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Current Updates on Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology
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Current Updates on Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Cardiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 July 2023) | Viewed by 26206

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Tong Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
Interests: cardiac electrophysiology; atrial fibrillation; cardio-oncology

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Rapid developments have taken place over the recent years in the interventional cardiac electrophysiology. New methods and tools in the diagnosis and treatment of cardiac arrhythmia have emerged. There are many questions which still present a challenge, such as the ablation of refractory ventricular tachycardia, how to improve the long-term success rate of persistent atrial fibrillation, the long-term effectiveness and safety of His–Purkinje conduction system pacing. Accordingly, we dedicate this Special Issue Current Updates on Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology to gathering the most recent progress in this field. Its aim is to present an overview of the current knowledge, latest evidence, and unresolved issues in this field. More specifically, the topics of interest include but are not limited to: atrial fibrillation; cryoablation; radiofrequency ablation; cardiac resynchronization therapy; His–Purkinje conduction system pacing; stereotactic radiotherapy for refractory ventricular tachycardia; pulsed electric field ablation; leadless pacemakers; and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators.

Prof. Dr. Tong Liu
Guest Editor

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • atrial fibrillation
  • cryoablation
  • radiofrequency ablation
  • cardiac resynchronization therapy
  • His-Purkinje conduction system pacing
  • stereotactic radiotherapy for refractory ventricular tachycardia
  • pulsed electric field ablation
  • leadless pacemakers
  • implantable cardioverter-defibrillators

Published Papers (15 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 1119 KiB  
Article
Clinical Influence of Ethanol Infusion in the Vein of Marshall on Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion: Results of Feasibility and Safety during Implantation and at 60-Day Follow-Up
by Yibo Ma, Miaoyang Hu, Lanyan Guo, Jian Xu, Jie Li, Qun Yan, Huani Pang, Jinshui Wang, Ping Yang and Fu Yi
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(5), 1960; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm12051960 - 01 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1106
Abstract
Background: Ethanol infusion in the vein of Marshall (EI-VOM) has the advantages of reducing the burden of atrial fibrillation (AF), decreasing AF recurrence, and facilitating left pulmonary vein isolation and mitral isthmus bidirectional conduction block. Moreover, it can lead to prominent edema of [...] Read more.
Background: Ethanol infusion in the vein of Marshall (EI-VOM) has the advantages of reducing the burden of atrial fibrillation (AF), decreasing AF recurrence, and facilitating left pulmonary vein isolation and mitral isthmus bidirectional conduction block. Moreover, it can lead to prominent edema of the coumadin ridge and atrial infarction. Whether these lesions will affect the efficacy and safety of left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) has not yet been reported. Objectives: To explore the clinical outcome of EI-VOM on LAAO during implantation and after 60 days of follow-up. Methods: A total of 100 consecutive patients who underwent radiofrequency catheter ablation combined with LAAO were enrolled in this study. Patients who also underwent EI-VOM at the same period of LAAO were assigned to group 1 (n = 26), and those who did not undergo EI-VOM were assigned to group 2 (n = 74). The feasibility outcomes included intra-procedural LAAO parameters and follow-up LAAO results involving device-related thrombus, a peri-device leak (PDL), and adequate occlusion (defined as a PDL ≤ 5 mm). Safety outcomes were defined as the composites of severe adverse events and cardiac function. Outpatient follow-up was performed 60 days post-procedure. Results: Intra-procedural LAAO parameters, including the rate of device reselection, rate of device redeployment, rate of intra-procedural PDLs, and total LAAO time, were comparable between groups. Furthermore, intra-procedural adequate occlusion was achieved in all patients. After a median of 68 days, 94 (94.0%) patients received their first radiographic examination. Device-related thrombus was not detected in the follow-up populations. The incidence of follow-up PDLs was similar between the two groups (28.0% vs. 33.3%, p = 0.803). The incidence of adequate occlusion was comparable between groups (96.0% vs. 98.6%, p = 0.463). In group 1, none of the patients experienced severe adverse events. Ethanol infusion significantly reduced the right atrial diameter. Conclusions: The present study showed that undergoing an EI-VOM procedure did not impact the operation or effectiveness of LAAO. Combining EI-VOM with LAAO was safe and effective. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Updates on Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology)
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16 pages, 1268 KiB  
Article
High-Power, Short-Duration Ablation under the Guidance of Relatively Low Ablation Index Values for Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation: Long-Term Outcomes and Characteristics of Recurrent Atrial Arrhythmias
