3D Printing and Virtual Surgical Planning in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 December 2021) | Viewed by 38409

Special Issue Editor

Oral & Maxillofacial Department, Galilee Medical Center, Faculty Of Medicine, Bar Ilan University, Nahariya, Israel
Interests: virtual surgical planning; 3D printing; patient-specific implants

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

It is my pleasure to present to you this issue on VSP and 3D Printing. Many developments in recent decades in the field of 3D printing have led to expanded use of this technology in the medical and surgical arenas, thanks to the increased level of accuracy in the creation of life-size 3D patient models that have been helpful in studies and have served as a platform for adapting (pre-bending) off-the-shelf products, such as titanium plates and meshes, biocompatible print materials, and dedicated software recently developed to adapt to process medical data that can be extracted from imaging in the form of various DICOM files.

We are currently witnessing a shift of oral and maxillofacial surgery (OMS) to the center stage, as it becomes one of the leading fields exploiting this technology, both in virtual surgical planning and in the design and printing of patient-specific guides or implants.

VSP has become an essential tool for planning complicated surgeries, such as tumor resection of the maxillofacial region and the reconstruction of the defect area with free microvascular flaps such as the popular fibular free flap, thus saving valuable time in these kinds of operations, decreasing complications, and increasing the precision of the final outcome. Another field taking advantage of VSP is orthognathic surgery, where accuracy is most needed, and therefore, new methods based on VSP are helping surgeons to plan jaw movement more accurately, and with the waferless technique with no dependency on the opposite jaw as has been done so far. There are other uses of these technologies in the field of OMS, including total joint replacement, surgical guides, study models, and others.

My dear friends, there is no doubt that we are living in an era in which 3D technology is revolutionizing the field of surgery and surgical planning—from simple intralesional injection into a jaw lesion to complex orthognathic surgery or complex resection and reconstruction of the jaw. I am convinced that this is the time to catch up and incorporate these technologies into our daily practices, as this is the future of surgery.

Prof. Dr. Samer Srouji
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • virtual surgical planning
  • 3D printing
  • patient-specific implants
  • patient-specific guide
  • 3D models

