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Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term...
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Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Dentistry, Oral Surgery and Oral Medicine".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 September 2019) | Viewed by 127595

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Tomas Albrektsson

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Biomaterials, Göteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
Interests: oral implants; immunology; clinical results; orthopaedic implants; craniofacial implants

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the past, osseointegration was regarded to be a mode of implant anchorage that simulated a simple wound healing phenomenon. Today, we have evidence that osseointegration is, in fact, a foreign body reaction that involves an immunologically derived bony demarcation of an implant to shield it off from the tissues. Marginal bone resorption around an oral implant cannot be properly understood without realizing the foreign body nature of the implant itself. Whereas the immunological response as such is positive for implant longevity, adverse immunological reactions may cause marginal bone loss in combination with combined factors. Combined factors include the hardware, clinical handling as well as patient characteristics that, even if each one of these factors only produce subliminal trauma, when acting together they may result in loss of marginal bone. The role of bacteria in the process of marginal bone loss is smaller than previously believed due to combined defense mechanisms of inflammation and immunological reactions, but if the defense is failing we may see bacterially induced marginal bone loss as well. However, problems with loss of marginal bone threatening implant survival remains relatively uncommon; we have today 10 years of clinical documentation of five different types of implant displaying a failure rate in the range of only 1 to 4 %.

Prof. Tomas Albrektsson
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • oral implants
  • osseointegration
  • marginal bone loss
  • Immunology
  • clinical results

Published Papers (25 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review, Other

4 pages, 187 KiB  
Editorial
Are Oral Implants the Same As Teeth?
by Tomas Albrektsson
J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(9), 1501; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8091501 - 19 Sep 2019
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2282
Abstract
Osseointegration of oral implants was initially discovered by Brånemark [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review, Other

8 pages, 3784 KiB  
Communication
Is Complete Re-Osseointegration of an Infected Dental Implant Possible? Histologic Results of a Dog Study: A Short Communication
by Markus Schlee, Loubna Naili, Florian Rathe, Urs Brodbeck and Holger Zipprich
J. Clin. Med. 2020, 9(1), 235; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm9010235 - 16 Jan 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3257
Abstract
Complete reosseointegration after treatment of periimplantitis was never published yet. This short scientific communication reports about results of a randomized controlled preclinical study. An electrolytic approach was compared to a classical modality (ablative, cotton pellets soaked with sodium chloride solution and H2 [...] Read more.
Complete reosseointegration after treatment of periimplantitis was never published yet. This short scientific communication reports about results of a randomized controlled preclinical study. An electrolytic approach was compared to a classical modality (ablative, cotton pellets soaked with sodium chloride solution and H2O2. For electrolytic cleaning a complete reosseointegration was achieved in several cases serving as a proof of concept. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates)
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14 pages, 3054 KiB  
Article
Treatment of Peri-Implantitis—Electrolytic Cleaning Versus Mechanical and Electrolytic Cleaning—A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial—Six-Month Results
by Markus Schlee, Florian Rathe, Urs Brodbeck, Christoph Ratka, Paul Weigl and Holger Zipprich
J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(11), 1909; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8111909 - 07 Nov 2019
Cited by 30 | Viewed by 4181
Abstract
Objectives: The present randomized clinical trial assesses the six-month outcomes following surgical regenerative therapy of periimplantitis lesions using either an electrolytic method (EC) to remove biofilms or a combination of powder spray and electrolytic method (PEC). Materials and Methods: 24 patients with 24 [...] Read more.
Objectives: The present randomized clinical trial assesses the six-month outcomes following surgical regenerative therapy of periimplantitis lesions using either an electrolytic method (EC) to remove biofilms or a combination of powder spray and electrolytic method (PEC). Materials and Methods: 24 patients with 24 implants suffering from peri-implantitis with any type of bone defect were randomly treated by EC or PEC. Bone defects were augmented with a mixture of natural bone mineral and autogenous bone and left for submerged healing. The distance from implant shoulder to bone was assessed at six defined points at baseline (T0) and after six months at uncovering surgery (T1) by periodontal probe and standardized x-rays. Results: One implant had to be removed at T1 because of reinfection and other obstacles. None of the other implants showed signs of inflammation. Bone gain was 2.71 ± 1.70 mm for EC and 2.81 ± 2.15 mm for PEC. No statistically significant difference between EC and PEC was detected. Significant clinical bone fill was observed for all 24 implants. Complete regeneration of bone was achieved in 12 implants. Defect morphology impacted the amount of regeneration. Conclusion: EC needs no further mechanical cleaning by powder spray. Complete re-osseointegration in peri-implantitis cases is possible. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates)
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17 pages, 5035 KiB  
Article
Heat Generation at the Implant–Bone Interface by Insertion of Ceramic and Titanium Implants
by Holger Zipprich, Paul Weigl, Eugenie König, Alexandra Toderas, Ümniye Balaban and Christoph Ratka
J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(10), 1541; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8101541 - 25 Sep 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2961
Abstract
Purpose: The aim of this study is to record material- and surface-dependent heat dissipation during the process of inserting implants into native animal bone. Materials and Methods: Implants made of titanium and zirconium that were identical in macrodesign were inserted under controlled conditions [...] Read more.