by Shuyu Jin, Weidong Lin, Xianhong Fang, Hongtao Liao, Xianzhang Zhan, Lu Fu, Junrong Jiang, Xingdong Ye, Huiyi Liu, Yanlin Chen, Sijia Pu, Shulin Wu, Hai Deng and Yumei Xue
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(3), 971; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm12030971 - 27 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1470
Abstract
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference in effectiveness and safety of high-power, short-duration (HPSD) radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA) guided by relatively low ablation index (AI) values and conventional RFA in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) patients. Methods: The HPSD [...] Read more.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the difference in effectiveness and safety of high-power, short-duration (HPSD) radiofrequency catheter ablation (RFA) guided by relatively low ablation index (AI) values and conventional RFA in paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) patients. Methods: The HPSD RFA strategy (40–50 W, AI 350–400 for anterior, 320–350 for posterior wall; n = 547) was compared with the conventional RFA strategy (25–40 W, without AI; n = 396) in PAF patients who underwent their first ablation. Propensity-score matching analyses were used to compare the outcomes of the two groups while controlling for confounders. Results: After using propensity-score matching analysis, the HPSD group showed a higher early recurrence rate (22.727% vs. 13.636%, p = 0.003), similar late recurrence rate, and comparable safety (p = 0.604) compared with the conventional group. For late recurrent atrial arrhythmia types, the rate of regular atrial tachycardia was significantly higher in the HPSD group (p = 0.013). Additionally, the rate of chronic pulmonary vein reconnection and non-pulmonary vein triggers during repeat procedures was similar in both groups. Conclusions: For PAF patients, compared with the conventional RFA strategy, the HPSD RFA strategy at relatively low AI settings had a higher early recurrence rate, similar long-term success rate, and comparable safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Updates on Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology)
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8 pages, 6347 KiB  
Article
Vein of Marshall Collateralization during Ethanol Infusion in Atrial Fibrillation: Solution for Effective Myocardium Staining
by Hongda Zhang, Lei Ding, Lijie Mi, Kuo Zhang, Zihan Jiang, Sixian Weng, Fengyuan Yu and Min Tang
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(1), 309; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm12010309 - 30 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1177
Abstract
Background: The vein of Marshall (VOM) ethanol infusion improves sinus rhythm maintenance in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Distal collateral circulation of VOM can be a challenge to effective ethanol infusion. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of ethanol [...] Read more.
Background: The vein of Marshall (VOM) ethanol infusion improves sinus rhythm maintenance in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Distal collateral circulation of VOM can be a challenge to effective ethanol infusion. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility and efficacy of ethanol infusion in VOM with distal collateral circulation. Methods: Patients with AF scheduled for catheter ablation and VOM ethanol infusion were consecutively enrolled. During the procedure, non-occluded coronary sinus angiography was first performed for VOM identification. After VOM identification, an over-the-wire angioplasty balloon was used for cannulation and occluded angiography of the VOM. Those with distal VOM collateral circulation were included in this study. A method of slower ethanol injection (2 mL over 5 min) plus additional balloon occlusion time for 3 min after each injection was used. Results: Of 162 patients scheduled for VOM ethanol infusion, apparent distal VOM collateral circulation was revealed in seven (4.3%) patients. Five patients had collateral circulation to the left atrium, one to the right superior vena cava, and one to the great cardiac vein. Two patients did not undergo further ethanol infusion because of our inadequate experience during the early stage of the project. Five patients had successful VOM ethanol infusion with manifest localized myocardium staining. Conclusions: Ethanol infusion in VOM with distal collateral circulation can be solved by slow injection of ethanol and enough balloon occlusion time between multiple injections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Updates on Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology)
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11 pages, 1436 KiB  
Article
Iatrogenic Atrial Septal Defect after Intracardiac Echocardiography-Guided Left Atrial Appendage Closure: Incidence, Size, and Clinical Outcomes
by Yibo Ma, Lanyan Guo, Jie Li, Haitao Liu, Jian Xu, Hui Du, Yi Wang, Huihui Li and Fu Yi
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(1), 160; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm12010160 - 25 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1374
Abstract
Background: The data on iatrogenic atrial septal defect (iASD) after left atrial appendage closure (LAAC), especially intracardiac echocardiography (ICE)-guided LAAC, are limited. Compared with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)- or digital subtraction angiography (DSA)-guided LAAC, the transseptal puncture (TP) ICE-guided LAAC is more complicated. Whether [...] Read more.
