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Molecular Research on Dental Materials and Biomaterials

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A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Science".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2016) | Viewed by 105949

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Prof. Dr. Ihtesham Ur Rehman

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Engineering Department, Faculty of Scince and Technology, Lancaster University, Gillow Avenue, Lancaster LA1 4YW, UK
Interests: biomaterials and regenerative medicine; bioengineering; biospectroscopy; early detection and diagnosis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

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Dear Colleagues,

The history of use of dental materials and biomaterial dates back to the BC era, but the real advances in this field have occurred since 19th century due to the inventing and understanding of new materials. These advances have been due to the continuous quest for new materials and new technologies used for the design and fabrication of new and novel materials, and, in particular, the understanding of new materials with innovative clinical applications. These have only been possible due to interdisciplinary research of a translational nature, where physicians, surgeons, dentists, and materials scientists, work together for a common and targeted goal. It is important for clinicians to understand the needs of the patient, who translates those needs for the materials scientist to develop an implant to improve the quality of life for the patient.

Once the chemical, physical, mechanical, and biological properties of the materials are well understood, then these materials can be tailored to provide specific clinical applications. Development in the field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine has only been possible due to work from this partnership. This Special Issue will provide an excellent forum to bring together different communities and publish research of a high calibre, which will be beneficial to healthcare.

I would like to take this opportunity to invite you to submit your manuscript to the Special Issue on “Molecular Research on Dental Materials and Biomaterials” in IJMS, which will surely act as an excellent vehicle for the dissemination of your research. We will accept reviews and original scientific papers in this Special Issue, and very much look forward to your valuable contribution.

Prof. Dr Ihtesham ur Rehman
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

dental materials
biomaterials
polymers
bioceramics
nanomaterials
nano-technology
fibres glass ionomers
bioactive glasses
biocomposites
dental composites
characterization
properties of dental and biomaterials dental applications
dental technology
GTR membranes
restorative materials
dental implants
dental tissue engineering
scaffold for dental tissue engineering
oral biology
oral cancers
drug delivery
spectroscopy

Related Special Issue

Molecular Research on Dental Materials and Biomaterials 2018 in International Journal of Molecular Sciences (16 articles)

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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12569 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effectiveness of Hypochlorous Acid to Reduce the Biofilms on Titanium Alloy Surfaces in Vitro

by Chun-Ju Chen, Chun-Cheng Chen and Shinn-Jyh Ding

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17(7), 1161; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms17071161 - 19 Jul 2016

Cited by 42 | Viewed by 13649

Abstract

Chemotherapeutic agents have been used as an adjunct to mechanical debridement for peri-implantitis treatment. The present in vitro study evaluated and compared the effectiveness of hypochlorous acid (HOCl), sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl), and chlorhexidine (CHX) at eliminating Gram-negative (E. coli and P. gingivalis) and Gram-positive (E. faecalis and S. sanguinis) bacteria. The effect of irrigating volume and exposure time on the antimicrobial efficacy of HOCl was evaluated, and a durability analysis was completed. Live/dead staining, morphology observation, alamarBlue assay, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) detection were examined on grit-blasted and biofilm-contaminated titanium alloy discs after treatment with the three chemotherapeutic agents. The results indicated that HOCl exhibited better antibacterial efficacy with increasing irrigating volumes. HOCl achieved greater antibacterial efficacy as treatment time was increased. A decrease in antimicrobial effectiveness was observed when HOCl was unsealed and left in contact with the air. All the irrigants showed antibacterial activity and killed the majority of bacteria on the titanium alloy surfaces of biofilm-contaminated implants. Moreover, HOCl significantly lowered the LPS concentration of P. gingivalis when compared with NaOCl and CHX. Thus, a HOCl antiseptic may be effective for cleaning biofilm-contaminated implant surfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research on Dental Materials and Biomaterials)

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4000 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Antimicrobial Denture Base Resin on Multi-Species Biofilm Formation

by Keke Zhang, Biao Ren, Xuedong Zhou, Hockin H. K. Xu, Yu Chen, Qi Han, Bolei Li, Michael D. Weir, Mingyun Li, Mingye Feng and Lei Cheng

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17(7), 1033; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms17071033 - 29 Jun 2016

