoimmune disorders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Type 1 Diabetes 2.0)
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18 pages, 4359 KiB  
Article
Preparation and In Vitro Evaluation of RITUXfab-Decorated Lipoplexes to Improve Delivery of siRNA Targeting C1858T PTPN22 Variant in B Lymphocytes
by Andrea Arena, Eugenia Belcastro, Antonella Accardo, Annamaria Sandomenico, Olivia Pagliarosi, Elisabetta Rosa, Stefania Petrini, Libenzio Adrian Conti, Ezio Giorda, Tiziana Corsetti, Riccardo Schiaffini, Giancarlo Morelli and Alessandra Fierabracci
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(1), 408; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms23010408 - 30 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1903
Abstract
Autoimmune endocrine disorders, such as type 1 diabetes (T1D) and thyroiditis, at present are treated with only hormone replacement therapy. This emphasizes the need to identify personalized effective immunotherapeutic strategies targeting T and B lymphocytes. Among the genetic variants associated with several autoimmune [...] Read more.
Autoimmune endocrine disorders, such as type 1 diabetes (T1D) and thyroiditis, at present are treated with only hormone replacement therapy. This emphasizes the need to identify personalized effective immunotherapeutic strategies targeting T and B lymphocytes. Among the genetic variants associated with several autoimmune disorders, the C1858T polymorphism of the protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 22 (PTPN22) gene, encoding for Lyp variant R620W, affects the innate and adaptive immunity. We previously exploited a novel personalized immunotherapeutic approach based on siRNA delivered by liposomes (lipoplexes) that selectively inhibit variant allele expression. In this manuscript, we improved lipoplexes carrying siRNA for variant C1858T by functionalizing them with Fab of Rituximab antibody (RituxFab-Lipoplex) to specifically target B lymphocytes in autoimmune conditions, such as T1D. RituxFab-Lipoplexes specifically bind to B lymphocytes of the human Raji cell line and of human PBMC of healthy donors. RituxFab-Lipoplexes have impact on the function of B lymphocytes of T1D patients upon CpG stimulation showing a higher inhibitory effect on total cell proliferation and IgM+ plasma cell differentiation than the not functionalized ones. These results might open new pathways of applicability of RituxFab-Lipoplexes, such as personalized immunotherapy, to other autoimmune disorders, where B lymphocytes are the prevalent pathogenic immunocytes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Type 1 Diabetes 2.0)
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15 pages, 3359 KiB  
Article
Interleukin-35 Prevents Development of Autoimmune Diabetes Possibly by Maintaining the Phenotype of Regulatory B Cells
by Zhengkang Luo, Sara Lundin, Mariela Mejia-Cordova, Imane Hassani, Martin Blixt, Daisy Hjelmqvist, Joey Lau, Daniel Espes, Per-Ola Carlsson, Stellan Sandler and Kailash Singh
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(23), 12988; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms222312988 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2753
Abstract
The anti-inflammatory role of regulatory B cells (Breg cells) has been associated with IL-35 based on studies of experimental autoimmune uveitis and encephalitis. The role of Breg cells and IL-35+ Breg cells for type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains to be investigated. We [...] Read more.
The anti-inflammatory role of regulatory B cells (Breg cells) has been associated with IL-35 based on studies of experimental autoimmune uveitis and encephalitis. The role of Breg cells and IL-35+ Breg cells for type 1 diabetes (T1D) remains to be investigated. We studied PBMCs from T1D subjects and healthy controls (HC) and found lowered proportions of Breg cells and IL-35+ Breg cells in T1D. To elucidate the role of Breg cells, the lymphoid organs of two mouse models of T1D were examined. Lower proportions of Breg cells and IL-35+ Breg cells were found in the animal models of T1D compared with control mice. In addition, the systemic administration of recombinant mouse IL-35 prevented hyperglycemia after multiple low dose streptozotocin (MLDSTZ) injections and increased the proportions of Breg cells and IL-35+ Breg cells. A higher proportion of IFN-γ+ cells among Breg cells were found in the PBMCs of the T1D subjects. In the MLDSTZ mice, IL-35 administration decreased the proportions of IFN-γ+ cells among the Breg cells. Our data illustrate that Breg cells may play an important role in the development of T1D and that IL-35 treatment prevents the development of hyperglycemia by maintaining the phenotype of the Breg cells under an experimental T1D condition. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Immunotherapeutic Approaches to Type 1 Diabetes 2.0)
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