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

10 pages, 1718 KiB  
Article
Primary Orbital Reconstruction with Selective Laser Melting (SLM) of Patient-Specific Implants (PSIs): An Overview of 96 Surgically Treated Patients
by Majeed Rana, Henriette L. Moellmann, Lara Schorn, Julian Lommen, Madiha Rana, Max Wilkat and Karsten Hufendiek
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(12), 3361; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11123361 - 11 Jun 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1473
Abstract
Contemporary advances in technology have allowed the transfer of knowledge from industrial laser melting systems to surgery; such an approach could increase the degree of accuracy in orbital restoration. The aim of this study was to examine the accuracy of selective laser melted [...] Read more.
Contemporary advances in technology have allowed the transfer of knowledge from industrial laser melting systems to surgery; such an approach could increase the degree of accuracy in orbital restoration. The aim of this study was to examine the accuracy of selective laser melted PSIs (patient-specific implants) and navigation in primary orbital reconstruction. Ninety-six patients with orbital fractures were included in this study. Planned vs. achieved orbital volumes (a) and angles (b) were compared to the unaffected side (n = 96). The analysis included the overlay of post-treatment on planned images (iPlan 3.0.5, Brainlab®, Feldkirchen, Germany). The mean difference in orbital volume between the digitally planned orbit and the postoperative orbit was 29.16 cm3 (SD 3.54, presurgical) to 28.33 cm3 (SD 3.64, postsurgical, t = 5.00, df = 95.00; p < 0.001), resulting in a mean volume difference (planned vs. postop) of less than 1 cm3. A 3D analysis of the color mapping showed minor deviations compared to the mirrored unaffected side. The results suggested that primary reconstruction in complex orbital wall fractures can be routinely achieved with a high degree of accuracy by using selective laser melted orbital PSIs. Full article
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21 pages, 1678 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the Fitting Accuracy of CAD/CAM-Manufactured Patient-Specific Implants for the Reconstruction of Cranial Defects—A Retrospective Study
by Henriette L. Moellmann, Vanessa N. Mehr, Nadia Karnatz, Max Wilkat, Erik Riedel and Majeed Rana
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(7), 2045; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11072045 - 06 Apr 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1864
Abstract
Cranioplasties show overall high complication rates of up to 45.3%. Risk factors potentially associated with the occurrence of postoperative complications are frequently discussed in existing research. The present study examines the positioning of 39 patient-specific implants (PSI) made from polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and retrospectively [...] Read more.
Cranioplasties show overall high complication rates of up to 45.3%. Risk factors potentially associated with the occurrence of postoperative complications are frequently discussed in existing research. The present study examines the positioning of 39 patient-specific implants (PSI) made from polyetheretherketone (PEEK) and retrospectively investigates the relationship between the fitting accuracy and incidence of postoperative complications. To analyze the fitting accuracy of the implants pre- and post-operatively, STL files were created and superimposed in a 3D coordinate system, and the deviations were graphically displayed and evaluated along with the postoperative complications. On average, 95.17% (SD = 9.42) of the measurements between planned and surgically achieved implant position were within the defined tolerance range. In cases with lower accordance, an increased occurrence of complications could not be demonstrated. The overall postoperative complication rate was 64.1%. The fitting of the PEEK-PSI was highly satisfactory. There were predominantly minor deviations of the achieved compared to the planned implant positions; however, estimations were within the defined tolerance range. Despite the overall high accuracy of fitting, a considerable complication rate was found. To optimize the surgical outcome, the focus should instead be directed towards the investigation of other risk factors. Full article
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19 pages, 7804 KiB  
Article
Procedure Increasing the Accuracy of Modelling and the Manufacturing of Surgical Templates with the Use of 3D Printing Techniques, Applied in Planning the Procedures of Reconstruction of the Mandible
by Paweł Turek, Paweł Pakla, Grzegorz Budzik, Bogumił Lewandowski, Łukasz Przeszłowski, Tomasz Dziubek, Sławomir Wolski and Jan Frańczak
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(23), 5525; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10235525 - 25 Nov 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2263
Abstract
The application of anatomical models and surgical templates in maxillofacial surgery allows, among other benefits, the increase of precision and the shortening of the operation time. Insufficiently precise anastomosis of the broken parts of the mandible may adversely affect the functioning of this [...] Read more.
The application of anatomical models and surgical templates in maxillofacial surgery allows, among other benefits, the increase of precision and the shortening of the operation time. Insufficiently precise anastomosis of the broken parts of the mandible may adversely affect the functioning of this organ. Applying the modern mechanical engineering methods, including computer-aided design methods (CAD), reverse engineering (RE), and rapid prototyping (RP), a procedure used to shorten the data processing time and increase the accuracy of modelling anatomical structures and the surgical templates with the use of 3D printing techniques was developed. The basis for developing and testing this procedure was the medical imaging data DICOM of patients treated at the Maxillofacial Surgery Clinic of the Fryderyk Chopin Provincial Clinical Hospital in Rzeszów. The patients were operated on because of malignant tumours of the floor of the oral cavity and the necrosis of the mandibular corpus, requiring an extensive resection of the soft tissues and resection of the mandible. Familiarity with and the implementation of the developed procedure allowed doctors to plan the operation precisely and prepare the surgical templates and tools in terms of the expected accuracy of the procedures. The models obtained based on this procedure shortened the operation time and increased the accuracy of performance, which accelerated the patient’s rehabilitation in the further course of events. Full article
