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Host-Microbe Interaction 3.0
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Host-Microbe Interaction 3.0

A special issue of International Journal of Molecular Sciences (ISSN 1422-0067). This special issue belongs to the section "Molecular Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 January 2022) | Viewed by 48375

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Luis Vicente López-Llorca

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies/Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
Interests: biocontrol; nematophagous fungi; entomopathogenic fungi; chitosan; plant pathology; endophytes; fungal "omics"
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Federico Lopez-Moya

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Multidisciplinary Institute for Environmental Studies/Department of Marine Sciences and Applied Biology, University of Alicante, Apdo. 99, E-03080 Alicante, Spain
Interests: new antimicrobial compounds as a solution for emerging diseases; chitosan and natural biopolymers with properties against human pathogenic filamentous fungi and yeast
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue is a follow-up of the last "Host-Microbe Interaction"; Special Issue. We would like to introduce, in this new issue, the multiscale and dynamic nature of ecosystems. Therefore, we envisage a focus on multitrophic microbial interactions of diverse biological outcome (pathogenesis, mutualism, etc.) with hosts of pluricelular or unicelular natures. The concept of the microbiome will be pursued and scientific contributions on microbial interactions of importance in ecology (habitat conservation and human impact), agro-food (food security), medical, and industrial activities are all welcome. All original or review articles should include hard data on the role of molecules (-omics) in these multitrophic interactions. We also encourage work on sequencing technologies and bioinformatics applied to the study of microbe interactomics. The role of new developments in microbe interactions in system biology is also a key issue.

Prof. Dr. Luis Vicente López-Llorca
Dr. Federico Lopez-Moya
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. International Journal of Molecular Sciences is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. There is an Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal. For details about the APC please see here. Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Secretome
  • host response
  • attenuation of pathogenesis
  • biocontrol
  • coevolution
  • horizontal gene transfer
  • Interactomics
  • Systems Biology

Published Papers (15 papers)

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Research

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16 pages, 2138 KiB  
Article
RclS Sensor Kinase Modulates Virulence of Pseudomonas capeferrum
by Katarina Novović, Milka Malešević, Miroslav Dinić, Lazar Gardijan, Milan Kojić and Branko Jovčić
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(15), 8232; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms23158232 - 26 Jul 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1346
Abstract
Signal transduction systems are the key players of bacterial adaptation and survival. The orthodox two-component signal transduction systems perceive diverse environmental stimuli and their regulatory response leads to cellular changes. Although rarely described, the unorthodox three-component systems are also implemented in the regulation [...] Read more.
Signal transduction systems are the key players of bacterial adaptation and survival. The orthodox two-component signal transduction systems perceive diverse environmental stimuli and their regulatory response leads to cellular changes. Although rarely described, the unorthodox three-component systems are also implemented in the regulation of major bacterial behavior such as the virulence of clinically relevant pathogen P. aeruginosa. Previously, we described a novel three-component system in P. capeferrum WCS358 (RclSAR) where the sensor kinase RclS stimulates the intI1 transcription in stationary growth phase. In this study, using rclS knock-out mutant, we identified RclSAR regulon in P. capeferrum WCS358. The RNA sequencing revealed that activity of RclSAR signal transduction system is growth phase dependent with more pronounced regulatory potential in early stages of growth. Transcriptional analysis emphasized the role of RclSAR in global regulation and indicated the involvement of this system in regulation of diverse cellular activities such as RNA binding and metabolic and biocontrol processes. Importantly, phenotypic comparison of WCS358 wild type and ΔrclS mutant showed that RclS sensor kinase contributes to modulation of antibiotic resistance, production of AHLs and siderophore as well as host cell adherence and cytotoxicity. Finally, we proposed the improved model of interplay between RclSAR, RpoS and LasIR regulatory systems in P. capeferrum WCS358. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host-Microbe Interaction 3.0)
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19 pages, 4209 KiB  
Article
TMT-Based Quantitative Proteomic Analysis of Intestinal Organoids Infected by Listeria monocytogenes Strains with Different Virulence
by Cong Zhou, Yafang Zou, Jie Huang, Ziyu Zhao, Yanning Zhang, Yeyu Wei and Keping Ye
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(11), 6231; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms23116231 - 02 Jun 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2007
Abstract
L. monocytogenes, consisting of 13 serotypes, is an opportunistic food-borne pathogen that causes different host reactions depending on its serotypes. In this study, highly toxic L. monocytogenes 10403s resulted in more severe infections and lower survival rates. Additionally, to investigate the [...] Read more.