Purpose: The aim of this study is to record material- and surface-dependent heat dissipation during the process of inserting implants into native animal bone. Materials and Methods: Implants made of titanium and zirconium that were identical in macrodesign were inserted under controlled conditions into a bovine rib tempered to 37 °C. The resulting surface temperature was measured on two bone windows by an infrared camera. The results of the six experimental groups, ceramic machined (1), sandblasted (2), and sandblasted and acid-etched surfaces (3) versus titanium implants with the corresponding surfaces (4, 5, and 6) were statistically tested. Results: The average temperature increase, 3 mm subcrestally at ceramic implants, differed with high statistical significance (p = 7.163 × 10−9, resulting from group-adjusted linear mixed-effects model) from titanium. The surface texture of ceramic implants shows a statistical difference between group 3 (15.44 ± 3.63 °C) and group 1 (19.94 ± 3.28 °C) or group 2 (19.39 ± 5.73 °C) surfaces. Within the titanium implants, the temperature changes were similar for all surfaces. Conclusion: Within the limits of an in vitro study, the high temperature rises at ceramic versus titanium implants should be limited by a very slow insertion velocity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates)
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13 pages, 5593 KiB  
Article
The Effect of In Vitro Electrolytic Cleaning on Biofilm-Contaminated Implant Surfaces
by Christoph Ratka, Paul Weigl, Dirk Henrich, Felix Koch, Markus Schlee and Holger Zipprich
J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(9), 1397; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8091397 - 06 Sep 2019
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 4077 | Correction
Abstract
Purpose: Bacterial biofilms are a major problem in the treatment of infected dental and orthopedic implants. The purpose of this study is to investigate the cleaning effect of an electrolytic approach (EC) compared to a powder-spray system (PSS) on titanium surfaces. Materials and [...] Read more.
Purpose: Bacterial biofilms are a major problem in the treatment of infected dental and orthopedic implants. The purpose of this study is to investigate the cleaning effect of an electrolytic approach (EC) compared to a powder-spray system (PSS) on titanium surfaces. Materials and Methods: The tested implants (different surfaces and alloys) were collated into six groups and treated ether with EC or PSS. After a mature biofilm was established, the implants were treated, immersed in a nutritional solution, and streaked on Columbia agar. Colony-forming units (CFUs) were counted after breeding and testing (EC), and control (PSS) groups were compared using a paired sample t-test. Results: No bacterial growth was observed in the EC groups. After thinning to 1:1,000,000, 258.1 ± 19.9 (group 2), 264.4 ± 36.5 (group 4), and 245.3 ± 40.7 (group 6) CFUs could be counted in the PSS groups. The difference between the electrolytic approach (test groups 1, 3, and 5) and PSS (control groups 2, 4, and 6) was statistically extremely significant (p-value < 2.2 × 10−16). Conclusion: Only EC inactivated the bacterial biofilm, and PSS left reproducible bacteria behind. Within the limits of this in vitro test, clinical relevance could be demonstrated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates)
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10 pages, 1636 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Tapered Abutments on Marginal Bone Level: A Retrospective Cohort Study
by Simone Marconcini, Enrica Giammarinaro, Ugo Covani, Eitan Mijiritsky, Xavier Vela and Xavier Rodríguez
J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(9), 1305; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8091305 - 24 Aug 2019
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 6284
Abstract
Background: Early peri-implant bone loss has been associated to long-term implant-prosthetic failure. Different technical, surgical, and prosthetic techniques have been introduced to enhance the clinical outcome of dental implants in terms of crestal bone preservation. The aim of the present cohort study was [...] Read more.
Background: Early peri-implant bone loss has been associated to long-term implant-prosthetic failure. Different technical, surgical, and prosthetic techniques have been introduced to enhance the clinical outcome of dental implants in terms of crestal bone preservation. The aim of the present cohort study was to observe the mean marginal bone level around two-part implants with gingivally tapered abutments one year after loading. Methods: Mean marginal bone levels and change were computed following radiological calibration and linear measurement on standardized radiographs. Results: Twenty patients who met the inclusion criterion of having at least one implant with the tapered prosthetic connection were included in the study. The cumulative implant success rate was 100%, the average bone loss was −0.18 ± 0.72 mm, with the final bone level sitting above the implant platform most of the time (+1.16 ± 0.91 mm). Conclusion: The results of this cohort study suggested that implants with tapered abutments perform successfully one year after loading and that they are associated with excellent marginal bone preservation, thus suggesting that implant-connection macro-geometry might have a crucial role in dictating peri-implant bone levels. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates)
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18 pages, 32118 KiB  
Article
On the Cleanliness of Different Oral Implant Systems: A Pilot Study
by Dirk U. Duddeck, Tomas Albrektsson, Ann Wennerberg, Christel Larsson and Florian Beuer
J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(9), 1280; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8091280 - 22 Aug 2019
Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5065
Abstract
(1) Background: This paper aimed to compare the cleanliness of clinically well-documented implant systems with implants providing very similar designs. The hypothesis was that three well-established implant systems from Dentsply Implants, Straumann, and Nobel Biocare were not only produced with a higher level [...] Read more.