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12 pages, 1658 KiB  
Article
Consumer vs. High-End 3D Printers for Guided Implant Surgery—An In Vitro Accuracy Assessment Study of Different 3D Printing Technologies
by Lukas Wegmüller, Florian Halbeisen, Neha Sharma, Sebastian Kühl and Florian M. Thieringer
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(21), 4894; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10214894 - 23 Oct 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2631
Abstract
This study evaluates the accuracy of drill guides fabricated in medical-grade, biocompatible materials for static, computer-aided implant surgery (sCAIS). The virtually planned drill guides of ten completed patient cases were printed (n = 40) using professional (Material Jetting (MJ)) and consumer-level three-dimensional [...] Read more.
This study evaluates the accuracy of drill guides fabricated in medical-grade, biocompatible materials for static, computer-aided implant surgery (sCAIS). The virtually planned drill guides of ten completed patient cases were printed (n = 40) using professional (Material Jetting (MJ)) and consumer-level three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies, namely, Stereolithography (SLA), Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF), and Digital Light Processing (DLP). After printing and post-processing, the drill guides were digitized using an optical scanner. Subsequently, the drill guide’s original (reference) data and the surface scans of the digitized 3D-printed drill guide were superimposed to evaluate their incongruencies. The accuracy of the 3D-printed drill guides was calculated by determining the root mean square (RMS) values. Additionally, cast models of the planned cases were used to check that the drill guides fitted manually. The RMS (mean ± SD) values for the accuracy of 3D-printed drill guides were—MJ (0.09 ± 0.01 mm), SLA (0.12 ± 0.02 mm), FFF (0.18 ± 0.04 mm), and DLP (0.25 ± 0.05 mm). Upon a subjective assessment, all drill guides could be mounted on the cast models without hindrance. The results revealed statistically significant differences (p < 0.01) in all except the MJ- and SLA-printed drill guides. Although the measured differences in accuracy were statistically significant, the deviations were negligible from a clinical point of view. Within the limits of this study, we conclude that consumer-level 3D printers can produce surgical guides with a similar accuracy to a high-end, professional 3D printer with reduced costs. Full article
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15 pages, 2908 KiB  
Article
Sinus Lift and Implant Insertion on 3D-Printed Polymeric Maxillary Models: Ex Vivo Training for In Vivo Surgical Procedures
by Diana Florina Nica, Alin Gabriel Gabor, Virgil-Florin Duma, Vlad George Tudericiu, Anca Tudor and Cosmin Sinescu
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(20), 4718; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10204718 - 14 Oct 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2276
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The aim of this study is to demonstrate the increased efficiency achieved by dental practitioners when carrying out an ex vivo training process on 3D-printed maxillaries before performing in vivo surgery. Materials and Methods: This developed ex vivo procedure comprises [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: The aim of this study is to demonstrate the increased efficiency achieved by dental practitioners when carrying out an ex vivo training process on 3D-printed maxillaries before performing in vivo surgery. Materials and Methods: This developed ex vivo procedure comprises the following phases: (i) scanning the area of interest for surgery; (ii) obtaining a 3D virtual model of this area using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT); (iii) obtaining a 3D-printed model (based on the virtual one), on which (iv) the dental practitioner simulates/rehearses ex vivo (most of) the surgery protocol; (v) assess with a new CBCT the 3D model after simulation. The technical steps of sinus augmentation and implant insertion could be performed on the corresponding 3D-printed hemi-maxillaries prior to the real in vivo surgery. Two study groups were considered, with forty patients divided as follows: Group 1 comprises twenty patients on which the developed simulation and rehearsal procedure was applied; Group 2 is a control one which comprises twenty patients on which similar surgery was performed without this procedure (considered in order to compare operative times without and with rehearsals). Results: Following the ex vivo training/rehearsal, an optimal surgery protocol was developed for each considered case. The results of the surgery on patients were compared with the results obtained after rehearsals on 3D-printed models. The performed quantitative assessment proved that, using the proposed training procedure, the results of the in vivo surgery are not significantly different (p = 0.089) with regard to the ex vivo simulation for both the mezio-distal position of the implant and the distance from the ridge margin to sinus window. On the contrary, the operative time of Group 1 was reduced significantly (p = 0.001), with an average of 20% with regard to in vivo procedures performed without rehearsals (on the control Group 2). Conclusions: The study demonstrated that the use of 3D-printed models can be beneficial to dental surgeon practitioners, as well as to students who must be trained before performing clinical treatments. Full article