L. monocytogenes, consisting of 13 serotypes, is an opportunistic food-borne pathogen that causes different host reactions depending on its serotypes. In this study, highly toxic L. monocytogenes 10403s resulted in more severe infections and lower survival rates. Additionally, to investigate the remodeling of the host proteome by strains exhibiting differential toxicity, the cellular protein responses of intestinal organoids were analyzed using tandem mass tag (TMT) labeling and high-performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. The virulent strain 10403s caused 102 up-regulated and 52 down-regulated proteins, while the low virulent strain M7 caused 188 up-regulated and 25 down-regulated proteins. Based on the analysis of gene ontology (GO) and KEGG databases, the expressions of differential proteins in organoids infected by L. monocytogenes 10403s (virulent strain) or M7 (low virulent strain) were involved in regulating essential processes such as the biological metabolism, the energy metabolism, and immune system processes. The results showed that the immune system process, as the primary host defense response to L. monocytogenes, comprised five pathways, including ECM–receptor interaction, the complement and coagulation cascades, HIF-1, ferroptosis, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathways. As for the L. monocytogenes 10403s vs. M7 group, the expression of differential proteins was involved in two pathways: systemic lupus erythematosus and transcriptional mis-regulation in cancer. All in all, these results revealed that L. monocytogenes strains with different toxicity induced similar biological functions and immune responses while having different regulations on differential proteins in the pathway. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host-Microbe Interaction 3.0)
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17 pages, 3293 KiB  
Article
cDNA Transcriptome of Arabidopsis Reveals Various Defense Priming Induced by a Broad-Spectrum Biocontrol Agent Burkholderia sp. SSG
by Ping Kong, Xiaoping Li, Fred Gouker and Chuanxue Hong
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(6), 3151; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms23063151 - 15 Mar 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2310
Abstract
Burkholderia sp. SSG is a potent biological control agent. Even though its survival on the leaf surface declined rapidly, SSG provided extended, moderate plant protection from a broad spectrum of pathogens. This study used Arabidopsis Col-0 and its mutants, eds16-1, npr1-1, [...] Read more.
Burkholderia sp. SSG is a potent biological control agent. Even though its survival on the leaf surface declined rapidly, SSG provided extended, moderate plant protection from a broad spectrum of pathogens. This study used Arabidopsis Col-0 and its mutants, eds16-1, npr1-1, and pad4-1 as model plants and compared treated plants with non-treated controls to elucidate whether SSG triggers plant defense priming. Only eds16-1 leaves with SSG became purplish, suggesting the involvement of salicylic acid (SA) in SSG-induced priming. cDNA sequencing of Col-0 plants and differential gene expression analysis identified 120 and 119 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) at 6- and 24-h post-treatment (hpt) with SSG, respectively. Most of these DEGs encoded responses to biotic and abiotic stimuli or stresses; four DEGs had more than two isoforms. A total of 23 DEGs were shared at 6 and 24 hpt, showing four regulation patterns. Functional categorization of these shared DEGs, and 44 very significantly upregulated DEGs revealed that SSG triggered various defense priming mechanisms, including responses to phosphate or iron deficiency, modulation of defense-linked SA, jasmonic acid, ethylene, and abscisic acid pathways, defense-related gene regulation, and chromatin modification. These data support that SSG is an induced systemic resistance (ISR) trigger conferring plant protection upon pathogen encounter. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host-Microbe Interaction 3.0)
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14 pages, 3432 KiB  
Article
Involvement of CCN1 Protein and TLR2/4 Signaling Pathways in Intestinal Epithelial Cells Response to Listeria monocytogenes
by Cong Zhou, Yafang Zou, Yuanyuan Zhang, Shuang Teng and Keping Ye
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(5), 2739; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms23052739 - 01 Mar 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1897
Abstract
CCN1 is well studied in terms of its functions in injury repair, cell adhesion survival and apoptosis, bacterial clearance and mediation of inflammation-related pathways, such as the TLR2/4 pathways. However, the role of CCN1 protein and its interaction with TLR2/4 pathways in intestinal [...] Read more.
