Systematics, Phylogeny, Evolution and Diversity of True Bugs (Hemiptera: Heteroptera)

A special issue of Insects (ISSN 2075-4450). This special issue belongs to the section "Insect Systematics, Phylogeny and Evolution".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 November 2022) | Viewed by 27333

Special Issue Editors

Institute of Biology, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
Interests: Heteroptera; taxonomy; systematics; molecular phylogenetics; evolution; biodiversity
Laboratório de Sistemática e Diversidade de Artrópodes, Unidade Educacional Penedo, Campus Arapiraca, Universidade Federal de Alagoas, Penedo, Alagoas, Brazil
Interests: insect morphology; systematics; taxonomy; Pentatomomorpha; Pentatomidae
Department of Entomology, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
Interests: Hemiptera; Reduviidae; taxonomy; evolution; mitogenome

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues, 

Heteroptera or true bugs are members of the order Hemiptera and comprise about 40,000 species. They are distributed worldwide and exhibit high morphological, ecological, and behavioral diversity. Most of them are phytophagous or predators, and some are putative fungivores. As for most other insect groups, true bugs’ higher classification has changed over time, but intensive phylogenetic research since the early 1990s based on morphological and molecular characters has shed new light on the monophyly of many heteropteran infraorders and superfamilies. Studies on fossil Heteroptera have also significantly influenced the presently accepted higher classifications of the suborder and suggest that there are still more taxa undescribed than described. Though many heteropteran superfamilies offer relatively stable internal classifications, some are still in need of further studies (e.g., Miroidea, Tingoidea, Pentatomoidea, or Lygaeoidea) since the recent molecular phylogenies show that their current classifications are probably not yet stable. This Special Issue aims to seek high-quality original submissions that address and update our understanding of the systematics, phylogeny, evolution, and diversity of true bugs, including studies in the fields of classic and molecular taxonomy, phylogeny, ecology, biogeography, and behaviors. Studies based on both extant and fossil specimens are welcome.

Prof. Dr. Jerzy A. Lis
Dr. Kim Ribeiro Barão
Prof. Dr. Wanzhi Cai
Guest Editors

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Keywords

  • Heteroptera
  • true bugs
  • systematics
  • phylogeny
  • evolution
  • diversity
  • taxonomy

Published Papers (14 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 2987 KiB  
Article
Molecular Phylogeny of Cimicoidea (Heteroptera: Cimicomorpha) Revisited: Increased Taxon Sampling Reveals Evolution of Traumatic Insemination and Paragenitalia
by Sunghoon Jung, Junggon Kim, Ondřej Balvín and Kazutaka Yamada
Insects 2023, 14(3), 267; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/insects14030267 - 08 Mar 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1743
Abstract
The molecular phylogeny of the Cimicoidea was reconstructed from an expanded sampling based on mitochondrial (16S, COI) and nuclear (18S, 28SD3) genes. The data were analyzed using maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP), and Bayesian inference (BI) phylogenetic frameworks. The phylogenetic relationships inferred [...] Read more.
The molecular phylogeny of the Cimicoidea was reconstructed from an expanded sampling based on mitochondrial (16S, COI) and nuclear (18S, 28SD3) genes. The data were analyzed using maximum likelihood (ML), maximum parsimony (MP), and Bayesian inference (BI) phylogenetic frameworks. The phylogenetic relationships inferred by the model-based analyses (ML and BI) were largely congruent with those inferred by the MP analysis in terms of the monophyly of most of the higher taxonomic groups and the species-level relationships. The following clades were recovered in all analyses: Cimiciformes; Nabidae: Prostemmatinae; Nabidae: Nabinae; Plokiophilidae; Microphysidae; Lasiochilidae; Cimicidae: Cacodminae; Cimicidae; Lyctocoridae; Anthocoridae s. str.; Cardiastethini excluding Amphiareus; Almeidini; Scolopini; Anthocorini; Oriini; Curaliidae + Lasiochilidae; Almeidini + Xylocorini; Oriini + Cardiastethini; and Anthocorini + Amphiareus. Reconstructions of ancestral copulation states based on Bayesian and parsimony inference indicated that at least one shift from standard insemination (SI) to traumatic insemination (TI) occurred within Cimicoidea, and an investigation of the evolutionary correlation between TI and paragenitalia (PG) revealed that the acquisition of PG in cimicoid females was correlated with the TI habit. Additionally, our morphological examination of various types of PG suggested that even the same PG type may not constitute a homologous feature at various taxonomic levels, indicating the convergent evolution of female morphology to adapt to TI. Full article
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20 pages, 7946 KiB  
Article
A Taxonomic Revision of the Assassin Bug Genus, Tympanistocoris (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Reduviinae)
by Mingyuan Fan, Yingqi Liu and Wanzhi Cai
Insects 2023, 14(2), 165; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/insects14020165 - 08 Feb 2023
Viewed by 1608
Abstract
The small reduviine genus, Tympanistocoris Miller, is revised. The type species of the genus, T. humilis Miller, is redescribed, and a new species, Tympanistocoris usingeri sp. nov., from Papua New Guinea is described. The illustrations of the antennae, head and pronotum, legs, hemelytra, [...] Read more.