Background: The data on iatrogenic atrial septal defect (iASD) after left atrial appendage closure (LAAC), especially intracardiac echocardiography (ICE)-guided LAAC, are limited. Compared with transesophageal echocardiography (TEE)- or digital subtraction angiography (DSA)-guided LAAC, the transseptal puncture (TP) ICE-guided LAAC is more complicated. Whether or not ICE-guided TP increases the chances of iASD is controversial. We investigate the incidence, size, and clinical outcomes of iASD after ICE-guided LAAC. Methods: A total of 177 patients who underwent LAAC were enrolled in this study and were assigned to the ICE-guided group (group 1) and the TEE- or DSA-guided group (group 2). Echocardiography results and clinical performances at months 2 and 12 post-procedure were collected from the electronic outpatient records. Results: A total of 112 and 65 patients were assigned to group 1 and group 2, respectively. The incidence of iASD at follow-up (FU) month 2 was comparable between the groups (21.4% in group 1 vs. 15.4% in group 2, p = 0.429). At month 12 of FU, the closure rate of iASD was comparable to that of group 2 (70.6% vs. 71.4%, p = 1.000). No right-to-left (RL) shunt was observed among the iASD patients during the FU. Numerically larger iASD were observed in group 1 patients at month 2 of FU (2.8 ± 0.9 mm vs. 2.2 ± 0.8 mm, p = 0.065). No new-onset of pulmonary hypertension and iASD-related adverse events were observed. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analysis showed that ICE-guided LAAC was not associated with the development of iASD (adjusted OR = 1.681; 95%CI, 0.634–4.455; p = 0.296). Conclusions: The ICE-guided LAAC procedure does not increase the risk of iASD. Despite the numerically large size of the iASD, it did not increase the risk of developing adverse complications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Updates on Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology)
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11 pages, 1556 KiB  
Article
Impact of Amiodarone Therapy on the Ablation Outcome of Ventricular Tachycardia in Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy
by Chin-Yu Lin, Fa-Po Chung, Nwe Nwe, Yu-Cheng Hsieh, Cheng-Hung Li, Yenn-Jiang Lin, Shih-Lin Chang, Li-Wei Lo, Yu-Feng Hu, Ta-Chuan Tuan, Tze-Fan Chao, Jo-Nan Liao, Ting-Yung Chang, Ling Kuo, Cheng-I Wu, Chih-Min Liu, Shin-Huei Liu, Wen-Han Cheng and Shih-Ann Chen
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(24), 7265; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11247265 - 07 Dec 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1270
Abstract
(1) Background: Catheter ablation (CA) is an accepted treatment option for drug-refractory ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). This study investigates the effect of amiodarone on ablation outcomes in ARVC. (2) Methods: The study enrolled patients with ARVC [...] Read more.
