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Coronary Syndrome: Clinical Treatment, Prevention and Management for Better Outcomes
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Coronary Syndrome: Clinical Treatment, Prevention and Management for Better Outcomes

A special issue of Journal of Clinical Medicine (ISSN 2077-0383). This special issue belongs to the section "Cardiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 May 2023) | Viewed by 32350

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Koichi Node

E-Mail Website
Collection Editor
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
Interests: heart failure; hypertension; atherosclerosis; vascular disease; heart disease
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Atsushi Tanaka

E-Mail Website
Collection Editor
Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
Interests: cardio-metabolic syndrome; preventive cardiology; clinical trial; vascular medicine; heart failure
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Coronary artery disease is still one of the major cardiovascular diseases that can impose substantial burdens of clinical and even socioeconomic problems. In addition to the conventional concept of "acute coronary syndrome", the new concept of "chronic coronary syndrome" (revised from "stable coronary artery disease") has become established in recent years. Consequently, there is a strong need to accumulate novel scientific and clinical knowledge in this field to develop seamless treatment and preventive strategies for acute and chronic settings of coronary syndrome. Furthermore, accumulated data have implicated that there are some residual risk factors for coronary syndrome, and clinical management of cardiovascular/non-cardiovascular complications associated with coronary syndrome are also critical issues of concerns for better outcomes. In this Topical Collection, titled “Coronary Syndrome: Clinical Treatment, Prevention and Management for Better Outcomes”, we are calling for papers regarding all types of clinical research to address these unmet clinical needs in the area of coronary syndrome prognosis.

Prof. Dr. Koichi Node
Dr. Atsushi Tanaka
Collection Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Clinical Medicine is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • acute coronary syndrome
  • chronic coronary syndrome
  • percutaneous coronary intervention
  • coronary artery bypass grafting
  • treatment
  • risk factors
  • prevention
  • complications
  • outcomes

Published Papers (15 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 169 KiB  
Editorial
What More Can Be Delivered to Future Patients with Coronary Syndromes?
by Atsushi Tanaka and Koichi Node
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(19), 5704; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11195704 - 27 Sep 2022
Viewed by 742
Abstract
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cardiovascular disease that imposes substantial clinical and socioeconomic burdens worldwide [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coronary Syndrome: Clinical Treatment, Prevention and Management for Better Outcomes)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

10 pages, 855 KiB  
Article
Predictive and Prognostic Value of Serum Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin for Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury and Long-Term Clinical Outcomes after Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
by Jaeho Byeon, Ik Jun Choi, Dongjae Lee, Youngchul Ahn, Mi-Jeong Kim and Doo Soo Jeon
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(19), 5971; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11195971 - 10 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1378
Abstract
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) has been proposed as an early marker for estimating the risk of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI). However, the predictive value of baseline serum NGAL levels for CI-AKI remains unclear. Serum NGAL was measured before percutaneous coronary intervention in [...] Read more.
Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) has been proposed as an early marker for estimating the risk of contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI). However, the predictive value of baseline serum NGAL levels for CI-AKI remains unclear. Serum NGAL was measured before percutaneous coronary intervention in 633 patients with coronary artery disease. The primary clinical endpoints were a composite of major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCEs; cardiac death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and any revascularization). The mean follow-up duration was 29.4 months. Ninety-eight (15.5%) patients developed CI-AKI. Compared with patients without CI-AKI, baseline serum NGAL was higher in patients with CI-AKI (149.6 ± 88.8 ng/mL vs. 138.0 ± 98.6 ng/mL, p = 0.0279), although serum creatinine and estimated glomerular filtration rate were not different between groups. Patients in the highest tertile of baseline serum NGAL showed a significantly higher rate of MACCEs (10.5% vs. 3.8%, p = 0.02). Using the first tertile as a reference, the adjusted hazard ratios for MACCEs in patients in the second and third tertiles of NGAL were 2.151 (confidence interval (CI) 0.82 to 5.59, p = 0.116) and 2.725 (CI 1.05 to 7.05, p = 0.039), respectively. Baseline serum NGAL is a reliable marker for predicting CI-AKI, and high serum NGAL levels are associated with a higher incidence rate of long term MACCEs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coronary Syndrome: Clinical Treatment, Prevention and Management for Better Outcomes)
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12 pages, 1000 KiB  
Article
Development of a Laboratory Risk-Score Model to Predict One-Year Mortality in Acute Myocardial Infarction Survivors
by Yuhei Goriki, Atsushi Tanaka, Goro Yoshioka, Kensaku Nishihira, Nehiro Kuriyama, Yoshisato Shibata and Koichi Node
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(12), 3497; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11123497 - 17 Jun 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1523
Abstract
The high post-discharge mortality rate of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) survivors is concerning, indicating a need for reliable, easy-to-use risk prediction tools. We aimed to examine if a combined pre-procedural blood testing risk model predicts one-year mortality in AMI survivors. Overall, 1355 consecutive [...] Read more.