The small reduviine genus, Tympanistocoris Miller, is revised. The type species of the genus, T. humilis Miller, is redescribed, and a new species, Tympanistocoris usingeri sp. nov., from Papua New Guinea is described. The illustrations of the antennae, head and pronotum, legs, hemelytra, abdomen, and male genitalia, as well as the habitus of the type specimens are also provided. The new species can be separated from the type species of the genus, T. humilis Miller, in the lateral sides of the pronotum with a distinct carina and the posterior margin of the seventh abdominal segment emarginated. The type specimen of the new species is kept in The Natural History Museum, London. The anastomosing veins of the hemelytra and the systematic position of the genus are briefly discussed. Full article
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13 pages, 5589 KiB  
Article
Labial Sensory Organs of Two Leptoglossus Species (Hemiptera: Coreidae): Their Morphology and Supposed Function
by Artur Taszakowski, Adrian Masłowski and Jolanta Brożek
Insects 2023, 14(1), 30; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/insects14010030 - 28 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1825
Abstract
A detailed description of the labial sensory organs of Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann, 1910 and L. zonatus (Dallas, 1852) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) is presented. The detailed morphology, location, and distribution of different sensilla types on mouthparts were investigated and shown in micrographs taken with [...] Read more.
A detailed description of the labial sensory organs of Leptoglossus occidentalis Heidemann, 1910 and L. zonatus (Dallas, 1852) (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae) is presented. The detailed morphology, location, and distribution of different sensilla types on mouthparts were investigated and shown in micrographs taken with a scanning electron microscope. Nine types of aporous sensilla, and three uniporous sensilla were found. The possible functions of these sensilla as well as similarities and differences between the mouthparts of Leptoglossus and those of other terrestrial Heteroptera are discussed. The tip of the labium constitutes a functional “touch and taste area”, combining the chemosensitivity of uniporous sensilla P1–P3 and the mechanoreceptivity of A8 and A9 hair-like sensilla. A set of two cone-like chemosensilla types (9 + 2) was found on each lateral lobe of the labial tip. Literature analysis showed that such a set of cone-like sensory organs on the labial tip may be common in terrestrial Heteroptera. This observation confirms that the number and arrangement of sensilla is conservative and can be important in diagnosing taxa at various levels and in phylogenetic studies based on morphology. Full article
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8 pages, 2628 KiB  
Communication
Systematic Position of the Fossil Burrower Bug Eocenocydnus lisi Popov, 2019 (Hemiptera, Heteroptera, Cydnidae) Revealed by a Parallel/Cross-Eyed Viewing Method Used for Obtaining Three-Dimensional Images
by Jerzy A. Lis
Insects 2023, 14(1), 22; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/insects14010022 - 24 Dec 2022
Viewed by 1150
Abstract
The fossil burrower bug Eocenocydnus lisi described from the Late Eocene of the Isle of Wight, UK, is analysed using a parallel, cross-eyed viewing method. The species, tentatively placed in the subfamily Sehirinae, is redescribed and its systematic position is discussed. Newly recovered [...] Read more.