(1) Background: Catheter ablation (CA) is an accepted treatment option for drug-refractory ventricular tachycardia (VT) in patients with arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy (ARVC). This study investigates the effect of amiodarone on ablation outcomes in ARVC. (2) Methods: The study enrolled patients with ARVC undergoing CA of sustained VT. In all patients, substrate modification was performed to achieve non-inducible VT. The patients were categorized into two groups according to whether they had used amiodarone before CA. Baseline and electrophysiological characteristics, substrate, and outcomes were compared. (3) Results: A total of 72 ARVC patients were studied, including 29 (40.3%) “off” amiodarone and 43 (56.7%) “on” amiodarone. The scar area was similar between the two groups. Patients “off” amiodarone had smaller endocardial and epicardial areas with abnormal electrograms. Twenty of 43 patients (47.5%) “on” amiodarone discontinued it within 3 months after CA. During a mean follow-up period of 43.2 ± 29.5 months, higher VT recurrence was observed in patients “on” amiodarone. Patients “on” amiodarone who discontinued amiodarone after CA had a lower recurrence than those without. (4) Conclusions: Patients with ARVC “on” amiodarone before CA had distinct substrate characteristics and worse ablation outcomes than patients “off” amiodarone, especially in those who had used amiodarone continuously. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Updates on Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology)
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14 pages, 1123 KiB  
Article
The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on the Clinical Practice Patterns in Atrial Fibrillation: A Multicenter Clinician Survey in China
by Feng Hu, Minhua Zang, Lihui Zheng, Wensheng Chen, Jinrui Guo, Zhongpeng Du, Erpeng Liang, Lishui Shen, Xiaofeng Hu, Xuelian Xu, Gaifeng Hu, Aihua Li, Jianfeng Huang, Yan Yao and Jun Pu
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(21), 6469; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11216469 - 31 Oct 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1304
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted healthcare systems worldwide. This study investigated cardiologists’ opinions on how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted clinical practice patterns in atrial fibrillation (AF). A multicenter clinician survey, including demographic and clinical questions, was administered to 300 cardiologists from 22 [...] Read more.
The COVID-19 pandemic has severely impacted healthcare systems worldwide. This study investigated cardiologists’ opinions on how the COVID-19 pandemic impacted clinical practice patterns in atrial fibrillation (AF). A multicenter clinician survey, including demographic and clinical questions, was administered to 300 cardiologists from 22 provinces in China, in April 2022. The survey solicited information about their treatment recommendations for AF and their perceptions of how the COVID-19 pandemic has impacted their clinical practice patterns for AF. The survey was completed by 213 cardiologists (71.0%) and included employees in tertiary hospitals (82.6%) and specialists with over 10 years of clinical cardiology practice (53.5%). Most respondents stated that there were reductions in the number of inpatients and outpatients with AF in their hospital during the pandemic. A majority of participants stated that the pandemic had impacted the treatment strategies for all types of AF, although to different extents. Compared with that during the assumed non-pandemic period in the hypothetical clinical questions, the selection of invasive interventional therapies (catheter ablation, percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion) was significantly decreased (all p < 0.05) during the pandemic. There was no significant difference in the selection of non-invasive therapeutic strategies (the management of cardiovascular risk factors and concomitant diseases, pharmacotherapy for stroke prevention, heart rate control, and rhythm control) between the pandemic and non-pandemic periods (all p > 0.05). The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound impact on the clinical practice patterns of AF. The selection of catheter ablation and percutaneous left atrial appendage occlusion was significantly reduced, whereas pharmacotherapy was often stated as the preferred option by participating cardiologists. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Updates on Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology)
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12 pages, 1411 KiB  
Article
A Four-Stepwise Electrocardiographic Algorithm for Differentiation of Ventricular Arrhythmias Originated from Left Ventricular Outflow Tract
by Hong-Wei Tan, Wei-Dong Gao, Xin-Hua Wang, Zhi-Song Chen and Xue-Bo Liu
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(21), 6398; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11216398 - 28 Oct 2022
Viewed by 1367
Abstract
Several electrocardiographic algorithms have been proposed to identify the site of origin for the ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) from the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) versus right ventricular outflow tract. However, the electrocardiographic criteria for distinguishing VAs originated from the different sites of LVOT [...] Read more.