The high post-discharge mortality rate of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) survivors is concerning, indicating a need for reliable, easy-to-use risk prediction tools. We aimed to examine if a combined pre-procedural blood testing risk model predicts one-year mortality in AMI survivors. Overall, 1355 consecutive AMI patients who received primary coronary revascularization were divided into derivation (n = 949) and validation (n = 406) cohorts. A risk-score model of parameters from pre-procedural routine blood testing on admission was generated. In the derivation cohort, multivariable analysis demonstrated that hemoglobin < 11 g/dL (odds ratio (OR) 4.01), estimated glomerular filtration rate < 30 mL/min/1.73 m2 (OR 3.75), albumin < 3.8 mg/dL (OR 3.37), and high-sensitivity troponin I > 2560 ng/L (OR 3.78) were significantly associated with one-year mortality after discharge. An increased risk score, assigned from 0 to 4 points according to the counts of selected variables, was significantly associated with higher one-year mortality in both cohorts (p < 0.001). Receiver-operating characteristics curve analyses of risk models demonstrated adequate discrimination between patients with and without one-year death (area under the curve (95% confidence interval) 0.850 (0.756–0.912) in the derivation cohort; 0.820 (0.664–0.913) in the validation cohort). Our laboratory risk-score model can be useful for predicting one-year mortality in AMI survivors. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coronary Syndrome: Clinical Treatment, Prevention and Management for Better Outcomes)
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13 pages, 1040 KiB  
Article
Nitrates vs. Other Types of Vasodilators and Clinical Outcomes in Patients with Vasospastic Angina: A Propensity Score-Matched Analysis
by Hyun-Jin Kim, Sang-Ho Jo, Min-Ho Lee, Won-Woo Seo, Hack-Lyoung Kim, Kwan Yong Lee, Tae-Hyun Yang, Sung-Ho Her, Byoung-Kwon Lee, Keun-Ho Park, Youngkeun Ahn, Seung-Woon Rha, Hyeon-Cheol Gwon, Dong-Ju Choi and Sang Hong Baek
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(12), 3250; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11123250 - 07 Jun 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1940
Abstract
Although vasodilators are widely used in patients with vasospastic angina (VA), few studies have compared the long-term prognostic effects of different types of vasodilators. We investigated the long-term effects of vasodilators on clinical outcomes in VA patients according to the type of vasodilator [...] Read more.