(1) Background: This paper aimed to compare the cleanliness of clinically well-documented implant systems with implants providing very similar designs. The hypothesis was that three well-established implant systems from Dentsply Implants, Straumann, and Nobel Biocare were not only produced with a higher level of surface cleanliness but also provided significantly more comprehensive published clinical documentation than their correspondent look-alike implants from Cumdente, Bioconcept, and Biodenta, which show similar geometry and surface structure. (2) Methods: Implants were analyzed using SEM imaging and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy to determine the elemental composition of potential impurities. A search for clinical trials was carried out in the PubMed database and by reaching out to the corresponding manufacturer. (3) Results: In comparison to their corresponding look-alikes, all implants of the original manufacturers showed—within the scope of this analysis—a surface free of foreign materials and reliable clinical documentation, while the SEM analysis revealed significant impurities on all look-alike implants such as organic residues and unintended metal particles of iron or aluminum. Other than case reports, the look-alike implant manufacturers provided no reports of clinical documentation. (4) Conclusions: In contrast to the original implants of market-leading manufacturers, the analyzed look-alike implants showed significant impurities, underlining the need for periodic reviews of sterile packaged medical devices and their clinical documentation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates)
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15 pages, 1846 KiB  
Article
Cytokine Profile in Patients with Aseptic Loosening of Total Hip Replacements and Its Relation to Metal Release and Metal Allergy
by Rune J. Christiansen, Henrik J. Münch, Charlotte M. Bonefeld, Jacob P. Thyssen, Jens J. Sloth, Carsten Geisler, Kjeld Søballe, Morten S. Jellesen and Stig S. Jakobsen
J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(8), 1259; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8081259 - 20 Aug 2019
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3783
Abstract
Metal release from total hip replacements (THRs) is associated with aseptic loosening (AL). It has been proposed that the underlying immunological response is caused by a delayed type IV hypersensitivity-like reaction to metals, i.e., metal allergy. The purpose of this study was to [...] Read more.
Metal release from total hip replacements (THRs) is associated with aseptic loosening (AL). It has been proposed that the underlying immunological response is caused by a delayed type IV hypersensitivity-like reaction to metals, i.e., metal allergy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the immunological response in patients with AL in relation to metal release and the prevalence of metal allergy. THR patients undergoing revision surgery due to AL or mechanical implant failures were included in the study along with a control group consisting of primary THR patients. Comprehensive cytokine analyses were performed on serum and periimplant tissue samples along with metal analysis using inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Patient patch testing was done with a series of metals related to orthopedic implant. A distinct cytokine profile was found in the periimplant tissue of patients with AL. Significantly increased levels of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-2, IL-8, IFN-γ and TNF-α, but also the anti-inflammatory IL-10 were detected. A general increase of metal concentrations in the periimplant tissue was observed in both revision groups, while Cr was significantly increased in patient serum with AL. No difference in the prevalence of metal sensitivity was established by patch testing. Increased levels of IL-1β, IL-8, and TNF-α point to an innate immune response. However, the presence of IL-2 and IFN-γ indicates additional involvement of T cell-mediated response in patients with AL, although this could not be detected by patch testing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates)
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20 pages, 6670 KiB  
Article
Aseptic Ligatures Induce Marginal Peri-Implant Bone Loss—An 8-Week Trial in Rabbits
by David Reinedahl, Silvia Galli, Tomas Albrektsson, Pentti Tengvall, Carina B. Johansson, Petra Hammarström Johansson and Ann Wennerberg
J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(8), 1248; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8081248 - 18 Aug 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4052
Abstract
The clinical value of ligature-induced experimental peri-implantitis studies has been questioned due to the artificial nature of the model. Despite repeated claims that ligatures of silk, cotton and other materials may not induce bone resorption by themselves; a recent review showed that the [...] Read more.
The clinical value of ligature-induced experimental peri-implantitis studies has been questioned due to the artificial nature of the model. Despite repeated claims that ligatures of silk, cotton and other materials may not induce bone resorption by themselves; a recent review showed that the tissue reaction toward them has not been investigated. Hence, the current study aimed to explore the hard and soft tissue reactions toward commonly used ligature materials. A total of 60 dental implants were inserted into the femur (n = 20) and tibia (n = 40) of 10 rabbits. The femoral implants were ligated with sterile 3-0 braided silk in one leg and sterile cotton retraction chord in the other leg. The tibial implants were ligated with silk or left as non-ligated controls. All wounds were closed in layers. After a healing time of 8 weeks, femoral (silk versus cotton) and proximal tibial (silk versus non-ligated control) implants were investigated histologically. Distal tibial (silk versus non-ligated control) implants were investigated with real time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The distance from the implant-top to first bone contact point was longer for silk ligated implants compared to non-ligated controls (p = 0.007), but did not vary between cotton and silk. The ligatures triggered an immunological reaction with cell infiltrates in close contact with the ligature materials, adjacent soft tissue encapsulation and bone resorption. qPCR further demonstrated an upregulated immune response toward the silk ligatures compared to non-ligated controls. Silk and cotton ligatures provoke foreign body reactions of soft tissue encapsulation type and bone resorption around implants in the absence of plaque. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates)
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14 pages, 2329 KiB  
Article
Intraosseous Temperature Change during Installation of Dental Implants with Two Different Surfaces and Different Drilling Protocols: An In Vivo Study in Sheep
by Michele Stocchero, Yohei Jinno, Marco Toia, Marianne Ahmad, Evaggelia Papia, Satoshi Yamaguchi and Jonas P. Becktor
J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(8), 1198; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8081198 - 11 Aug 2019
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 5187
Abstract
Background: The intraosseous temperature during implant installation has never been evaluated in an in vivo controlled setup. The aims were to investigate the influence of a drilling protocol and implant surface on the intraosseous temperature during implant installation, to evaluate the influence of [...] Read more.