Several electrocardiographic algorithms have been proposed to identify the site of origin for the ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) from the left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) versus right ventricular outflow tract. However, the electrocardiographic criteria for distinguishing VAs originated from the different sites of LVOT is lacking. We aimed to develop a simple and efficient ECG algorithm to differentiate LVOT VAs originated from the aortic root, AMC and LV summit. We analyzed 12-lead ECG characteristics of 68 consecutive patients who underwent successful radiofrequency catheter ablation of symptomatic VAs from LVOT. Patients were divided into RCC (right coronary cusp) group (n = 8), the L-RCC (the junction between the LCC and RCC) group (n = 21), the LCC (left coronary cusp) group (n = 24), the aortomitral continuity (AMC) group (n = 9) and the LV summit group (n = 6) according to the final ablation sites. Measurements with the highest diagnostic performance were modeled into a 4-stepwise algorithm to discriminate LVOT VAs. The performance of this novel algorithm was prospectively tested in a validation cohort of 43 consecutive patients undergoing LVOT VAs ablation. Based on the accuracy of AUC, a 4-stepwise ECG algorithm was developed. First, the QS duration in aVL > 134 ms was used to distinguish VAs from AMC, LV summit and VAs from aortic root (80% sensitivity and 76% specificity). Second, the R duration in II > 155 ms was used to differentiate VAs from LV summit and VAs from AMC (67% sensitivity and 56% specificity). Third, the ratio of III/II < 0.9 was used to discriminate VAs from RCC and VAs from LCC, L-RCC (82% sensitivity and 63% specificity). Fourth, the QS duration of aVR > 130 ms was used to discern VAs from LCC and VAs from L-RCC (75% sensitivity and 62% specificity). In the prospective evaluation, our 4-stepwise ECG algorithm exhibited a good predictive value. We have developed a novel and simple 4-stepwise ECG algorithm with good predictive value to discriminate the AVs from different sites of LVOT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Updates on Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology)
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11 pages, 2703 KiB  
Article
Angiographic Characteristics of the Vein of Marshall in Patients with and without Atrial Fibrillation
by Lei Ding, Hongda Zhang, Fengyuan Yu, Lijie Mi, Wei Hua, Shu Zhang, Yan Yao and Min Tang
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(18), 5384; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11185384 - 14 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1874
Abstract
Background: Ethanol infusion into the vein of Marshall (Et-VOM) is a novel therapeutic treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). However, few studies have focused on the difference between AF and non-AF patients (presented other types of arrhythmias) regarding the characteristics of the vein of [...] Read more.
Background: Ethanol infusion into the vein of Marshall (Et-VOM) is a novel therapeutic treatment for atrial fibrillation (AF). However, few studies have focused on the difference between AF and non-AF patients (presented other types of arrhythmias) regarding the characteristics of the vein of Marshall (VOM). Objective: This study sought to investigate the incidence, morphology, and angiographic characteristics of the VOM. Methods: Coronary sinus (CS) angiography was performed in all patients. The baseline, angiographic characteristics and measurements of VOM dimensions were compared between the AF and non-AF group. Results: CS angiography was performed in 290 patients. The VOM detection rate was higher in the AF group than in the non-AF group (91.8% vs. 84.1%, p = 0.044). In the right anterior oblique (RAO) projection, AF patients had significant larger VOM ostium, CS ostium, and CS diameter at VOM ostium than non-AF patients (1.9 ± 0.9 vs. 1.7 ± 0.7 mm, p = 0.015; 12.8 ± 4.1 vs. 11.4 ± 3.7 mm, p = 0.016; 9.1 ± 3.1 vs. 8.2 ± 2.9 mm, p = 0.028, respectively). There was a slight linear correlation between the VOM ostium and the CS ostium diameter as well as left atrial volume (LAV). Conclusion: AF patients seem to have a higher incidence of the VOM, larger VOM ostium, CS ostium, and CS lumen in RAO view. Meanwhile, the VOM ostium may correlate with the CS ostium and LAV. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Updates on Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology)
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11 pages, 5474 KiB  
Article
Clinical Efficacy of Catheter Ablation in the Treatment of Vasovagal Syncope
by Lingping Xu, Yixin Zhao, Yichao Duan, Rui Wang, Junlong Hou, Jing Wang, Bin Chen, Ye Yang, Xianjun Xue, Yongyong Zhao, Bo Zhang, Chaofeng Sun and Fengwei Guo
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(18), 5371; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11185371 - 13 Sep 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1413
Abstract
Catheter ablation of ganglionated plexi (GPs) performed as cardioneuroablation in the left atrium (LA) has been reported previously as a treatment for vasovagal syncope (VVS). However, the efficacy and safety of catheter ablation in the treatment of VVS remains unclear. The objective of [...] Read more.