Although vasodilators are widely used in patients with vasospastic angina (VA), few studies have compared the long-term prognostic effects of different types of vasodilators. We investigated the long-term effects of vasodilators on clinical outcomes in VA patients according to the type of vasodilator used. Study data were obtained from a prospective multicenter registry that included patients who had symptoms suggestive of VA. Patients were classified into two groups according to use of nitrates (n = 239) or other vasodilators (n = 809) at discharge. The composite clinical events rate, including acute coronary syndrome (ACS), cardiac death, new-onset arrhythmia (including ventricular tachycardia and ventricular fibrillation), and atrioventricular block, was significantly higher in the nitrates group (5.3% vs. 2.2%, p = 0.026) during one year of follow-up. Specifically, the prevalence of ACS was significantly more frequent in the nitrates group (4.3% vs. 1.5%, p = 0.024). After propensity score matching, the adverse effects of nitrates remained. In addition, the use of nitrates at discharge was independently associated with a 2.69-fold increased risk of ACS in VA patients. In conclusion, using nitrates as a vasodilator at discharge can increase the adverse clinical outcomes in VA patients at one year of follow-up. Clinicians need to be aware of the prognostic value and consider prescribing other vasodilators. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coronary Syndrome: Clinical Treatment, Prevention and Management for Better Outcomes)
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11 pages, 1158 KiB  
Article
A Japanese Dose of Prasugrel versus a Standard Dose of Clopidogrel in Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction from the K-ACTIVE Registry
by Hiroyoshi Mori, Takuya Mizukami, Atsuo Maeda, Kazuki Fukui, Yoshihiro Akashi, Junya Ako, Yuji Ikari, Toshiaki Ebina, Kouichi Tamura, Atsuo Namiki, Ichiro Michishita, Kazuo Kimura and Hiroshi Suzuki
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(7), 2016; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11072016 - 04 Apr 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2135
Abstract
Background: Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin plus P2Y12 inhibitor is used as a standard therapy for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treated with drug-eluting stents (DESs). In Japan, clopidogrel was the major P2Y12 inhibitor used for a decade until the new [...] Read more.
Background: Dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) with aspirin plus P2Y12 inhibitor is used as a standard therapy for patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) treated with drug-eluting stents (DESs). In Japan, clopidogrel was the major P2Y12 inhibitor used for a decade until the new P2Y12 inhibitor, prasugrel, was introduced. Based on clinical studies considering Japanese features, the set dose for prasugrel was reduced to 20 mg as a loading dose (LD) and 3.75 mg as a maintenance dose (MD); these values are 60 and 10 mg, respectively, globally. Despite this dose discrepancy, little real-world clinical data regarding its efficacy and safety exist. Methods: From the K-ACTIVE registry, based on the DAPT regimen, patients were divided into a prasugrel group and a clopidogrel group. The ischemic event was a composite of cardiovascular death, non-fatal MI, and non-fatal stroke. The bleeding event was type 3 or 5 bleeding based on the Bleeding Academic Research Consortium (BARC) criteria. Results: Substantially more patients were prescribed prasugrel (n = 2786) than clopidogrel (n = 890). Clopidogrel tended to be selected over prasugrel in older patients with numerous comorbidities. Before adjustments were made, the cumulative incidence of ischemic events at 1 year was significantly greater in the clopidogrel group than in the prasugrel group (p = 0.007), while the cumulative incidence of bleeding events at 1 year was comparable between the groups (p = 0.131). After adjustments were made for the age, sex, body weight, creatine level, type of AMI, history of MI, approach site, oral anticoagulation therapy, presence of multivessel disease, Killip classification, and presence of intra-aortic balloon pumping, both ischemic and bleeding events became comparable between the groups. Conclusion: A Japanese dose of prasugrel was commonly used in AMI patients in the real-world database. Both the prasugrel and clopidogrel groups showed comparable rates of 1 year ischemic and bleeding events. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coronary Syndrome: Clinical Treatment, Prevention and Management for Better Outcomes)
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11 pages, 3932 KiB  
Article
A Novel Quantitative Parameter for Static Myocardial Computed Tomography: Myocardial Perfusion Ratio to the Aorta
by Takanori Kouchi, Yuki Tanabe, Takumasa Takemoto, Kazuki Yoshida, Yuta Yamamoto, Shigehiro Miyazaki, Naoki Fukuyama, Hikaru Nishiyama, Shinji Inaba, Naoto Kawaguchi, Tomoyuki Kido, Osamu Yamaguchi and Teruhito Kido
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(7), 1816; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11071816 - 25 Mar 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1866
Abstract
We evaluated the feasibility of myocardial perfusion ratio to the aorta (MPR) in static computed tomography perfusion (CTP) for detecting myocardial perfusion abnormalities assessed by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Twenty-five patients with suspected coronary artery disease who underwent dynamic CTP and SPECT [...] Read more.