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12 pages, 574 KiB  
Article
3D Considerations and Outcomes of Immediate Single Implant Insertion and Provisionalization at the Maxillary Esthetic Zone: A Long-Term Retrospective Follow-Up Study of Up to 18 Years
by Eitan Mijiritsky, Antonio Barone, Ihsan Caglar Cinar, Katalin Nagy and Maayan Shacham
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(18), 4138; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10184138 - 14 Sep 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2749
Abstract
Aim: Long-term studies addressing the outcomes of single immediate implantation and provisionalization at the maxillary esthetic zone are needed. The current study aimed to assess such outcomes along a follow-up period of up to 18 years. Materials and methods: The current study is [...] Read more.
Aim: Long-term studies addressing the outcomes of single immediate implantation and provisionalization at the maxillary esthetic zone are needed. The current study aimed to assess such outcomes along a follow-up period of up to 18 years. Materials and methods: The current study is a continuation follow-up of our previously published up to 6-year follow-up study, dated between the years 2002–2008, performed in a private clinical practice in Tel-Aviv, Israel. A total of 15 patients (23 implants) who had been treated for single-tooth replacement at the maxillary esthetic zone since 2002, underwent clinical and radiographic follow-up evaluations. Primary outcomes included mean Marginal Bone Levels (MBL), with Bleeding on Probing (BOP), implant success rate, prosthetic and esthetic complications evaluated as secondary outcomes. Results: The implant success rate was at 100%. Bone remodeling processes were observed over the follow-up period, with 0.9 mm mean marginal bone loss observed during the first 6 years of observation, followed by −0.13 ± 0.06 mm mean loss after 6 to 18 years. The last finding suggests bone deposition, as reported by other studies (Donati et al., 2012). At the final radiographic evaluation, a mean MBL of 1.35 mm ± 0.16 was demonstrated. No differences with respect to implant type or site were found. A generalized absence of BOP and esthetic complications occurred in two cases as a result of continuous adjacent teeth eruption versus obvious implant ankylosis. Conclusions: Adhering to careful clinical protocols and 3D bone to implant considerations while immediately placing an anterior implant, this treatment approach offers both stable and esthetically acceptable results for the replacement of missing teeth at the maxillary esthetic zone. Full article
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19 pages, 22546 KiB  
Article
A Multi-Criteria Assessment Strategy for 3D Printed Porous Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Patient-Specific Implants for Orbital Wall Reconstruction
by Neha Sharma, Dennis Welker, Soheila Aghlmandi, Michaela Maintz, Hans-Florian Zeilhofer, Philipp Honigmann, Thomas Seifert and Florian M. Thieringer
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(16), 3563; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10163563 - 13 Aug 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2746
Abstract
Pure orbital blowout fractures occur within the confines of the internal orbital wall. Restoration of orbital form and volume is paramount to prevent functional and esthetic impairment. The anatomical peculiarity of the orbit has encouraged surgeons to develop implants with customized features to [...] Read more.
Pure orbital blowout fractures occur within the confines of the internal orbital wall. Restoration of orbital form and volume is paramount to prevent functional and esthetic impairment. The anatomical peculiarity of the orbit has encouraged surgeons to develop implants with customized features to restore its architecture. This has resulted in worldwide clinical demand for patient-specific implants (PSIs) designed to fit precisely in the patient’s unique anatomy. Material extrusion or Fused filament fabrication (FFF) three-dimensional (3D) printing technology has enabled the fabrication of implant-grade polymers such as Polyetheretherketone (PEEK), paving the way for a more sophisticated generation of biomaterials. This study evaluates the FFF 3D printed PEEK orbital mesh customized implants with a metric considering the relevant design, biomechanical, and morphological parameters. The performance of the implants is studied as a function of varying thicknesses and porous design constructs through a finite element (FE) based computational model and a decision matrix based statistical approach. The maximum stress values achieved in our results predict the high durability of the implants, and the maximum deformation values were under one-tenth of a millimeter (mm) domain in all the implant profile configurations. The circular patterned implant (0.9 mm) had the best performance score. The study demonstrates that compounding multi-design computational analysis with 3D printing can be beneficial for the optimal restoration of the orbital floor. Full article
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11 pages, 1942 KiB  
Article
Radiographic Evaluation of Bone Remodeling after Additively Manufactured Subperiosteal Jaw Implantation (AMSJI) in the Maxilla: A One-Year Follow-Up Study
by Casper Van den Borre, Marco Rinaldi, Björn De Neef, Natalie A. J. Loomans, Erik Nout, Luc Van Doorne, Ignace Naert, Constantinus Politis, Hylke Schouten, Geert Klomp, Ludovic Beckers, Marshall M. Freilich and Maurice Y. Mommaerts
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(16), 3542; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10163542 - 12 Aug 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4551
Abstract
Additively manufactured subperiosteal jaw implants (AMSJI) are patient-specific, 3D-printed, titanium implants that provide an alternative solution for patients with severe maxillary bone atrophy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bony remodeling of the maxillary crest and supporting bone using AMSJI. [...] Read more.