The fossil burrower bug Eocenocydnus lisi described from the Late Eocene of the Isle of Wight, UK, is analysed using a parallel, cross-eyed viewing method. The species, tentatively placed in the subfamily Sehirinae, is redescribed and its systematic position is discussed. Newly recovered morphological characteristics allow it to be placed in the tribe Cydnini of the subfamily Cydninae. Full article
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14 pages, 2458 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Two Different Morphological Methods to Study the Pronotum of Cimicidae: Bed Bugs, Bat Bugs, and Swallow Bugs
by Dora M. Rajonhson, Chadchalerm Raksakoon, Anon Payakkapol, Sébastien Dujardin, Jean-Pierre Dujardin and Rutcharin Potiwat
Insects 2022, 13(12), 1155; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/insects13121155 - 14 Dec 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1933
Abstract
An infestation of a Cimicidae (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) member, especially the bed bug, can cause economic loss and impact health. A cost-effective and user-friendly method for identifying the infesting species will help with the early detection and control of infestations. A linear morphometric method [...] Read more.
An infestation of a Cimicidae (Hemiptera: Cimicidae) member, especially the bed bug, can cause economic loss and impact health. A cost-effective and user-friendly method for identifying the infesting species will help with the early detection and control of infestations. A linear morphometric method is often used, but it requires the examination of many characters and a highly preserved specimen. We conducted a comparative morphometric study of the effectiveness of Cimicidae classification using a single organ, the pronotum, through outline-based and linear morphometric methods. Bat (Stricticimex parvus), human (Cimex hemipterus), and bird (Paracimex sp.) ectoparasites were subject of the study. With both methods, the properties of size and shape were compared and used separately to classify the specimens. Classification analyses of the two methods provided similar results, but more informative variables of size and shape were obtained with the outline-based approach. Size, as analyzed with the outline-based method, could detect sexual dimorphism, and produced better reclassification. The shape variables obtained from the linear measurements were strongly influenced by size variation, much more than the ones obtained from coordinates describing the pronotum contours. Our data suggest that the outline-based approach provides better characterization variables, thus we recommend them for a wider use in other Cimicidae family members. Full article
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30 pages, 17935 KiB  
Article
Psyttala horrida (Stål, 1865) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae: Reduviinae)—A Morphological Study of Eggs and Nymphs
by Agnieszka Bugaj-Nawrocka, Agata Danielczyk, Iga Sułkowska and Dominik Chłond
Insects 2022, 13(11), 1014; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/insects13111014 - 03 Nov 2022
Viewed by 2032
Abstract
In terms of body size, species of the genus Psyttala Stål, 1859, are the largest known representatives of the subfamily Reduviinae. Among the species belonging to this genus, Psyttala horrida (Stål, 1865) is the most popular, mainly because it is a laboratory breeding [...] Read more.
In terms of body size, species of the genus Psyttala Stål, 1859, are the largest known representatives of the subfamily Reduviinae. Among the species belonging to this genus, Psyttala horrida (Stål, 1865) is the most popular, mainly because it is a laboratory breeding species. Individuals of this species were bred in the laboratory of the Zoology Team at the University of Silesia in Katowice, Poland. A description of the morphology of the nymphs and eggs is presented. In addition to descriptions, photos of the successive immature stages are provided and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images are included to show morphological details and compare the developmental changes in subsequent stages. Full article
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27 pages, 8372 KiB  
Article
Revision of the Assassin Bug Genus Sigicoris stat. nov. Based on Morphological Study and Molecular Phylogeny (Heteroptera: Reduviidae: Peiratinae)
by Yingqi Liu, Hu Li and Wanzhi Cai
Insects 2022, 13(10), 951; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/insects13100951 - 19 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1677
Abstract
Peiratinae is a cosmopolitan subfamily within Reduviidae with more than 300 known species in 34 genera. There are also some taxa endemic to islands, but their taxonomic status and biology require further study. After examining type specimens of the peiratine species distributed in [...] Read more.