CCN1 is well studied in terms of its functions in injury repair, cell adhesion survival and apoptosis, bacterial clearance and mediation of inflammation-related pathways, such as the TLR2/4 pathways. However, the role of CCN1 protein and its interaction with TLR2/4 pathways in intestinal epithelial cells was not elucidated after Listeria monocytogenes infection. The results of this study confirm that L. monocytogenes infection induced intestinal inflammation and increased the protein expression of CCN1, TLR2, TLR4 and p38, which followed a similar tendency in the expression of genes related to the TLR2/4 pathways. In addition, organoids infected by L. monocytogenes showed a significant increase in the expression of CCN1 and the activation of TLR2/4 pathways. Furthermore, pre-treatment with CCN1 protein to organoids infected by L. monocytogenes could increase the related genes of TLR2/4 pathways and up-regulate the expression of TNF, and increase the count of pathogens in organoids, which indicates that the interaction between the CCN1 protein and TLR2/4 signaling pathways in intestinal epithelial cells occurred after L. monocytogenes infection. This study will provide a novel insight of the role of CCN1 protein after L. monocytogenes infection in the intestine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host-Microbe Interaction 3.0)
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23 pages, 5890 KiB  
Article
Bacterial Inoculant and Sucrose Amendments Improve the Growth of Rheum palmatum L. by Reprograming Its Metabolite Composition and Altering Its Soil Microbial Community
by Yuan Tian, Yang Liu, Liang Yue, Constantine Uwaremwe, Xia Zhao, Qin Zhou, Yun Wang and Ruoyu Wang
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(3), 1694; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms23031694 - 01 Feb 2022
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2853
Abstract
Rheum palmatum L. is an important traditional Chinese medicinal herb now in demand worldwide. Recently, the theoretical framework suggested that sucrose triggers colonization of PGPM (plant growth-promoting microbes) in the rhizosphere, but their interactions on the plant remain largely unknown. Here, we applied [...] Read more.
Rheum palmatum L. is an important traditional Chinese medicinal herb now in demand worldwide. Recently, the theoretical framework suggested that sucrose triggers colonization of PGPM (plant growth-promoting microbes) in the rhizosphere, but their interactions on the plant remain largely unknown. Here, we applied three concentrations of both Bacillus amyloliquefaciens EZ99 inoculant (1.0 × 105, 1.0 × 106, and 1.0 × 107 colony-forming units (CFU)/mL, denoted as LB, MB, and HB, respectively) and sucrose (0.15, 1.5, and 15 g/L, denoted as LS, MS, and HS, respectively) to investigate their co-effects on R. palmatum in a field experiment. The results showed that LB + MS (1.0 × 105 CFU/mL Bacillus + 1.5 g/L sucrose) and LB + LS (1.0 × 105 CFU/mL Bacillus + 0.15 g/L sucrose) treatments significantly increased root fresh weight (p ≤ 0.05). Metabolite analysis revealed that the treatment LB + LS significantly increased the relative content of major active components in rhubarb, namely anthraquinones and phenolic compounds, by 1.5% and 2.3%. Although high sucrose addition increased the activities of certain soil enzymes, the LB + LS treatment significantly increased total potassium (TK), whereas it decreased available potassium (AK), which facilitated the potassium utilization in rhizosphere soil. Furthermore, rhizosphere microbiomes revealed that fungal diversity was augmented in LB + LS treatment, in which the common causative fungal pathogen Fusarium spp. showed an effective suppression. Additionally, the redundancy analysis and Spearman correlations revealed a positive relationship of Sphingomonas associated with change in potassium bioavailability. Altogether, our findings suggest that the combined application of a bacterial inoculant and sucrose can improve the growth and quality of R. palmatum, and stimulate uptake of plant nutrients that contribute to alter the microbial community for biocontrol potential. Hence, this work not only has broad application prospects across economical plants, but also emphasizes agroecological practices for sustainable agriculture. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host-Microbe Interaction 3.0)
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10 pages, 4030 KiB  
Article
Bacterial Outer Membrane Protein OmpX Regulates β1 Integrin and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) Involved in Invasion of M-HeLa Cells by Serratia proteamaculans
by Olga Tsaplina and Ekaterina Bozhokina
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(24), 13246; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms222413246 - 09 Dec 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1710
Abstract
Opportunistic pathogen Serratia proteamaculans are able to penetrate the eukaryotic cells. The penetration rate can be regulated by bacterial surface protein OmpX. OmpX family proteins are able to bind to host cell surface to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the extracellular [...] Read more.