Additively manufactured subperiosteal jaw implants (AMSJI) are patient-specific, 3D-printed, titanium implants that provide an alternative solution for patients with severe maxillary bone atrophy. The aim of this study was to evaluate the bony remodeling of the maxillary crest and supporting bone using AMSJI. Fifteen patients with a Cawood–Howell Class V or greater degree of maxillary atrophy were evaluated using (cone beam) computed tomography scans at set intervals: one month (T1) and twelve months (T2) after definitive masticatory loading of bilateral AMSJI implants in the maxilla. The postoperative images were segmented and superimposed on the preoperative images. Fixed evaluation points were determined in advance, and surface comparison was carried out to calculate and visualize the effects of AMSJITM on the surrounding bone. A total mean negative bone remodeling of 0.26 mm (SD 0.65 mm) was seen over six reference points on the crest. Minor bone loss (mean 0.088 mm resorption, SD 0.29 mm) was seen at the supporting bone at the wings and basal frame. We conclude that reconstruction of the severely atrophic maxilla with the AMSJI results in minimal effect on supporting bone. Reduced stress shielding with a biomechanically tuned subperiosteal implant does not induce radiographically significant crestal bone atrophy. Full article
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12 pages, 1824 KiB  
Article
Functional and Cosmetic Outcome after Reconstruction of Isolated, Unilateral Orbital Floor Fractures (Blow-Out Fractures) with and without the Support of 3D-Printed Orbital Anatomical Models
by Guido R. Sigron, Marina Barba, Frédérique Chammartin, Bilal Msallem, Britt-Isabelle Berg and Florian M. Thieringer
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(16), 3509; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10163509 - 09 Aug 2021
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2436
Abstract
The present study aimed to analyze if a preformed “hybrid” patient-specific orbital mesh provides a more accurate reconstruction of the orbital floor and a better functional outcome than a standardized, intraoperatively adapted titanium implant. Thirty patients who had undergone surgical reconstruction for isolated, [...] Read more.
The present study aimed to analyze if a preformed “hybrid” patient-specific orbital mesh provides a more accurate reconstruction of the orbital floor and a better functional outcome than a standardized, intraoperatively adapted titanium implant. Thirty patients who had undergone surgical reconstruction for isolated, unilateral orbital floor fractures between May 2016 and November 2018 were included in this study. Of these patients, 13 were treated conventionally by intraoperative adjustment of a standardized titanium mesh based on assessing the fracture’s shape and extent. For the other 17 patients, an individual three-dimensional (3D) anatomical model of the orbit was fabricated with an in-house 3D-printer. This model was used as a template to create a so-called “hybrid” patient-specific titanium implant by preforming the titanium mesh before surgery. The functional and cosmetic outcome in terms of diplopia, enophthalmos, ocular motility, and sensory disturbance trended better when “hybrid” patient-specific titanium meshes were used but with statistically non-significant differences. The 3D-printed anatomical models mirroring the unaffected orbit did not delay the surgery’s timepoint. Nonetheless, it significantly reduced the surgery duration compared to the traditional method (58.9 (SD: 20.1) min versus 94.8 (SD: 33.0) min, p-value = 0.003). This study shows that using 3D-printed anatomical models as a supporting tool allows precise and less time-consuming orbital reconstructions with clinical benefits. Full article
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18 pages, 4066 KiB  
Article
Protocol and Evaluation of 3D-Planned Microsurgical and Dental Implant Reconstruction of Maxillary Cleft Critical Size Defects in Adolescents and Young Adults
by Krzysztof Dowgierd, Rafał Pokrowiecki, Maciej Borowiec, Zuzanna Sokolowska, Martyna Dowgierd, Jan Wos, Marcin Kozakiewicz and Łukasz Krakowczyk
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(11), 2267; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10112267 - 24 May 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2858
Abstract
Functional and esthetic final reconstruction of the cleft maxilla is still challenging. Current reconstructive and augmentation techniques do not provide sufficient bone and soft tissue support for the predictable rehabilitation with dental implants due to presence of maxillary bone critical size defects and [...] Read more.
Functional and esthetic final reconstruction of the cleft maxilla is still challenging. Current reconstructive and augmentation techniques do not provide sufficient bone and soft tissue support for the predictable rehabilitation with dental implants due to presence of maxillary bone critical size defects and soft tissue deficiency, scaring and poor vascularity. In this article the protocol for the use of 3D virtual surgical planning and microvascular tissue transfers for the reconstruction and rehabilitation of cleft maxilla is presented. Twenty-five patients (8 male/17 female) aged 14–41 years old with cleft-associated critical size defects were treated by 3D-virtual planned microvascular tissue transfers taken either from fibula, iliac crest, radial forearm, or medial femoral condyle. Follow-up lasted 1–5 years. No significant bone resorption (p > 0.005) nor volume loss of the graft was observed (p = 0.645). Patients received final permanent prosthetic reconstruction of the anterior maxilla based on 2–5 dental implants, depending on the defect severity. This is the first study presenting the use of virtual planning in the final restoration of the cleft maxilla with microvascular tissue transfers and dental implants. Presented protocol provide highly functional and aesthetic results. Full article
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Review