Peiratinae is a cosmopolitan subfamily within Reduviidae with more than 300 known species in 34 genera. There are also some taxa endemic to islands, but their taxonomic status and biology require further study. After examining type specimens of the peiratine species distributed in New Guinea, we found that some of them share many morphological characters, though they were previously assigned in different genera. The phylogenetic analysis based on cytochrome oxidase I, 16S ribosomal RNA and 18S ribosomal RNA genes involving 38 species in 25 genera also supports the result of the morphological study that these species should be involved in a separate genus. In the present study, the subgenus Ectomocoris (Sigicoris) Miller, 1958 is elevated to genus level, Sigicoris stat. nov. Three new combinations, S. brumalis comb. nov., S. gracilis comb. nov., S. sexguttatus comb. nov. and one new species, S. dominiqueae sp. nov. are described or redescribed. The lectotype of Brachysandalus sexguttatus is designated, and Pirates concinnus syn. nov. is treated as the junior synonym of S. sexguttatus comb. nov. A key is provided to separate the four species of this genus. The systematic relationships, diagnosis, distribution and habitat of Sigicoris stat. nov. are briefly discussed. Full article
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8 pages, 2076 KiB  
Article
Mitogenomics of Chinch Bugs from China and Implications for Its Coevolutionary Relationship with Grasses
by Shujing Wang, Runqi Zhu, Huaijun Xue, Yanfei Li and Wenjun Bu
Insects 2022, 13(7), 643; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/insects13070643 - 17 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1432
Abstract
Blissidae (the Chinch bug) is a group with high species richness in Lygaeoidea, but there are only a few descriptions of mitochondrial genomes available. We obtained mitogenomes from 10 species of eight genera from Blissidae through second-generation sequencing technology. The length of the [...] Read more.
Blissidae (the Chinch bug) is a group with high species richness in Lygaeoidea, but there are only a few descriptions of mitochondrial genomes available. We obtained mitogenomes from 10 species of eight genera from Blissidae through second-generation sequencing technology. The length of the mitochondrial genome (excluding the control region) is between 14643 and 14385 bp; the content of AT is between 74.1% and 77.9%. The sequence of the evolution rate of protein coding genes was as follows: ND5 > ATP8 > ND6 > ND2 > ND4 > ND4L > ND1 > ATP6 > ND3 > COIII > COII > CYTB > COI. The mitogenomic structure of Blissidae is highly conservative. Gene rearrangement is only found in Pirkimeru japonicus (PiGXBS1), which is formed as the duplication of tRNA-H. The intergenic spacer between ND4 and tRNA-H, which form an obvious stem-and-loop structure, was found in all samples in this study. The phylogenetic trees generated by BI and ML indicated that Blissidae can be divided into three major clades: Clade A (only included Macropes); Clade B ((Pirkimerus + Bochrus) + Iphicrates); and Clade C ((Ischnodemus + Capodemus) + (Cavelerius + Dimorphopterus)). The divergence within the Blissidae began at about 56 Ma. At the genus level, the divergence was concentrated at 30–51 Ma, slightly later than the diversification of Poaceae. The consistency of divergence time between Blissidae and Poaceae might hint at the coevolutionary relationship between them, but further molecular and biological evidence is still needed to prove it. Full article
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13 pages, 4771 KiB  
Article
Triatoma guazu Lent and Wygodzinsky Is a Junior Synonym of Triatoma williami Galvão, Souza and Lima
by João Paulo Sales Oliveira Correia, Hélcio Reinaldo Gil-Santana, Carolina Dale and Cleber Galvão
Insects 2022, 13(7), 591; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/insects13070591 - 28 Jun 2022
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 1889
Abstract
Triatoma guazu Lent and Wygodzinsky and Triatoma williami Galvão, Souza, and Lima (Hemiptera: Triatominae) are found in human dwellings and are potential vectors of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Triatoma guazu was described based solely on a [...] Read more.