Opportunistic pathogen Serratia proteamaculans are able to penetrate the eukaryotic cells. The penetration rate can be regulated by bacterial surface protein OmpX. OmpX family proteins are able to bind to host cell surface to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and the extracellular matrix protein fibronectin, whose receptors are in return the α5 β1 integrins. Here we elucidated the involvement of these host cell proteins in S. proteamaculans invasion. We have shown that, despite the absence of fibronectin contribution to S. proteamaculans invasion, β1 integrin was directly involved in invasion of M-HeLa cells. Herewith β1 integrin was not the only receptor that determines sensitivity of host cells to bacterial invasion. Signal transfer from EGFR was also involved in the penetration of these bacteria into M-HeLa cells. However, M-HeLa cells have not been characterized by large number of these receptors. It turned out that S. proteamaculans attachment to the host cell surface resulted in an increment of EGFR and β1 integrin genes expression. Such gene expression increment also caused Escherichia coli attachment, transformed with a plasmid encoding OmpX from S. proteamaculans. Thus, an OmpX binding to the host cell surface caused an increase in the EGFR and β1 integrin expression involved in S. proteamaculans invasion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host-Microbe Interaction 3.0)
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15 pages, 22479 KiB  
Article
Enterococcus faecium Regulates Honey Bee Developmental Genes
by Yating Du, Shiqi Luo and Xin Zhou
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(22), 12105; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms222212105 - 09 Nov 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2752
Abstract
Honey bees provide essential pollination services to the terrestrial ecosystem and produce important agricultural products. As a beneficial lactic acid bacterium, Enterococcus faecium is often supplied as a probiotic for honey bees and other animals. However, the underlying mechanisms of its actions and [...] Read more.
Honey bees provide essential pollination services to the terrestrial ecosystem and produce important agricultural products. As a beneficial lactic acid bacterium, Enterococcus faecium is often supplied as a probiotic for honey bees and other animals. However, the underlying mechanisms of its actions and possible safety risks are not well understood. We present the first complete genome sequence of E. faecium isolated from the honey bee gut using nanopore sequencing, and investigate the effects and mechanisms of interactions between E. faecium and honey bees via transcriptome and miRNA analysis. E. faecium colonization increased honey bee gut weight. Transcriptome analysis showed that developmental genes were up-regulated. In accordance, the target genes of the down-regulated miRNAs were enriched in developmental pathways. We describe how E. faecium increases honey bee gut weight at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, and add insights about how miRNAs mediate host and bacteria interactions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host-Microbe Interaction 3.0)
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17 pages, 2164 KiB  
Article
Influence of Serratia marcescens and Rhodococcus rhodnii on the Humoral Immunity of Rhodnius prolixus
by Kate K. S. Batista, Cecília S. Vieira, Marcela B. Figueiredo, Samara G. Costa-Latgé, Patrícia Azambuja, Fernando A. Genta and Daniele P. Castro
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(20), 10901; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms222010901 - 09 Oct 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2178
Abstract
Chagas disease is a human infectious disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and can be transmitted by triatomine vectors, such as Rhodnius prolixus. One limiting factor for T. cruzi development is the composition of the bacterial gut microbiota in the triatomine. Herein, we [...] Read more.