Cited by 41 | Viewed by 6614

Abstract

Our aims of the research were to study the antimicrobial effect of dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) modified denture base resin on multi-species biofilms and the biocompatibility of this modified dental material. Candida albicans (C. albicans), Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans), Streptococcus sanguinis (S. sanguinis), as well as Actinomyces naeslundii (A. naeslundii) were used for biofilm formation on denture base resin. Colony forming unit (CFU) counts, microbial viability staining, and 2,3-bis(2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium-5-carboxanilide (XTT) array were used to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of DMADDM. C. albicans staining and Real-time PCR were used to analyze the morphology and expression of virulence genes of C. albicans in biofilm. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) array and Real-time PCR were conducted to examine the results after biofilm co-cultured with epithelial cell. Hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining followed by histological evaluation were used to study the biocompatibility of this modified material. We found that DMADDM containing groups reduced both biomass and metabolic activity of the biofilm significantly. DMADDM can also inhibit the virulence of C. albicans by means of inhibiting the hyphal development and downregulation of two virulence related genes. DMADDM significantly reduced the cell damage caused by multi-species biofilm according to the LDH activity and reduced the expression of IL-18 gene of the cells simultaneously. The in vivo histological evaluation proved that the addition of DMADDM less than 6.6% in denture material did not increase the inflammatory response (p > 0.05). Therefore, we proposed that the novel denture base resin containing DMADDM may be considered as a new promising therapeutic system against problems caused by microbes on denture base such as denture stomatitis. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research on Dental Materials and Biomaterials)

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3318 KiB

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Multi-Elemental Profiling of Tibial and Maxillary Trabecular Bone in Ovariectomised Rats

by Pingping Han, Shifeier Lu, Yinghong Zhou, Karine Moromizato, Zhibin Du, Thor Friis and Yin Xiao

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17(6), 977; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms17060977 - 21 Jun 2016

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 5767

Abstract

Atomic minerals are the smallest components of bone and the content of Ca, being the most abundant mineral in bone, correlates strongly with the risk of osteoporosis. Postmenopausal women have a far greater risk of suffering from OP due to low Ca concentrations in their bones and this is associated with low bone mass and higher bone fracture rates. However, bone strength is determined not only by Ca level, but also a number of metallic and non-metallic elements in bone. Thus, in this study, the difference of metallic and non-metallic elements in ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis tibial and maxillary trabecular bone was investigated in comparison with sham operated normal bone by laser ablation inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry using a rat model. The results demonstrated that the average concentrations of ²⁵Mg, ²⁸Si, ³⁹K, ⁴⁷Ti, ⁵⁶Fe, ⁵⁹Co, ⁷⁷Se, ⁸⁸Sr, ¹³⁷Ba, and ²⁰⁸Pb were generally higher in tibia than those in maxilla. Compared with the sham group, Ovariectomy induced more significant changes of these elements in tibia than maxilla, indicating tibial trabecular bones are more sensitive to changes of circulating estrogen. In addition, the concentrations of ²⁸Si, ⁷⁷Se, ²⁰⁸Pb, and Ca/P ratios were higher in tibia and maxilla in ovariectomised rats than those in normal bone at all time-points. The present study indicates that ovariectomy could significantly impact the element distribution and concentrations between tibia and maxilla. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research on Dental Materials and Biomaterials)

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11801 KiB

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The Effect of Hydrofluoric Acid Etching Duration on the Surface Micromorphology, Roughness, and Wettability of Dental Ceramics

by Ravikumar Ramakrishnaiah, Abdulaziz A. Alkheraif, Darshan Devang Divakar, Jukka P. Matinlinna and Pekka K. Vallittu

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17(6), 822; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms17060822 - 27 May 2016

Cited by 108 | Viewed by 10277

Abstract

The current laboratory study is evaluating the effect of hydrofluoric acid etching duration on the surface characteristics of five silica-based glass ceramics. Changes in the pore pattern, crystal structure, roughness, and wettability were compared and evaluated. Seventy-five rectangularly shaped specimens were cut from each material (IPS e-max™, Dentsply Celtra™, Vita Suprinity™, Vita mark II™, and Vita Suprinity FC™); the sectioned samples were finished, polished, and ultrasonically cleaned. Specimens were randomly assigned into study groups: control (no etching) and four experimental groups (20, 40, 80 and 160 s of etching). The etched surfaces’ microstructure including crystal structure, pore pattern, pore depth, and pore width was studied under a scanning electron microscope, and the surface roughness and wettability were analyzed using a non-contact surface profilometer and a contact angle measuring device, respectively. The results were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the post hoc Tukey’s test. The results showed a significant change in the pore number, pore pattern, crystal structure, surface roughness, and wettability with increased etching duration. Etching for a short time resulted in small pores, and etching for longer times resulted in wider, irregular grooves. A significant increase in the surface roughness and wettability was observed with an increase in the etching duration. The findings also suggested a strong association between the surface roughness and wettability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research on Dental Materials and Biomaterials)

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704 KiB

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Degree of Conversion and BisGMA, TEGDMA, UDMA Elution from Flowable Bulk Fill Composites

by Edina Lempel, Zsuzsanna Czibulya, Bálint Kovács, József Szalma, Ákos Tóth, Sándor Kunsági-Máté, Zoltán Varga and Katalin Böddi