Background: The intraosseous temperature during implant installation has never been evaluated in an in vivo controlled setup. The aims were to investigate the influence of a drilling protocol and implant surface on the intraosseous temperature during implant installation, to evaluate the influence of temperature increase on osseointegration and to calculate the heat distribution in cortical bone. Methods: Forty Brånemark implants were installed into the metatarsal bone of Finnish Dorset crossbred sheep according to two different drilling protocols (undersized/non-undersized) and two surfaces (moderately rough/turned). The intraosseous temperature was recorded, and Finite Element Model (FEM) was generated to understand the thermal behavior. Non-decalcified histology was carried out after five weeks of healing. The following osseointegration parameters were calculated: Bone-to-implant contact (BIC), Bone Area Fraction Occupancy (BAFO), and Bone Area Fraction Occupancy up to 1.5 mm (BA1.5). A multiple regression model was used to identify the influencing variables on the histomorphometric parameters. Results: The temperature was affected by the drilling protocol, while no influence was demonstrated by the implant surface. BIC was positively influenced by the undersized drilling protocol and rough surface, BAFO was negatively influenced by the temperature rise, and BA1.5 was negatively influenced by the undersized drilling protocol. FEM showed that the temperature at the implant interface might exceed the limit for bone necrosis. Conclusion: The intraosseous temperature is greatly increased by an undersized drilling protocol but not from the implant surface. The temperature increase negatively affects the bone healing in the proximity of the implant. The undersized drilling protocol for Brånemark implant systems increases the amount of bone at the interface, but it negatively impacts the bone far from the implant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates)
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13 pages, 1214 KiB  
Article
Factors Influencing Early Marginal Bone Loss around Dental Implants Positioned Subcrestally: A Multicenter Prospective Clinical Study
by Teresa Lombardi, Federico Berton, Stefano Salgarello, Erika Barbalonga, Antonio Rapani, Francesca Piovesana, Caterina Gregorio, Giulia Barbati, Roberto Di Lenarda and Claudio Stacchi
J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(8), 1168; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8081168 - 04 Aug 2019
Cited by 50 | Viewed by 7173
Abstract
Early marginal bone loss (MBL) is a non-infective remodeling process of variable entity occurring within the first year after implant placement. It has a multifactorial etiology, being influenced by both surgical and prosthetic factors. Their impact remains a matter of debate, and controversial [...] Read more.
Early marginal bone loss (MBL) is a non-infective remodeling process of variable entity occurring within the first year after implant placement. It has a multifactorial etiology, being influenced by both surgical and prosthetic factors. Their impact remains a matter of debate, and controversial information is available, particularly regarding implants placed subcrestally. The present multicenter prospective clinical study aimed to correlate marginal bone loss around platform-switched implants with conical connection inserted subcrestally to general and local factors. Fifty-five patients were enrolled according to strict inclusion/exclusion criteria by four clinical centers. Single or multiple implants (AnyRidge, MegaGen, South Korea) were inserted in the posterior mandible with a one-stage protocol. Impressions were taken after two months of healing (T1), screwed metal-ceramic restorations were delivered three months after implant insertion (T2), and patients were recalled after six months (T3) and twelve months (T4) of prosthetic loading. Periapical radiographs were acquired at each time point. Bone levels were measured at each time point on both mesial and distal aspects of implants. Linear mixed models were fitted to the data to identify predictors associated with MBL. Fifty patients (25 male, 25 female; mean age 58.0 ± 12.8) with a total of 83 implants were included in the final analysis. The mean subcrestal position of the implant shoulder at baseline was 1.24 ± 0.57 mm, while at T4, it was 0.46 ± 0.59 mm under the bone level. Early marginal bone remodeling was significantly influenced by implant insertion depth and factors related to biological width establishment (vertical mucosal thickness, healing, and prosthetic abutment height). Deep implant insertion, thin peri-implant mucosa, and short abutments were associated with greater marginal bone loss up to six months after prosthetic loading. Peri-implant bone levels tended to stabilize after this time, and no further marginal bone resorption was recorded at twelve months after implant loading. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates)
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12 pages, 2249 KiB  
Article
Prediction of Titanium Implant Success by Analysis of microRNA Expression in Peri-Implant Tissue. A 5-Year Follow-Up Study
by Maria Menini, Paolo Pesce, Domenico Baldi, Gabriela Coronel Vargas, Paolo Pera and Alberto Izzotti
J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(6), 888; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8060888 - 21 Jun 2019
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4222
Abstract
The aim of the present study is to evaluate the expression of microRNA (miRNA) in peri-implant soft tissue and to correlate epigenetic information with the clinical outcomes of the implants up to the five-year follow-up. Seven patients have been rehabilitated with fixed screw-retained [...] Read more.