Chagas disease is a human infectious disease caused by Trypanosoma cruzi and can be transmitted by triatomine vectors, such as Rhodnius prolixus. One limiting factor for T. cruzi development is the composition of the bacterial gut microbiota in the triatomine. Herein, we analyzed the humoral immune responses of R. prolixus nymphs treated with antibiotics and subsequently recolonized with either Serratia marcescens or Rhodococcus rhodnii. The treatment with antibiotics reduced the bacterial load in the digestive tract, and the recolonization with each bacterium was successfully detected seven days after treatment. The antibiotic-treated insects, recolonized with S. marcescens, presented reduced antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and phenoloxidase activity in hemolymph, and lower nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and higher defensin C gene (DefC) gene expression in the fat body. These insects also presented a higher expression of DefC, lower prolixicin (Prol), and lower NOS levels in the anterior midgut. However, the antibiotic-treated insects recolonized with R. rhodnii had increased antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and lower activity against S. aureus, higher phenoloxidase activity in hemolymph, and lower NOS expression in the fat body. In the anterior midgut, these insects presented higher NOS, defensin A (DefA) and DefC expression, and lower Prol expression. The R. prolixus immune modulation by these two bacteria was observed not only in the midgut, but also systemically in the fat body, and may be crucial for the development and transmission of the parasites Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma rangeli. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host-Microbe Interaction 3.0)
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11 pages, 2527 KiB  
Article
Bacterial Antigens Reduced the Inhibition Effect of Capsaicin on Cal 27 Oral Cancer Cell Proliferation
by Rajdeep Chakraborty, Karen Vickery, Charbel Darido, Shoba Ranganathan and Honghua Hu
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(16), 8686; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms22168686 - 12 Aug 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2564
Abstract
Oral cancer is a major global health problem with high incidence and low survival rates. The oral cavity contains biofilms as dental plaques that harbour both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial antigens, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), respectively. LPS and LTA are known [...] Read more.
Oral cancer is a major global health problem with high incidence and low survival rates. The oral cavity contains biofilms as dental plaques that harbour both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacterial antigens, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoteichoic acid (LTA), respectively. LPS and LTA are known to stimulate cancer cell growth, and the bioactive phytochemical capsaicin has been reported to reverse this effect. Here, we tested the efficacy of oral cancer chemotherapy treatment with capsaicin in the presence of LPS, LTA or the combination of both antigens. LPS and LTA were administered to Cal 27 oral cancer cells prior to and/or concurrently with capsaicin, and the treatment efficacy was evaluated by measuring cell proliferation and apoptotic cell death. We found that while capsaicin inhibits oral cancer cell proliferation and metabolism (MT Glo assay) and increases cell death (Trypan blue exclusion assay and Caspase 3/7 expression), its anti-cancer effect was significantly reduced on cells that are either primed or exposed to the bacterial antigens. Capsaicin treatment significantly increased oral cancer cells’ suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 gene expression. This increase was reversed in the presence of bacterial antigens during treatment. Our data establish a rationale for clinical consideration of bacterial antigens that may interfere with the treatment efficacy of oral cancer. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host-Microbe Interaction 3.0)
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14 pages, 3245 KiB  
Article
Copresence of High-Risk Human Papillomaviruses and Epstein–Barr Virus in Colorectal Cancer: A Tissue Microarray and Molecular Study from Lebanon
by Karim Nagi, Ishita Gupta, Nawaf Jurdi, Amber Yasmeen, Semir Vranic, Gerald Batist and Ala-Eddin Al Moustafa
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(15), 8118; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms22158118 - 29 Jul 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2472
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) have been reported to be present in different types of human cancers, including CRCs, where they can play a key role in the [...] Read more.