We evaluated the feasibility of myocardial perfusion ratio to the aorta (MPR) in static computed tomography perfusion (CTP) for detecting myocardial perfusion abnormalities assessed by single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). Twenty-five patients with suspected coronary artery disease who underwent dynamic CTP and SPECT were retrospectively evaluated. CTP images scanned at a sub-optimal phase for detecting myocardial perfusion abnormalities were selected from dynamic CTP images and used as static CTP images in the present study. The diagnostic accuracy of MPR derived from static CTP was compared to those of visual assessment and conventional quantitative parameters such as myocardial CT attenuation (HU) and transmural perfusion ratio (TPR). The area under the curve of MPR (0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.76–0.90) was significantly higher than those of myocardial CT attenuation (0.73; 95% CI, 0.65–0.79) and TPR (0.76; 95% CI, 0.67–0.83) (p < 0.05). Sensitivity and specificity were 67% (95% CI, 54–77%) and 90% (95% CI, 86–92%) for visual assessment, 51% (95% CI, 39–63%) and 86% (95% CI, 82–89%) for myocardial CT attenuation, 63% (95% CI, 51–74%) and 84% (95% CI, 80–88%) for TPR, and 78% (95% CI, 66–86%) and 84% (95% CI, 80–88%) for MPR, respectively. MPR showed higher diagnostic accuracy for detecting myocardial perfusion abnormality compared with myocardial CT attenuation and TPR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coronary Syndrome: Clinical Treatment, Prevention and Management for Better Outcomes)
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13 pages, 1436 KiB  
Article
A Prospective Randomized, Double-Blind, Multi-Center, Phase III Clinical Trial Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Olmesartan/Amlodipine plus Rosuvastatin Combination Treatment in Patients with Concomitant Hypertension and Dyslipidemia: A LEISURE Study
by Sang-Ho Jo, Seok Min Kang, Byung Su Yoo, Young Soo Lee, Ho Joong Youn, Kyungwan Min, Jae Myung Yu, Hyun Ju Yoon, Woo Shik Kim, Gee Hee Kim, Jae Hyoung Park, Seok Yeon Kim and Cheol Ho Kim
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(2), 350; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11020350 - 11 Jan 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2543
Abstract
Background: This study was a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase III clinical trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of an olmesartan/amlodipine single pill plus rosuvastatin combination treatment for patients with concomitant hypertension and dyslipidemia. Methods: Patients with both hypertension and dyslipidemia aged [...] Read more.
Background: This study was a multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled phase III clinical trial to investigate the efficacy and safety of an olmesartan/amlodipine single pill plus rosuvastatin combination treatment for patients with concomitant hypertension and dyslipidemia. Methods: Patients with both hypertension and dyslipidemia aged 20–80 were enrolled from 36 tertiary hospitals in Korea from January 2017 to April 2018. Patients were randomized to three groups in a 1:1:0.5 ratio, olmesartan/amlodipine single pill plus rosuvastatin (olme/amlo/rosu) or olmesartan plus rosuvastatin (olme/rosu) or olmesartan/amlodipine single pill (olme/amlo) combination. The primary endpoints were change of sitting systolic blood pressure (sitSBP) from baseline in the olme/amlo/rosu vs. olme/rosu groups and the percentage change of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) from baseline in the olme/amlo/rosu vs. olme/amlo groups after 8 weeks of treatment. Results: A total of 265 patients were randomized, 106 to olme/amlo/rosu, 106 to olme/rosu and 53 to olme/amlo groups. Baseline characteristics among the three groups did not differ. The mean sitSBP change was significantly larger in the olme/amlo/rosu group with −24.30 ± 12.62 mmHg (from 153.58 ± 10.90 to 129.28 ± 13.58) as compared to the olme/rosu group, −9.72 ± 16.27 mmHg (from 153.71 ± 11.10 to 144.00 ± 18.44 mmHg). The difference in change of sitSBP between the two groups was −14.62± 1.98 mmHg with significance (95% CI −18.51 to −10.73, p < 0.0001). The mean LDL-C reduced significantly in the olme/amlo/rosu group, −52.31 ± 16.63% (from 154.52 ± 30.84 to 72.72 ± 26.08 