The aim of the present study is to evaluate the expression of microRNA (miRNA) in peri-implant soft tissue and to correlate epigenetic information with the clinical outcomes of the implants up to the five-year follow-up. Seven patients have been rehabilitated with fixed screw-retained bridges each supported by implants. Peri-implant bone resorption and soft tissue health parameters have been recorded over time with a five-year follow-up. Mini-invasive samples of soft peri-implant tissue have been taken three months after implant insertion. miRNA have been extracted from cells of the soft tissue samples to evaluate gene-expression at the implant sites by microarray analysis. The epigenomic data obtained by microarray technology has been statistically analyzed by dedicated software and compared with measured clinical parameters. Specific miRNA expression profiles predictive of specific clinical outcomes were found. In particular, some specific miRNA signatures appeared to be “protective” from bone resorption despite the presence of plaque accumulation. miRNA may be predictors of dental implant clinical outcomes and may be used as biomarkers for diagnostic and prognostic purposes in the field of implant dentistry. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates)
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18 pages, 5593 KiB  
Article
Bone Immune Response to Materials, Part II: Copper and Polyetheretherketone (PEEK) Compared to Titanium at 10 and 28 Days in Rabbit Tibia
by Ricardo Trindade, Tomas Albrektsson, Silvia Galli, Zdenka Prgomet, Pentti Tengvall and Ann Wennerberg
J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(6), 814; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8060814 - 07 Jun 2019
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 3257
Abstract
Osseointegration is likely the result of an immunologically driven bone reaction to materials such as titanium. Osseointegration has resulted in the clinical possibility to anchor oral implants in jaw bone tissue. However, the mechanisms behind bony anchorage are not fully understood and complications [...] Read more.
Osseointegration is likely the result of an immunologically driven bone reaction to materials such as titanium. Osseointegration has resulted in the clinical possibility to anchor oral implants in jaw bone tissue. However, the mechanisms behind bony anchorage are not fully understood and complications over a longer period of time have been reported. The current study aims at exploring possible differences between copper (Cu) and polyetheretherketone (PEEK) materials that do not osseointegrate, with osseointegrating cp titanium as control. The implants were placed in rabbit tibia and selected immune markers were evaluated at 10 and 28 days of follow-up. Cu and PEEK demonstrated at both time points a higher immune activation than cp titanium. Cu demonstrated distance osteogenesis due to a maintained proinflammatory environment over time, and PEEK failed to osseointegrate due to an immunologically defined preferential adipose tissue formation on its surface. The here presented results suggest the description of two different mechanisms for failed osseointegration, both of which are correlated to the immune system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates)
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17 pages, 38108 KiB  
Article
Improvement of Quality of Life with Implant-Supported Mandibular Overdentures and the Effect of Implant Type and Surgical Procedure on Bone and Soft Tissue Stability: A Three-Year Prospective Split-Mouth Trial
by Ron Doornewaard, Maarten Glibert, Carine Matthys, Stijn Vervaeke, Ewald Bronkhorst and Hugo de Bruyn
J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(6), 773; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8060773 - 31 May 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3849
Abstract
In fully edentulous patients, the support of a lower dental prosthesis by two implants could improve the chewing ability, retention, and stability of the prosthesis. Despite high success rates of dental implants, complications, such as peri-implantitis, do occur. The latter is a consequence [...] Read more.
In fully edentulous patients, the support of a lower dental prosthesis by two implants could improve the chewing ability, retention, and stability of the prosthesis. Despite high success rates of dental implants, complications, such as peri-implantitis, do occur. The latter is a consequence of crestal bone loss and might be related to the implant surface and peri-implant soft tissue thickness. The aim of this paper is to describe the effect of implant surface roughness and soft tissue thickness on crestal bone remodeling, peri-implant health, and patient-centered outcomes. The mandibular overdenture supported by two implants is used as a split-mouth model to scrutinize these aims. The first study compared implants placed equicrestal to implants placed biologically (i.e., dependent on site-specific soft tissue thickness). The second clinical trial compared implants with a minimally to a moderately rough implant neck. Both studies reported an improvement in oral health-related quality of life and a stable peri-implant health after three years follow-up. Only equicrestal implant placement yielded significantly higher implant surface exposure, due to the establishment of the biologic width. Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that an implant supported mandibular overdenture significantly improves the quality of life, with limited biologic complications and high survival rates of the implants. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates)
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10 pages, 2383 KiB  
Article
Osteogenic Cell Behavior on Titanium Surfaces in Hard Tissue
by Jung-Yoo Choi, Tomas Albrektsson, Young-Jun Jeon and In-Sung Luke Yeo
J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(5), 604; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8050604 - 02 May 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3007
Abstract
It is challenging to remove dental implants once they have been inserted into the bone because it is hard to visualize the actual process of bone formation after implant installation, not to mention the cellular events that occur therein. During bone formation, contact [...] Read more.