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17(5), 732; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms17050732 - 20 May 2016

Cited by 62 | Viewed by 8174

Abstract

The degree of conversion (DC) and the released bisphenol A diglycidyl ether dimethacrylate (BisGMA), triethylene glycol dimethacrylate (TEGDMA) and urethane dimethacrylate (UDMA) monomers of bulk-fill composites compared to that of conventional flowable ones were assessed using micro-Raman spectroscopy and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Four millimeter-thick samples were prepared from SureFil SDR Flow (SDR), X-tra Base (XB), Filtek Bulk Fill (FBF) and two and four millimeter samples from Filtek Ultimate Flow (FUF). They were measured with micro-Raman spectroscopy to determine the DC% of the top and the bottom surfaces. The amount of released monomers in 75% ethanol extraction media was measured with HPLC. The differences between the top and bottom DC% were significant for each material. The mean DC values were in the following order for the bottom surfaces: SDR_4mm_20s > FUF_2mm_20s > XB_4mm_20s > FBF_4mm_20s > XB_4mm_10s > FBF_4mm_10s > FUF_4mm_20s. The highest rate in the amount of released BisGMA and TEGDMA was found from the 4 mm-thick conventional flowable FUF. Among bulk-fills, FBF showed a twenty times higher amount of eluted UDMA and twice more BisGMA; meanwhile, SDR released a significantly higher amount of TEGDMA. SDR bulk-fill showed significantly higher DC%; meanwhile XB, FBF did not reach the same level DC, as that of the 2 mm-thick conventional composite at the bottom surface. Conventional flowable composites showed a higher rate of monomer elution compared to the bulk-fills, except FBF, which showed a high amount of UDMA release. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research on Dental Materials and Biomaterials)

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7894 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Development of a Three-Dimensional (3D) Printed Biodegradable Cage to Convert Morselized Corticocancellous Bone Chips into a Structured Cortical Bone Graft

by Ying-Chao Chou, Demei Lee, Tzu-Min Chang, Yung-Heng Hsu, Yi-Hsun Yu, Shih-Jung Liu and Steve Wen-Neng Ueng

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17(4), 595; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms17040595 - 20 Apr 2016

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 7417

Abstract

This study aimed to develop a new biodegradable polymeric cage to convert corticocancellous bone chips into a structured strut graft for treating segmental bone defects. A total of 24 adult New Zealand white rabbits underwent a left femoral segmental bone defect creation. Twelve rabbits in group A underwent three-dimensional (3D) printed cage insertion, corticocancellous chips implantation, and Kirschner-wire (K-wire) fixation, while the other 12 rabbits in group B received bone chips implantation and K-wire fixation only. All rabbits received a one-week activity assessment and the initial image study at postoperative 1 week. The final image study was repeated at postoperative 12 or 24 weeks before the rabbit scarification procedure on schedule. After the animals were sacrificed, both femurs of all the rabbits were prepared for leg length ratios and 3-point bending tests. The rabbits in group A showed an increase of activities during the first week postoperatively and decreased anterior cortical disruptions in the postoperative image assessments. Additionally, higher leg length ratios and 3-point bending strengths demonstrated improved final bony ingrowths within the bone defects for rabbits in group A. In conclusion, through this bone graft converting technique, orthopedic surgeons can treat segmental bone defects by using bone chips but with imitate characters of structured cortical bone graft. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research on Dental Materials and Biomaterials)

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7475 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Retentive Strength of Cemented Zirconium Oxide Crowns after Dentin Pretreatment with Desensitizing Paste Containing 8% Arginine and Calcium Carbonate

by Raphael Pilo, Noga Harel, Joseph Nissan and Shifra Levartovsky

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17(4), 426; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms17040426 - 25 Mar 2016

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 5689

Abstract

The effect of dentin pretreatment with Desensitizing Paste containing 8% arginine and calcium carbonate on the retention of zirconium oxide (Y-TZP) crowns was tested. Forty molar teeth were mounted and prepared using a standardized protocol. Y-TZP crowns were produced using computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) technology. The 40 prepared teeth were either pretreated with Desensitizing Paste or not pretreated. After two weeks, each group was subdivided into two groups, cemented with either Resin Modified Glass Ionomer Cement (RMGIC) or Self Adhesive Resin Cement (SARC)). Prior to cementation, the surface areas of the prepared teeth were measured. After aging, the cemented crown-tooth assemblies were tested for retentive strength using a universal testing machine. The debonded surfaces of the teeth and crowns were examined microscopically at 10× magnification. Pretreating the dentin surfaces with Desensitizing Paste prior to cementation did not affect the retention of the Y-TZP crowns. The retentive values for RMGIC (3.04 ± 0.77 MPa) were significantly higher than those for SARC (2.28 ± 0.58 MPa). The predominant failure modes for the RMGIC and SARC were adhesive cement-dentin and adhesive cement-crown, respectively. An 8.0% arginine and calcium carbonate in-office desensitizing paste can be safely used to reduce post-cementation sensitivity without reducing the retentive strength of Y-TZP crowns. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research on Dental Materials and Biomaterials)