Triatoma guazu Lent and Wygodzinsky and Triatoma williami Galvão, Souza, and Lima (Hemiptera: Triatominae) are found in human dwellings and are potential vectors of the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas disease. Triatoma guazu was described based solely on a single female specimen, from the municipality of Villarica, Guairá Department, Paraguay, and posteriorly, a male from Barra do Garças, Mato Grosso, Brazil was described and designated as the allotype of this species. Triatoma williami is found in the central-west of Brazil between Goiás, Mato Grosso, and Mato Grosso do Sul. However, the taxonomic “status” of these species is questioned. Previous studies indicate the lack of isoenzymatic diagnostic loci, morphometric similarity, low genetic divergence, and close evolutionary relationship of these species. In this study, we compared the morphology, morphometry, and mitochondrial DNA fragments of the populations of the two species. The morphological diagnostic characteristic among these species is the difference in the connexivum spots pattern, which has been recognized as a phenotypic variation that exists among populations resulting from ecological diversity. Furthermore, our analysis also revealed the morphometric similarity and low genetic divergence between these species. Therefore, in the present paper, we formally propose T. guazu as a junior synonym of T. williami. Full article
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11 pages, 2817 KiB  
Article
The King’s Lace Bug Recaredus rex Distant, 1909 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Tingidae): Systematic Position, First Palaearctic and Afrotropical Records, and Ecological Niche Modelling
by Barbara Lis, Anna Zielińska and Jerzy A. Lis
Insects 2022, 13(6), 558; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/insects13060558 - 19 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1867
Abstract
The systematic position and actual distribution of Recaredus rex, for a long time one of the most enigmatic lace bug genus and species, is very obscure because only the type specimen and three other individuals from India are known to date. In [...] Read more.
The systematic position and actual distribution of Recaredus rex, for a long time one of the most enigmatic lace bug genus and species, is very obscure because only the type specimen and three other individuals from India are known to date. In the present paper, we report the first records of R. rex from the Palaearctic region (Iran) and tropical Africa (Ghana). Based on the occurrence localities and climatic variables, we predict potentially useful ecological niches for this species using Maxent software. The areas with the best environmental conditions for R. rex indicated in our studies suggest its possible Palaeotropical distribution. Moreover, we regard these results as a good starting point for further searches for specimens of this species. This might help verify the hypothesis of the broad Palaeotropical distribution of R. rex and its oligo- or polyphagy. In addition, the lace bug genus Recaredus, based on the diagnostic characteristics provided for the tribe Acalyptaini, and the structure of aedeagus, is transferred from the tribe Ypsotingini to the Acalyptaini. A key to all genera currently included in the latter tribe is also provided. Full article
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17 pages, 6079 KiB  
Article
New Species, New Records, and Updated Key to the Paravelia (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Veliidae) from Brazil
by Juliana Mourão dos Santos Rodrigues and Felipe Ferraz Figueiredo Moreira
Insects 2022, 13(6), 541; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/insects13060541 - 11 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2083
Abstract
The broad-shouldered water-strider genus Paravelia Breddin, 1898 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Veliidae: Veliinae) is currently represented in Brazil by 38 species. Although the diversity of the genus in the country is relatively well known, eight states remain with no records of any species: Acre, Alagoas, [...] Read more.
The broad-shouldered water-strider genus Paravelia Breddin, 1898 (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Veliidae: Veliinae) is currently represented in Brazil by 38 species. Although the diversity of the genus in the country is relatively well known, eight states remain with no records of any species: Acre, Alagoas, Ceará (CE), Paraíba, Paraná, Pernambuco (PE), Piauí (PI), and Tocantins. Aiming to fill these gaps, several expeditions were carried out at conservation areas of the Caatinga biome between 2018 and 2021: Aiuaba Ecological Station (CE), Catimbau National Park (PE), and Serra das Confusões National Park (PI). Paravelia luisi sp. nov., a new species from PE, is described and illustrated. In addition, new records of P. bilobata Rodrigues, Moreira, Nieser, Chen & Melo, 2014, P. digitata Rodrigues & Moreira, 2016, and P. nieseri Moreira & Barbosa, 2012, and an updated key to the Brazilian species of Paravelia are provided. This study increases the number of species of Paravelia known in Brazil to 39 and provides the first records of the genus from three states: PE, with two species, and CE and PI, with one species each. Full article
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12 pages, 1836 KiB  
Article
Testing Phylogeographic Hypotheses in Mepraia (Hemiptera: Reduviidae) Suggests a Complex Spatio-Temporal Colonization in the Coastal Atacama Desert
by Ricardo Campos-Soto, Evelyn Rodríguez-Valenzuela, Gabriel Díaz-Campusano, Dusan Boric-Bargetto, Álvaro Zúñiga-Reinoso, Franco Cianferoni and Fernando Torres-Pérez
Insects 2022, 13(5), 419; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/insects13050419 - 29 Apr 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2284
Abstract
Mepraia is a genus (Triatominae) endemic to Chile and a vector of Trypanosoma cruzi. Alternative phylogeographic hypotheses have been suggested for Mepraia. We tested different colonization routes hypothesized using mitochondrial sequences and phylogeographic approaches to select the best-supported hypothesis. Our results [...] Read more.