mg/dL) as compared to the olme/amlo group with no change, −2.98 ± 16.16% (from 160.42 ± 32.05 to 153.81 ± 31.57 mg/dL). Significant difference in change was found in LDL-C between the two groups with −50.10 ± 2.73% (95% CI −55.49 to −44.71, p < 0.0001). Total adverse drug reaction rates were 10.48%, 5.66% and 3.7% in the olme/amlo/rosu, olme/rosu and olme/amlo groups, respectively with no statistical significance among the three groups. Serious adverse drug reactions did not occur. Conclusions: Olmesartan/amlodipine single pill plus rosuvastatin combination treatment for patients with both hypertension and dyslipidemia is effective and safe as compared to either olmesartan plus rosuvastatin or olmesartan plus amlodipine treatment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coronary Syndrome: Clinical Treatment, Prevention and Management for Better Outcomes)
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17 pages, 2215 KiB  
Article
Adjunctive Catheter-Directed Thrombolysis during Primary PCI for ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction with High Thrombus Burden
by Satsuki Noma, Hideki Miyachi, Isamu Fukuizumi, Junya Matsuda, Hideto Sangen, Yoshiaki Kubota, Yoichi Imori, Yoshiyuki Saiki, Yusuke Hosokawa, Shuhei Tara, Yukichi Tokita, Koichi Akutsu, Wataru Shimizu, Takeshi Yamamoto and Hitoshi Takano
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(1), 262; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11010262 - 04 Jan 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 3169
Abstract
Background: High coronary thrombus burden has been associated with unfavorable outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), the optimal management of which has not yet been established. Methods: We assessed the adjunctive catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) [...] Read more.
Background: High coronary thrombus burden has been associated with unfavorable outcomes in patients with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), the optimal management of which has not yet been established. Methods: We assessed the adjunctive catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) during primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) in patients with STEMI and high thrombus burden. CDT was defined as intracoronary infusion of tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA; monteplase). Results: Among the 1849 consecutive patients with STEMI, 263 had high thrombus burden. Moreover, 41 patients received t-PA (CDT group), whereas 222 did not receive it (non-CDT group). No significant differences in bleeding complications and in-hospital and long-term mortalities were observed (9.8% vs. 7.2%, p = 0.53; 7.3% vs. 2.3%, p = 0.11; and 12.6% vs. 17.5%, p = 0.84, CDT vs. non-CDT). In patients who underwent antecedent aspiration thrombectomy during PCI (75.6% CDT group and 87.4% non-CDT group), thrombolysis in myocardial infarction grade 2 or 3 flow rate after thrombectomy was significantly lower in the CDT group than in the non-CDT group (32.2% vs. 61.0%, p < 0.01). However, the final rates improved without significant difference (90.3% vs. 97.4%, p = 0.14). Conclusions: Adjunctive CDT appears to be tolerated and feasible for high thrombus burden. Particularly, it may be an option in cases with failed aspiration thrombectomy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coronary Syndrome: Clinical Treatment, Prevention and Management for Better Outcomes)
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14 pages, 1292 KiB  
Article
Coronary Microvascular Vasodilatory Function: Related Clinical Features and Differences According to the Different Coronary Arteries and Types of Coronary Spasm
by Hiroki Teragawa, Chikage Oshita, Yuko Uchimura, Ryota Akazawa and Yuichi Orita
J. Clin. Med. 2022, 11(1), 130; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm11010130 - 27 Dec 2021
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2214
Abstract
Background: In the clinical setting; the microvascular vasodilatory function test (MVFT) with a pressure wire has been used in ischaemia patients with non-obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA), including vasospastic angina (VSA) and microvascular angina (MVA). The exact factors that affect the microvascular vasodilatory function [...] Read more.