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) and Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) have been reported to be present in different types of human cancers, including CRCs, where they can play a key role in the onset and/or progression of these cancers. Thus, we herein explored the prevalence of high-risk HPVs and EBV in a cohort of 94 CRC tissue samples and 13 colorectal normal tissues from the Lebanese population using polymerase chain reaction, immunohistochemistry, and tissue microarray methodologies. We found that high-risk HPVs are present in 64%, while EBV is present in 29% of our CRC samples. Additionally, our data showed that high-risk HPV types (16, 18, 35, 58, 51, 45, 52, 31, and 33) are the most frequent in CRC in the Lebanese cohort, respectively. Our data point out that HPVs and EBV are copresent in 28% of the samples. Thus, this study clearly suggests that high-risk HPVs and EBV are present/copresent in CRCs, where they could play an important role in colorectal carcinogenesis. Nevertheless, further investigations using a larger cohort are needed to elucidate the possible cooperation between these oncoviruses in the development of CRC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host-Microbe Interaction 3.0)
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18 pages, 5636 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Gut Bacterial Communities of Grapholita molesta (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) Reared on Different Host Plants
by Xiangqun Yuan, Xuan Zhang, Xueying Liu, Yanlu Dong, Zizheng Yan, Dongbiao Lv, Ping Wang and Yiping Li
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(13), 6843; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms22136843 - 25 Jun 2021
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 2824
Abstract
Intestinal symbiotic bacteria have played an important role in the digestion, immunity detoxification, mating, and reproduction of insects during long-term coevolution. The oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, is an important fruit tree pest worldwide. However, the composition of the G. molesta microbial [...] Read more.
Intestinal symbiotic bacteria have played an important role in the digestion, immunity detoxification, mating, and reproduction of insects during long-term coevolution. The oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta, is an important fruit tree pest worldwide. However, the composition of the G. molesta microbial community, especially of the gut microbiome, remains unclear. To explore the differences of gut microbiota of G. molesta when reared on different host plants, we determined the gut bacterial structure when G. molesta was transferred from an artificial diet to different host plants (apples, peaches, nectarines, crisp pears, plums, peach shoots) by amplicon sequencing technology. The results showed that Proteobacteria and Firmicutes are dominant in the gut microbiota of G. molesta. Plum-feeding G. molesta had the highest richness and diversity of gut microbiota, while apple-feeding G. molesta had the lowest. PCoA and PERMANOVA analysis revealed that there were significant differences in the gut microbiota structure of G. molesta on different diets. PICRUSt2 analysis indicated that most of the functional prediction pathways were concentrated in metabolic and cellular processes. Our results confirmed that gut bacterial communities of G. molesta can be influenced by host diets and may play an important role in host adaptation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host-Microbe Interaction 3.0)
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17 pages, 4707 KiB  
Article
Putative LysM Effectors Contribute to Fungal Lifestyle
by Marta Suarez-Fernandez, Ana Aragon-Perez, Luis Vicente Lopez-Llorca and Federico Lopez-Moya
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(6), 3147; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms22063147 - 19 Mar 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2829
Abstract
Fungal LysM effector proteins can dampen plant host–defence responses, protecting hyphae from plant chitinases, but little is known on these effectors from nonpathogenic fungal endophytes. We found four putative LysM effectors in the genome of the endophytic nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia (Pc123). All [...] Read more.
Fungal LysM effector proteins can dampen plant host–defence responses, protecting hyphae from plant chitinases, but little is known on these effectors from nonpathogenic fungal endophytes. We found four putative LysM effectors in the genome of the endophytic nematophagous fungus Pochonia chlamydosporia (Pc123). All four genes encoding putative LysM effectors are expressed constitutively by the fungus. Additionally, the gene encoding Lys1—the smallest one—is the most expressed in banana roots colonised by the fungus. Pc123 Lys1, 2 and 4 display high homology with those of other strains of the fungus and phylogenetically close entomopathogenic fungi. However, Pc123 Lys3 displays low homology with other fungi, but some similarities are found in saprophytes. This suggests evolutionary divergence in Pc123 LysM effectors. Additionally, molecular docking shows that the NAcGl binding sites of Pc123 Lys 2, 3 and 4 are adjacent to an alpha helix. Putative LysM effectors from fungal endophytes, such as Pc123, differ from those of plant pathogenic fungi. LysM motifs from endophytic fungi show clear conservation of cysteines in Positions 13, 51 and 63, unlike those of plant pathogens. LysM effectors could therefore be associated with the lifestyle of a fungus and give us a clue of how organisms could behave in different environments. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host-Microbe Interaction 3.0)
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Review

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33 pages, 2392 KiB  
Review
Implications of Gut Microbiota in Complex Human Diseases
by Dahai Yu, Xin Meng, Willem M. de Vos, Hao Wu, Xuexun Fang and Amit K. Maiti
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(23), 12661; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms222312661 - 23 Nov 2021
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 7235
Abstract
Humans, throughout the life cycle, from birth to death, are accompanied by the presence of gut microbes. Environmental factors, lifestyle, age and other factors can affect the balance of intestinal microbiota and their impact on human health. A large amount of data show [...] Read more.