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Review

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974 KiB

Open AccessReview

Modifications in Glass Ionomer Cements: Nano-Sized Fillers and Bioactive Nanoceramics

by Shariq Najeeb, Zohaib Khurshid, Muhammad Sohail Zafar, Abdul Samad Khan, Sana Zohaib, Juan Manuel Nuñez Martí, Salvatore Sauro, Jukka Pekka Matinlinna and Ihtesham Ur Rehman

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17(7), 1134; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms17071134 - 14 Jul 2016

Cited by 128 | Viewed by 18805

Abstract

Glass ionomer cements (GICs) are being used for a wide range of applications in dentistry. In order to overcome the poor mechanical properties of glass ionomers, several modifications have been introduced to the conventional GICs. Nanotechnology involves the use of systems, modifications or materials the size of which is in the range of 1–100 nm. Nano-modification of conventional GICs and resin modified GICs (RMGICs) can be achieved by incorporation of nano-sized fillers to RMGICs, reducing the size of the glass particles, and introducing nano-sized bioceramics to the glass powder. Studies suggest that the commercially available nano-filled RMGIC does not hold any significant advantage over conventional RMGICs as far as the mechanical and bonding properties are concerned. Conversely, incorporation of nano-sized apatite crystals not only increases the mechanical properties of conventional GICs, but also can enhance fluoride release and bioactivity. By increasing the crystallinity of the set matrix, apatites can make the set cement chemically more stable, insoluble, and improve the bond strength with tooth structure. Increased fluoride release can also reduce and arrest secondary caries. However, due to a lack of long-term clinical studies, the use of nano-modified glass ionomers is still limited in daily clinical dentistry. In addition to the in vitro and in vivo studies, more randomized clinical trials are required to justify the use of these promising materials. The aim of this paper is to review the modification performed in GIC-based materials to improve their physicochemical properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research on Dental Materials and Biomaterials)

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2154 KiB

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Human Saliva Collection Devices for Proteomics: An Update

by Zohaib Khurshid, Sana Zohaib, Shariq Najeeb, Muhammad Sohail Zafar, Paul D. Slowey and Khalid Almas

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17(6), 846; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms17060846 - 06 Jun 2016

Cited by 109 | Viewed by 19519

Abstract

There has been a rapid growth in the interest and adaptation of saliva as a diagnostic specimen over the last decade, and in the last few years in particular, there have been major developments involving the application of saliva as a clinically relevant specimen. Saliva provides a “window” into the oral and systemic health of an individual, and like other bodily fluids, saliva can be analyzed and studied to diagnose diseases. With the advent of new, more sensitive technologies to detect smaller concentrations of analytes in saliva relative to blood levels, there have been a number of critical developments in the field that we will describe. In particular, recent advances in standardized saliva collection devices that were not available three to four years ago, have made it easy for safe, simple, and non-invasive collection of samples to be carried out from patients. With the availability of these new technologies, we believe that in the next decade salivary proteomics will make it possible to predict and diagnose oral as well as systemic diseases, cancer, and infectious diseases, among others. The aim of this article is to review recent developments and advances in the area of saliva specimen collection devices and applications that will advance the field of proteomics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research on Dental Materials and Biomaterials)

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1084 KiB

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Advances of Proteomic Sciences in Dentistry

by Zohaib Khurshid, Sana Zohaib, Shariq Najeeb, Muhammad Sohail Zafar, Rabia Rehman and Ihtesham Ur Rehman

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2016, 17(5), 728; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms17050728 - 13 May 2016

Cited by 46 | Viewed by 8812

Abstract

Applications of proteomics tools revolutionized various biomedical disciplines such as genetics, molecular biology, medicine, and dentistry. The aim of this review is to highlight the major milestones in proteomics in dentistry during the last fifteen years. Human oral cavity contains hard and soft tissues and various biofluids including saliva and crevicular fluid. Proteomics has brought revolution in dentistry by helping in the early diagnosis of various diseases identified by the detection of numerous biomarkers present in the oral fluids. This paper covers the role of proteomics tools for the analysis of oral tissues. In addition, dental materials proteomics and their future directions are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Research on Dental Materials and Biomaterials)

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