Catheter ablation of ganglionated plexi (GPs) performed as cardioneuroablation in the left atrium (LA) has been reported previously as a treatment for vasovagal syncope (VVS). However, the efficacy and safety of catheter ablation in the treatment of VVS remains unclear. The objective of this study is to explore the efficacy and safety of catheter ablation in the treatment of VVS and to compare the different ganglion-mapping methods for prognostic effects. A total of 108 patients with refractory VVS who underwent catheter ablation were retrospectively enrolled. Patients preferred to use high-frequency stimulation (HFS) (n = 66), and anatomic landmark (n = 42) targeting is used when HFS failed to induce a positive reaction. The efficacy of the treatment is evaluated by comparing the location and probability of the intraoperative vagal reflex, the remission rate of postoperative syncope symptoms, and the rate of negative head-up tilt (HUT) results. Adverse events are analyzed, and safety is evaluated. After follow-up for 8 (5, 15) months, both HFS mapping and anatomical ablation can effectively improve the syncope symptoms in VVS patients, and 83.7% of patients no longer experienced syncope (<0.001). Both approaches to catheter ablation in the treatment of VVS effectively inhibit the recurrence of VVS; they are safe and effective. Therefore, catheter ablation can be used as a treatment option for patients with symptomatic VVS. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Updates on Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology)
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9 pages, 1269 KiB  
Article
Deep-Learning-Based Detection of Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia Using Sinus-Rhythm Electrocardiograms
by Lei Wang, Shipeng Dang, Shuangxiong Chen, Jin-Yu Sun, Ru-Xing Wang and Feng Pan
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(15), 4578; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11154578 - 05 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2406
Abstract
Background: Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is a common arrhythmia associated with palpitation and a decline in quality of life. However, it is undetectable with sinus-rhythmic ECGs when patients are not in the symptomatic onset stage. Methods: In the current study, a convolution neural [...] Read more.
Background: Paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia (PSVT) is a common arrhythmia associated with palpitation and a decline in quality of life. However, it is undetectable with sinus-rhythmic ECGs when patients are not in the symptomatic onset stage. Methods: In the current study, a convolution neural network (CNN) was trained with normal-sinus-rhythm standard 12-lead electrocardiographs (ECGs) of negative control patients and PSVT patients to identify patients with unrecognized PSVT. PSVT refers to atrioventricular nodal reentry tachycardia or atrioventricular reentry tachycardia based on a concealed accessory pathway as confirmed by electrophysiological procedure. Negative control group data were obtained from 5107 patients with at least one normal sinus-rhythmic ECG without any palpitation symptoms. All ECGs were randomly allocated to the training, validation and testing datasets in a 7:1:2 ratio. Model performance was evaluated on the testing dataset through F1 score, overall accuracy, area under the curve, sensitivity, specificity and precision. Results: We retrospectively enrolled 407 sinus-rhythm ECGs of PSVT procedural patients and 1794 ECGs of control patients. A total of 2201 ECGs were randomly divided into training (n = 1541), validation (n = 220) and testing (n = 440) datasets. In the testing dataset, the CNN algorithm showed an overall accuracy of 95.5%, sensitivity of 90.2%, specificity of 96.6% and precision of 86.0%. Conclusion: Our study reveals that a well-trained CNN algorithm may be a rapid, effective, inexpensive and reliable method to contribute to the detection of PSVT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Updates on Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology)
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9 pages, 1294 KiB  
Article
Safety and Efficacy of Left Atrial Catheter Ablation in Patients with Left Atrial Appendage Occlusion Devices
by Binhao Wang, Bin He, Guohua Fu, Mingjun Feng, Xianfeng Du, Jing Liu, Yibo Yu and Huimin Chu
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(11), 3110; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11113110 - 31 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1607
Abstract
Background: Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) is an alternative to oral anticoagulation for thromboembolic prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Left atrial (LA) catheter ablation (CA) in patients with LAAO devices has not been well investigated. Here, we report on the safety [...] Read more.