It is challenging to remove dental implants once they have been inserted into the bone because it is hard to visualize the actual process of bone formation after implant installation, not to mention the cellular events that occur therein. During bone formation, contact osteogenesis occurs on roughened implant surfaces, while distance osteogenesis occurs on smooth implant surfaces. In the literature, there have been many in vitro model studies of bone formation on simulated dental implants using flattened titanium (Ti) discs; however, the purpose of this study was to identify the in vivo cell responses to the implant surfaces on actual, three-dimensional (3D) dental Ti implants and the surrounding bone in contact with such implants at the electron microscopic level using two different types of implant surfaces. In particular, the different parts of the implant structures were scrutinized. In this study, dental implants were installed in rabbit tibiae. The implants and bone were removed on day 10 and, subsequently, assessed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), immunofluorescence microscopy (IF), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), focused ion-beam (FIB) system with Cs-corrected TEM (Cs-STEM), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM)—which were used to determine the implant surface characteristics and to identify the cells according to the different structural parts of the turned and roughened implants. The cell attachment pattern was revealed according to the different structural components of each implant surface and bone. Different cell responses to the implant surfaces and the surrounding bone were attained at an electron microscopic level in an in vivo model. These results shed light on cell behavioral patterns that occur during bone regeneration and could be a guide in the use of electron microscopy for 3D dental implants in an in vivo model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates)
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13 pages, 3040 KiB  
Article
Mechanical and Biological Advantages of a Tri-Oval Implant Design
by Xing Yin, Jingtao Li, Waldemar Hoffmann, Angelines Gasser, John B. Brunski and Jill A. Helms
J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(4), 427; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8040427 - 28 Mar 2019
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4162
Abstract
Of all geometric shapes, a tri-oval one may be the strongest because of its capacity to bear large loads with neither rotation nor deformation. Here, we modified the external shape of a dental implant from circular to tri-oval, aiming to create a combination [...] Read more.
Of all geometric shapes, a tri-oval one may be the strongest because of its capacity to bear large loads with neither rotation nor deformation. Here, we modified the external shape of a dental implant from circular to tri-oval, aiming to create a combination of high strain and low strain peri-implant environment that would ensure both primary implant stability and rapid osseointegration, respectively. Using in vivo mouse models, we tested the effects of this geometric alteration on implant survival and osseointegration over time. The maxima regions of tri-oval implants provided superior primary stability without increasing insertion torque. The minima regions of tri-oval implants presented low compressive strain and significantly less osteocyte apoptosis, which led to minimal bone resorption compared to the round implants. The rate of new bone accrual was also faster around the tri-oval implants. We further subjected both round and tri-oval implants to occlusal loading immediately after placement. In contrast to the round implants that exhibited a significant dip in stability that eventually led to their failure, the tri-oval implants maintained their stability throughout the osseointegration period. Collectively, these multiscale biomechanical analyses demonstrated the superior in vivo performance of the tri-oval implant design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates)
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17 pages, 3910 KiB  
Article
Carbon Fiber Reinforced PEEK Composites Based on 3D-Printing Technology for Orthopedic and Dental Applications
by Xingting Han, Dong Yang, Chuncheng Yang, Sebastian Spintzyk, Lutz Scheideler, Ping Li, Dichen Li, Jürgen Geis-Gerstorfer and Frank Rupp
J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(2), 240; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8020240 - 12 Feb 2019
Cited by 233 | Viewed by 15809
Abstract
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a rapidly growing three-dimensional (3D) printing technology and has great potential in medicine. Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is a biocompatible high-performance polymer, which is suitable to be used as an orthopedic/dental implant material. However, the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of [...] Read more.
Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is a rapidly growing three-dimensional (3D) printing technology and has great potential in medicine. Polyether-ether-ketone (PEEK) is a biocompatible high-performance polymer, which is suitable to be used as an orthopedic/dental implant material. However, the mechanical properties and biocompatibility of FDM-printed PEEK and its composites are still not clear. In this study, FDM-printed pure PEEK and carbon fiber reinforced PEEK (CFR-PEEK) composite were successfully fabricated by FDM and characterized by mechanical tests. Moreover, the sample surfaces were modified with polishing and sandblasting methods to analyze the influence of surface roughness and topography on general biocompatibility (cytotoxicity) and cell adhesion. The results indicated that the printed CFR-PEEK samples had significantly higher general mechanical strengths than the printed pure PEEK (even though there was no statistical difference in compressive strength). Both PEEK and CFR-PEEK materials showed good biocompatibility with and without surface modification. Cell densities on the “as-printed” PEEK and the CFR-PEEK sample surfaces were significantly higher than on the corresponding polished and sandblasted samples. Therefore, the FDM-printed CFR-PEEK composite with proper mechanical strengths has potential as a biomaterial for bone grafting and tissue engineering applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates)
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13 pages, 2554 KiB  
Article
A Novel Osteotomy Preparation Technique to Preserve Implant Site Viability and Enhance Osteogenesis
by Chih-Hao Chen, Benjamin R. Coyac, Masaki Arioka, Brian Leahy, U. Serdar Tulu, Maziar Aghvami, Stefan Holst, Waldemar Hoffmann, Antony Quarry, Oded Bahat, Benjamin Salmon, John B. Brunski and Jill A. Helms
J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(2), 170; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8020170 - 01 Feb 2019
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 4373
Abstract
The preservation of bone viability at an osteotomy site is a critical variable for subsequent implant osseointegration. Recent biomechanical studies evaluating the consequences of site preparation led us to rethink the design of bone-cutting drills, especially those intended for implant site preparation. We [...] Read more.