Mepraia is a genus (Triatominae) endemic to Chile and a vector of Trypanosoma cruzi. Alternative phylogeographic hypotheses have been suggested for Mepraia. We tested different colonization routes hypothesized using mitochondrial sequences and phylogeographic approaches to select the best-supported hypothesis. Our results suggest that, after the split from the sister genus Triatoma at ~4.3 Mya, Mepraia formed two main clades at ~2.1 Mya. The northern clade diverged from Mepraia sp. ~1.7 Mya, giving rise to M. parapatrica and M. gajardoi about ~1.4 Mya. The southern clade originated M. spinolai ~1.68 Mya. We suggest that Mepraia had an origin in the north-central Andes along with orogenic processes, reinforced by hyperaridity during the Pliocene. The hyperarid cycle would have separated the southern and northern clades. Then, in the northern clade, dispersal occurred north and south from the centre through corridors during the Pleistocene Climatic Oscillations. Climate changes may have induced a major speciation process in the Atacama Desert, while the more homogeneous habitat colonized by the southern clade led to only one, but structured, species. Full article
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10 pages, 2724 KiB  
Article
A New Species in Notobitiella Hsiao in China Confirmed by Morphological and Molecular Data (Hemiptera: Heteroptera: Coreidae)
by Kun Jiang, Juhong Chen and Wenjun Bu
Insects 2022, 13(5), 411; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/insects13050411 - 26 Apr 2022
Viewed by 1713
Abstract
To date, only one species of genus Notobitiella, N. elegans Hsiao, was found in Yunnan, China. Recently, we confirmed a new species, Notobitiella bispinasp. nov., by morphological and molecular data based on new specimens collected from Yunnan, China. The new [...] Read more.
To date, only one species of genus Notobitiella, N. elegans Hsiao, was found in Yunnan, China. Recently, we confirmed a new species, Notobitiella bispinasp. nov., by morphological and molecular data based on new specimens collected from Yunnan, China. The new species is morphologically similar to N. elegans except for the male genitalia and the sternum of the seventh abdominal segment of the female. The extraordinary difference of the genitalia between these two species inspired us to erect a new genus for this new species. However, considering their sister group relationship to other genera in tribe Cloresmini and the 12.56~12.64% genetic distance (meeting the interspecific genetic distance within genus of tribe Cloresmini) by a complete COI gene, this species was more reasonable as a new species of the genus Notobitiella, and the diagnosis of the genus was revised. The photos of the body and critical morphological characteristics for both male and female were provided for accurate identification. Full article
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9 pages, 14969 KiB  
Article
New Fossil Tingidae (Hemiptera: Heteroptera) from the Mid-Cretaceous of Myanmar, with Remarks on the Phylogenetic Relationships within the Family
by Yuxin Wang, Huiying Tang, Dong Ren and Yunzhi Yao
Insects 2021, 12(10), 887; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/insects12100887 - 30 Sep 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1971
Abstract
A new genus and species, Latidorsum carinbifarium Wang, Tang & Yao gen. et sp. nov., is assigned to Phatnomatini (Tinginae), which is described from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. A parsimonious analysis based on 50 morphological characters with 26 terminals clarifies the phylogenetic status [...] Read more.
A new genus and species, Latidorsum carinbifarium Wang, Tang & Yao gen. et sp. nov., is assigned to Phatnomatini (Tinginae), which is described from the mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. A parsimonious analysis based on 50 morphological characters with 26 terminals clarifies the phylogenetic status of the new fossils and examined relationships among the presently analysed genera of the family Tingidae. The resulting cladogram supporting Tingidae are reconfirmed as monophyletic and divided into four main clades, with relationships as follows: (Vianaidinae + ((Burmacader multivenosus + Burmavianaida anomalocapitata) + (Sinaldocader rasnitsyni + (Gyaclavator kohlsi + Tinginae + Cantacaderinae)))). Anterior length of bucculae distinctly projecting in front of head, sometimes in contact is not a synapomorphic character for Cantacaderinae, which evolves in parallel in Tinginae and Cantacaderinae. Full article
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