Background: Left atrial appendage occlusion (LAAO) is an alternative to oral anticoagulation for thromboembolic prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). Left atrial (LA) catheter ablation (CA) in patients with LAAO devices has not been well investigated. Here, we report on the safety and efficacy of LA CA in patients with nitinol cage or plug LAAO devices. Methods: A total of 18 patients (aged 67 ± 11 years; 14 males; 5 paroxysmal AF) with LAAO devices (nitinol cage, n = 10; nitinol plug, n = 8) and symptomatic LA tachyarrhythmias were included. Periprocedural and follow-up data were assessed. Results: A total of 20 LA CA procedures were performed at a median of 130 (63, 338) days after LAAO. The strategy of CA consisted of circumferential pulmonary vein isolation (n = 16), linear lesions (n = 14) and complex fractionated atrial electrogram ablation (n = 6). No major adverse events occurred periprocedurally. Repeated transesophageal echocardiography showed no device-related thrombus, newly developed peridevice leakage or device dislodgement. After a median follow-up period of 793 (376, 1090) days, four patients (22%) experienced LA tachyarrhythmias recurrence and two received redo LA CA. No patients suffered stroke or major bleeding events during follow-up. Conclusions: LA CA in patients with LAAO devices (either nitinol cages or nitinol plugs) seems to be safe and efficient in our single-center experience. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Updates on Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology)
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Review

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19 pages, 2327 KiB  
Review
Strategies for Safe Implantation and Effective Performance of Single-Chamber and Dual-Chamber Leadless Pacemakers
by Fei Tong and Zhijun Sun
J. Clin. Med. 2023, 12(7), 2454; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm12072454 - 23 Mar 2023
Viewed by 1884
Abstract
Leadless pacemakers (LPMs) have emerged as an alternative to conventional transvenous pacemakers to eliminate the complications associated with leads and subcutaneous pockets. However, LPMs still present with complications, such as cardiac perforation, dislodgment, vascular complications, infection, and tricuspid valve regurgitation. Furthermore, the efficacy [...] Read more.
Leadless pacemakers (LPMs) have emerged as an alternative to conventional transvenous pacemakers to eliminate the complications associated with leads and subcutaneous pockets. However, LPMs still present with complications, such as cardiac perforation, dislodgment, vascular complications, infection, and tricuspid valve regurgitation. Furthermore, the efficacy of the leadless VDD LPMs is influenced by the unachievable 100% atrioventricular synchrony. In this article, we review the available data on the strategy selection, including appropriate patient selection, procedure techniques, device design, and post-implant programming, to minimize the complication rate and maximize the efficacy, and we summarize the clinical settings in which a choice must be made between VVI LPMs, VDD LPMs, or conventional transvenous pacemakers. In addition, we provide an outlook for the technology for the realization of true dual-chamber leadless and battery-less pacemakers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Updates on Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology)
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18 pages, 4126 KiB  
Review
Cardiac Implantable Electronic Devices Infection Assessment, Diagnosis and Management: A Review of the Literature
by Filippo Toriello, Massimo Saviano, Andrea Faggiano, Domitilla Gentile, Giovanni Provenzale, Alberto Vincenzo Pollina, Elisa Gherbesi, Lucia Barbieri and Stefano Carugo
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(19), 5898; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11195898 - 06 Oct 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2889
Abstract
The use of increasingly complex cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) has increased exponentially in recent years. One of the most serious complications in terms of mortality, morbidity and financial burden is represented by infections involving these devices. They may affect only the generator [...] Read more.