The preservation of bone viability at an osteotomy site is a critical variable for subsequent implant osseointegration. Recent biomechanical studies evaluating the consequences of site preparation led us to rethink the design of bone-cutting drills, especially those intended for implant site preparation. We present here a novel drill design that is designed to efficiently cut bone at a very low rotational velocity, obviating the need for irrigation as a coolant. The low-speed cutting produces little heat and, consequently, osteocyte viability is maintained. The lack of irrigation, coupled with the unique design of the cutting flutes, channels into the osteotomy autologous bone chips and osseous coagulum that have inherent osteogenic potential. Collectively, these features result in robust, new bone formation at rates significantly faster than those observed with conventional drilling protocols. These preclinical data have practical implications for the clinical preparation of osteotomies and alveolar bone reconstructive surgeries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates)
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15 pages, 1925 KiB  
Article
Bone Immune Response to Materials, Part I: Titanium, PEEK and Copper in Comparison to Sham at 10 Days in Rabbit Tibia
by Ricardo Trindade, Tomas Albrektsson, Silvia Galli, Zdenka Prgomet, Pentti Tengvall and Ann Wennerberg
J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7(12), 526; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm7120526 - 07 Dec 2018
Cited by 51 | Viewed by 4391
Abstract
Bone anchored biomaterials have become an indispensable solution for the restoration of lost dental elements and for skeletal joint replacements. However, a thorough understanding is still lacking in terms of the biological mechanisms leading to osseointegration and its contrast, unwanted peri-implant bone loss. [...] Read more.
Bone anchored biomaterials have become an indispensable solution for the restoration of lost dental elements and for skeletal joint replacements. However, a thorough understanding is still lacking in terms of the biological mechanisms leading to osseointegration and its contrast, unwanted peri-implant bone loss. We have previously hypothesized on the participation of immune mechanisms in such processes, and later demonstrated enhanced bone immune activation up to 4 weeks around titanium implants. The current experimental study explored and compared in a rabbit tibia model after 10 days of healing time, the bone inflammation/immunological reaction at mRNA level towards titanium, polyether ether ketone (PEEK) and copper compared to a Sham control. Samples from the test and control sites were, after a healing period, processed for gene expression analysis (polymerase chain reaction, (qPCR)) and decalcified histology tissue analysis. All materials displayed immune activation and suppression of bone resorption, when compared to sham. The M1 (inflammatory)/M2 (reparative) -macrophage phenotype balance was correlated to the proximity and volume of bone growth at the implant vicinity, with titanium demonstrating a M2-phenotype at 10 days, whereas copper and PEEK were still dealing with a mixed M1- and M2-phenotype environment. Titanium was the only material showing adequate bone growth and proximity inside the implant threads. There was a consistent upregulation of (T-cell surface glycoprotein CD4) CD4 and downregulation of (T-cell transmembrane glycoprotein CD8) CD8, indicating a CD4-lymphocyte phenotype driven reaction around all materials at 10 days. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates)
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Review

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13 pages, 284 KiB  
Review
Is Peri-Implant Probing Causing Over-Diagnosis and Over-Treatment of Dental Implants?
by Pierluigi Coli and Lars Sennerby
J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(8), 1123; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8081123 - 29 Jul 2019
Cited by 27 | Viewed by 5943
Abstract
Pocket probing depth (PPD) and bleeding on probing (BOP) measurements are useful indices for the assessment of periodontal conditions. The same periodontal indices are commonly recommended to evaluate the dental implant/tissue interface to identify sites with mucositis and peri-implantitis, which, if not treated, [...] Read more.
Pocket probing depth (PPD) and bleeding on probing (BOP) measurements are useful indices for the assessment of periodontal conditions. The same periodontal indices are commonly recommended to evaluate the dental implant/tissue interface to identify sites with mucositis and peri-implantitis, which, if not treated, are anticipated to lead to implant failure. The aim of the present narrative review is to discuss the available literature on the effectiveness of probing at dental implants for identification of peri-implant pathology. There is substantial clinical evidence that PPD and BOP measurements are very poor indices of peri-implant tissue conditions and are questionable surrogate endpoints for implant failure. On the contrary, the literature suggests that frequent disturbance of the soft tissue barrier at implants may instead induce inflammation and bone resorption. Moreover, over-diagnosis and subsequent unnecessary treatment may lead to iatrogenic damage to the implant-tissue interface. Despite this, the recommendations from recent consensus meetings are still promoting the use of probing at dental implants. For evaluation of implants, for instance at annual check-ups, the present authors recommend a clinical examination that includes (i) a visual inspection of the peri-implant tissues for the assessment of oral hygiene and the detection of potential redness, swelling, (ii) palpation of the peri-implant tissues for assessment of the potential presence of swelling, bleeding, suppuration. In addition, (iii) radiography is recommended for the assessment of crestal bone level for comparison with previous radiographs to evaluate potential progressive bone loss even if there is a need for more scientific evidence of the true value of the first two clinical testing modes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates)
19 pages, 4758 KiB  
Review
Understanding Peri-Implantitis as a Plaque-Associated and Site-Specific Entity: On the Local Predisposing Factors
by Alberto Monje, Angel Insua and Hom-Lay Wang
J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(2), 279; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8020279 - 25 Feb 2019
Cited by 65 | Viewed by 12889
Abstract
The prevalence of implant biological complications has grown enormously over the last decade, in concordance with the impact of biofilm and its byproducts upon disease development. Deleterious habits and systemic conditions have been regarded as risk factors for peri-implantitis. However, little is known [...] Read more.