Humans, throughout the life cycle, from birth to death, are accompanied by the presence of gut microbes. Environmental factors, lifestyle, age and other factors can affect the balance of intestinal microbiota and their impact on human health. A large amount of data show that dietary, prebiotics, antibiotics can regulate various diseases through gut microbes. In this review, we focus on the role of gut microbes in the development of metabolic, gastrointestinal, neurological, immune diseases and, cancer. We also discuss the interaction between gut microbes and the host with respect to their beneficial and harmful effects, including their metabolites, microbial enzymes, small molecules and inflammatory molecules. More specifically, we evaluate the potential ability of gut microbes to cure diseases through Fecal Microbial Transplantation (FMT), which is expected to become a new type of clinical strategy for the treatment of various diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host-Microbe Interaction 3.0)
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13 pages, 685 KiB  
Review
The Lung Microbiome during Health and Disease
by Kazuma Yagi, Gary B. Huffnagle, Nicholas W. Lukacs and Nobuhiro Asai
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(19), 10872; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms221910872 - 08 Oct 2021
Cited by 73 | Viewed by 6686
Abstract
Healthy human lungs have traditionally been considered to be a sterile organ. However, culture-independent molecular techniques have reported that large numbers of microbes coexist in the lung and airways. The lungs harbor diverse microbial composition that are undetected by previous approaches. Many studies [...] Read more.
Healthy human lungs have traditionally been considered to be a sterile organ. However, culture-independent molecular techniques have reported that large numbers of microbes coexist in the lung and airways. The lungs harbor diverse microbial composition that are undetected by previous approaches. Many studies have found significant differences in microbial composition between during health and respiratory disease. The lung microbiome is likely to not only influence susceptibility or causes of diseases but be affected by disease activities or responses to treatment. Although lung microbiome research has some limitations from study design to reporting, it can add further dimensionality to host-microbe interactions. Moreover, there is a possibility that extending understanding to the lung microbiome with new multiple omics approaches would be useful for developing both diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for respiratory diseases in clinical settings. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host-Microbe Interaction 3.0)
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Review
Bacterial Infection and Non-Hodgkin B-Cell Lymphoma: Interactions between Pathogen, Host and the Tumor Environment
by Monika Maria Biernat and Tomasz Wróbel
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2021, 22(14), 7372; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ijms22147372 - 09 Jul 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 4399
Abstract
Non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas (NHL) are a heterogeneous group of lymphoid neoplasms with complex etiopathology, rich symptomatology, and a variety of clinical courses, therefore requiring different therapeutic approaches. The hypothesis that an infectious agent may initiate chronic inflammation and facilitate B lymphocyte transformation and [...] Read more.
Non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas (NHL) are a heterogeneous group of lymphoid neoplasms with complex etiopathology, rich symptomatology, and a variety of clinical courses, therefore requiring different therapeutic approaches. The hypothesis that an infectious agent may initiate chronic inflammation and facilitate B lymphocyte transformation and lymphogenesis has been raised in recent years. Viruses, like EBV, HTLV-1, HIV, HCV and parasites, like Plasmodium falciparum, have been linked to the development of lymphomas. The association of chronic Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, Borrelia burgdorferi with cutaneous MALT lymphoma and Chlamydophila psittaci with ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma is well documented. Recent studies have indicated that other infectious agents may also be relevant in B-cell lymphogenesis such as Coxiella burnettii, Campylobacter jejuni, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, and Escherichia coli. The aim of the present review is to provide a summary of the current literature on infectious bacterial agents associated with B-cell NHL and to discuss its role in lymphogenesis, taking into account the interaction between infectious agents, host factors, and the tumor environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Host-Microbe Interaction 3.0)
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