The use of increasingly complex cardiac implantable electronic devices (CIEDs) has increased exponentially in recent years. One of the most serious complications in terms of mortality, morbidity and financial burden is represented by infections involving these devices. They may affect only the generator pocket or be generalised with lead-related endocarditis. Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors have been identified and they can be associated with patient or procedure characteristics or with the type of CIED. Pocket and systemic infections require a precise evaluation and a specialised treatment which in most cases involves the removal of all the components of the device and a personalised antimicrobial therapy. CIED retention is usually limited to cases where infection is unlikely or is limited to the skin incision site. Optimal re-implantation timing depends on the type of infection and on the results of microbiological tests. Preventive strategies, in the end, include antibiotic prophylaxis before CIED implantation, the possibility to use antibacterial envelopes and the prevention of hematomas. The aim of this review is to investigate the pathogenesis, stratification, diagnostic tools and management of CIED infections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Updates on Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology)
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10 pages, 263 KiB  
Review
Stereotactic Radiotherapy: An Alternative Option for Refractory Ventricular Tachycardia to Drug and Ablation Therapy
by Wenfeng Shangguan, Gang Xu, Xin Wang, Nan Zhang, Xingpeng Liu, Guangping Li, Gary Tse and Tong Liu
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(12), 3549; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11123549 - 20 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1636
Abstract
Refractory ventricular tachycardia (VT) often occurs in the context of organic heart disease. It is associated with significantly high mortality and morbidity rates. Antiarrhythmic drugs and catheter ablation represent the two main treatment options for refractory VT, but their use can be associated [...] Read more.
Refractory ventricular tachycardia (VT) often occurs in the context of organic heart disease. It is associated with significantly high mortality and morbidity rates. Antiarrhythmic drugs and catheter ablation represent the two main treatment options for refractory VT, but their use can be associated with inadequate therapeutic responses and procedure-related complications. Stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) is extensively applied in the precision treatment of solid tumors, with excellent therapeutic responses. Recently, this highly precise technology has been applied for radioablation of VT, and its early results demonstrate a favorable safety profile. This review presents the potential value of SBRT in refractory VT. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Updates on Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology)

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Jump to: Research, Review

22 pages, 3928 KiB  
Systematic Review
Do Elderly Patients with Atrial Fibrillation Have Comparable Ablation Outcomes Compared to Younger Ones? Evidence from Pooled Clinical Studies
by Feng Li, Lei Zhang, Li-Da Wu, Zhi-Yuan Zhang, Huan-Huan Liu, Zhen-Ye Zhang, Jie Zhang, Ling-Ling Qian and Ru-Xing Wang
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(15), 4468; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11154468 - 31 Jul 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1957
Abstract
Background: Age is an independent risk factor of the progress and prognosis of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, ablation outcomes between elderly and younger patients with AF remain elusive. Methods: Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science were systematically searched up to 1 [...] Read more.
Background: Age is an independent risk factor of the progress and prognosis of atrial fibrillation (AF). However, ablation outcomes between elderly and younger patients with AF remain elusive. Methods: Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, and Web of Science were systematically searched up to 1 April 2022. Studies comparing AF ablation outcomes between elderly and younger patients and comprising outcomes of AF ablation for elderly patients were included. Trial sequential analysis (TSA) was performed to adjust for random error and lower statistical power in our meta-analysis. Subgroup analysis identified possible determinants of outcome impact for elderly patients after ablation. Moreover, linear and quadratic prediction fit plots with confidence intervals were performed, as appropriate. Results: A total of 27 studies with 113,106 AF patients were eligible. Compared with the younger group, the elderly group was significantly associated with a lower rate of freedom from AF (risk ratio [RR], 0.95; p = 0.008), as well as a higher incidence of safety outcomes (cerebrovascular events: RR, 1.64; p = 0.000; serious hemorrhage complications: RR, 1.50; p = 0.035; all-cause death: RR, 2.61; p = 0.003). Subgroup analysis and quadratic prediction fit analysis revealed the follow-up time was the potential determinant of freedom from AF for elderly patients after AF ablation. Conclusions: Our meta-analysis suggests that elderly patients may have inferior efficacy and safety outcomes to younger patients with AF ablation. Moreover, the follow-up time may be a potential determinant of outcome impact on freedom from AF for elderly patients after AF ablation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Current Updates on Interventional Cardiac Electrophysiology)
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