The prevalence of implant biological complications has grown enormously over the last decade, in concordance with the impact of biofilm and its byproducts upon disease development. Deleterious habits and systemic conditions have been regarded as risk factors for peri-implantitis. However, little is known about the influence of local confounders upon the onset and progression of the disease. The present narrative review therefore describes the emerging local predisposing factors that place dental implants/patients at risk of developing peri-implantitis. A review is also made of the triggering factors capable of inducing peri-implantitis and of the accelerating factors capable of interfering with the progression of the disease. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates)
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20 pages, 2005 KiB  
Review
Etiology and Measurement of Peri-Implant Crestal Bone Loss (CBL)
by Adrien Naveau, Kouhei Shinmyouzu, Colman Moore, Limor Avivi-Arber, Jesse Jokerst and Sreenivas Koka
J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(2), 166; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8020166 - 01 Feb 2019
Cited by 55 | Viewed by 6684
Abstract
The etiology of peri-implant crestal bone loss is today better understood and certain factors proposed in the past have turned out to not be of concern. Regardless, the incidence of crestal bone loss remains higher than necessary and this paper reviews current theory [...] Read more.
The etiology of peri-implant crestal bone loss is today better understood and certain factors proposed in the past have turned out to not be of concern. Regardless, the incidence of crestal bone loss remains higher than necessary and this paper reviews current theory on the etiology with a special emphasis on traditional and innovative methods to assess the level of crestal bone around dental implants that will enable greater sensitivity and specificity and significantly reduce variability in bone loss measurement. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates)
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15 pages, 327 KiB  
Review
Coupling between Osseointegration and Mechanotransduction to Maintain Foreign Body Equilibrium in the Long-Term: A Comprehensive Overview
by Luis Amengual-Peñafiel, Manuel Brañes-Aroca, Francisco Marchesani-Carrasco, María Costanza Jara-Sepúlveda, Leopoldo Parada-Pozas and Ricardo Cartes-Velásquez
J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8(2), 139; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm8020139 - 25 Jan 2019
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3903
Abstract
The permanent interaction between bone tissue and the immune system shows us the complex biology of the tissue in which we insert oral implants. At the same time, new knowledge in relation to the interaction of materials and the host, reveals to us [...] Read more.
The permanent interaction between bone tissue and the immune system shows us the complex biology of the tissue in which we insert oral implants. At the same time, new knowledge in relation to the interaction of materials and the host, reveals to us the true nature of osseointegration. So, to achieve clinical success or perhaps most importantly, to understand why we sometimes fail, the study of oral implantology should consider the following advice equally important: a correct clinical protocol, the study of the immunomodulatory capacity of the device and the osteoimmunobiology of the host. Although osseointegration may seem adequate from the clinical point of view, a deeper vision shows us that a Foreign Body Equilibrium could be susceptible to environmental conditions. This is why maintaining this cellular balance should become our therapeutic target and, more specifically, the understanding of the main cell involved, the macrophage. The advent of new information, the development of new implant surfaces and the introduction of new therapeutic proposals such as therapeutic mechanotransduction, will allow us to maintain a healthy host-implant relationship long-term. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates)
9 pages, 459 KiB  
Review
Ligature-Induced Experimental Peri-Implantitis—A Systematic Review
by David Reinedahl, Bruno Chrcanovic, Tomas Albrektsson, Pentti Tengvall and Ann Wennerberg
J. Clin. Med. 2018, 7(12), 492; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm7120492 - 28 Nov 2018
Cited by 25 | Viewed by 4635
Abstract
This systematic review sought to analyze different experimental peri-implantitis models, their potential to induce marginal bone resorption (MBR) and the necessity of bacteria for bone loss to occur in these models. An electronic search in PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect was undertaken. [...] Read more.
This systematic review sought to analyze different experimental peri-implantitis models, their potential to induce marginal bone resorption (MBR) and the necessity of bacteria for bone loss to occur in these models. An electronic search in PubMed/Medline, Web of Science, and ScienceDirect was undertaken. A total of 133 studies were analyzed. Most studies induced peri-implantitis with ligatures that had formed a biofilm, sometimes in combination with inoculation of specific bacteria but never in a sterile environment. Most vertical MBR resulted from new ligatures periodically packed above old ones, followed by periodically exchanged ligatures and ligatures that were not exchanged. Cotton ligatures produced the most MBR, followed by steel, “dental floss” (not further specified in the studies) and silk. The amount of MBR varied significantly between different animal types and implant surfaces. None of the analyzed ligature studies aimed to validate that bacteria are necessary for the inducement of MBR. It cannot be excluded that bone loss can be achieved by other factors of the model, such as an immunological reaction to the ligature itself or trauma from repeated ligature insertions. Because all the included trials allowed plaque accumulation on the ligatures, bone resorbing capacity due to other factors could not be excluded or evaluated here. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates)
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1 pages, 156 KiB  
Correction
Correction: Ratka et al. The Effect of In Vitro Electrolytic Cleaning on Biofilm-Contaminated Implant Surfaces. J. Clin. Med. 2019, 8, 1397
by Christoph Ratka, Paul Weigl, Dirk Henrich, Felix Koch, Markus Schlee and Holger Zipprich
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(3), 882; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11030882 - 08 Feb 2022
Viewed by 931
Abstract
There was an error in the original article [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Osseointegrated Oral implants: Mechanisms of Implant Anchorage, Threats and Long-Term Survival Rates)
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