Jump to: Research

24 pages, 8131 KiB  
Review
3D Printing and Virtual Surgical Planning in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
by Adeeb Zoabi, Idan Redenski, Daniel Oren, Adi Kasem, Asaf Zigron, Shadi Daoud, Liad Moskovich, Fares Kablan and Samer Srouji
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(9), 2385; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11092385 - 24 Apr 2022
Cited by 28 | Viewed by 5325
Abstract
Compared to traditional manufacturing methods, additive manufacturing and 3D printing stand out in their ability to rapidly fabricate complex structures and precise geometries. The growing need for products with different designs, purposes and materials led to the development of 3D printing, serving as [...] Read more.
Compared to traditional manufacturing methods, additive manufacturing and 3D printing stand out in their ability to rapidly fabricate complex structures and precise geometries. The growing need for products with different designs, purposes and materials led to the development of 3D printing, serving as a driving force for the 4th industrial revolution and digitization of manufacturing. 3D printing has had a global impact on healthcare, with patient-customized implants now replacing generic implantable medical devices. This revolution has had a particularly significant impact on oral and maxillofacial surgery, where surgeons rely on precision medicine in everyday practice. Trauma, orthognathic surgery and total joint replacement therapy represent several examples of treatments improved by 3D technologies. The widespread and rapid implementation of 3D technologies in clinical settings has led to the development of point-of-care treatment facilities with in-house infrastructure, enabling surgical teams to participate in the 3D design and manufacturing of devices. 3D technologies have had a tremendous impact on clinical outcomes and on the way clinicians approach treatment planning. The current review offers our perspective on the implementation of 3D-based technologies in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery, while indicating major clinical applications. Moreover, the current report outlines the 3D printing point-of-care concept in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery. Full article
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18 pages, 2860 KiB  
Review
Virtual Surgical Planning: Modeling from the Present to the Future
by G. Dave Singh and Manarshhjot Singh
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(23), 5655; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10235655 - 30 Nov 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2702
Abstract
Virtual surgery planning is a non-invasive procedure, which uses digital clinical data for diagnostic, procedure selection and treatment planning purposes, including the forecast of potential outcomes. The technique begins with 3D data acquisition, using various methods, which may or may not utilize ionizing [...] Read more.
Virtual surgery planning is a non-invasive procedure, which uses digital clinical data for diagnostic, procedure selection and treatment planning purposes, including the forecast of potential outcomes. The technique begins with 3D data acquisition, using various methods, which may or may not utilize ionizing radiation, such as 3D stereophotogrammetry, 3D cone-beam CT scans, etc. Regardless of the imaging technique selected, landmark selection, whether it is manual or automated, is the key to transforming clinical data into objects that can be interrogated in virtual space. As a prerequisite, the data require alignment and correspondence such that pre- and post-operative configurations can be compared in real and statistical shape space. In addition, these data permit predictive modeling, using either model-based, data-based or hybrid modeling. These approaches provide perspectives for the development of customized surgical procedures and medical devices with accuracy, precision and intelligence. Therefore, this review briefly summarizes the current state of virtual surgery planning. Full article
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8 pages, 4497 KiB  
Review
EPPOCRATIS: A Point-of-Care Utilization of Virtual Surgical Planning and Three-Dimensional Printing for the Management of Acute Craniomaxillofacial Trauma
by Basel A. Sharaf, Jonathan M. Morris and Doga Kuruoglu
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(23), 5640; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10235640 - 29 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2090
Abstract
While virtual surgical planning (VSP) and three-dimensional planning (3DP) have become important tools in acute craniomaxillofacial surgery, the incorporation of point of care VSP and 3DP is crucial to allow for acute facial trauma care. In this article, we review our approach to [...] Read more.
While virtual surgical planning (VSP) and three-dimensional planning (3DP) have become important tools in acute craniomaxillofacial surgery, the incorporation of point of care VSP and 3DP is crucial to allow for acute facial trauma care. In this article, we review our approach to acute craniomaxillofacial trauma management, EPPOCRATIS, and discuss current challenges and future directions in acute facial trauma management. Full article
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