Background: In the clinical setting; the microvascular vasodilatory function test (MVFT) with a pressure wire has been used in ischaemia patients with non-obstructive coronary arteries (INOCA), including vasospastic angina (VSA) and microvascular angina (MVA). The exact factors that affect the microvascular vasodilatory function (MVF) in such patients are still unknown. We aimed to identify the factors, including clinical parameters and lesion characteristics, affecting the MVF in such patients. Methods: A total of 53 patients who underwent coronary angiography, spasm provocation tests (SPTs) and MVFTs were enrolled. In the MVFT, the coronary flow reserve (CFR) and index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) were measured. Of the 53 patients, MVFT data in the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD) were obtained from 49 patients, and the clinical parameters were checked in all of them. Based on the results of the SPT, coronary spasms were divided into focal spasm, diffuse spasm, and microvascular spasm (MVS). To assess the lesion characteristics influencing MVF, MVFT data were compared according to the types of coronary spasm and coronary vessels in 73 vessels of the 53 patients. Results: In 49 patients who underwent the MVFT in the LAD, the IMR was higher in active smokers (n = 7) than in former smokers (n = 15) and never smokers (n = 27, p < 0.01). In the 73 coronary arteries in this study, the type of coronary spasm did not correlate with the CFR or IMR, whereas a higher IMR were more frequently observed in cases of focal spasm than in cases of diffuse spasm (p = 0.03). In addition, the IMR was higher in the right coronary artery (RCA) than in the LAD (p = 0.02). Conclusion: These results indicate that the smoking status affected the MVF in patients with INOCA, suggesting the possibility of improvement in the MVF by smoking cessation in such patients. In addition, in the assessment of MVF, it may be important to take into account which coronary artery or types of coronary spasm are being evaluated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coronary Syndrome: Clinical Treatment, Prevention and Management for Better Outcomes)
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9 pages, 7610 KiB  
Article
Gender Differences in the Impact of Plasma Xanthine Oxidoreductase Activity on Coronary Artery Spasm
by Ken Watanabe, Tetsu Watanabe, Yoichiro Otaki, Takayo Murase, Takashi Nakamura, Shigehiko Kato, Harutoshi Tamura, Satoshi Nishiyama, Hiroki Takahashi, Takanori Arimoto and Masafumi Watanabe
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(23), 5550; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10235550 - 26 Nov 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1217
Abstract
Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is the rate-limiting enzyme in uric acid (UA) production that plays a pivotal role in generating oxidative stress. Gender differences in the impact of plasma XOR activity on coronary artery spasm (CAS) remain unclear. We investigated plasma XOR activity in [...] Read more.
Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) is the rate-limiting enzyme in uric acid (UA) production that plays a pivotal role in generating oxidative stress. Gender differences in the impact of plasma XOR activity on coronary artery spasm (CAS) remain unclear. We investigated plasma XOR activity in 132 patients suspected of having CAS (male, n = 78; female, n = 54) and who underwent an intracoronary acetylcholine provocation test. Plasma XOR activity was significantly lower in female patients compared with male patients. CAS was provoked in 36 male patients and 17 female patients, and both had significantly higher plasma XOR activity than those without. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that this activity was independently associated with the incidence of CAS in both sexes after adjusting for confounding factors. The optimal cut-off values for predicting CAS were lower in female patients than in male patients. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that female patients with high XOR activity exhibited a higher incidence of CAS than male patients. Plasma XOR activity was an independent predictor of the incidence of CAS in both sexes. The impact of plasma XOR activity on CAS was stronger in female patients than in male patients. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coronary Syndrome: Clinical Treatment, Prevention and Management for Better Outcomes)
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17 pages, 3178 KiB  
Article
Outcomes of Different Reperfusion Strategies of Multivessel Disease Undergoing Newer-Generation Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation in Patients with Non-ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction and Chronic Kidney Disease
by Yong Hoon Kim, Ae-Young Her, Myung Ho Jeong, Byeong-Keuk Kim, Sung-Jin Hong, Seung-Jun Lee, Chul-Min Ahn, Jung-Sun Kim, Young-Guk Ko, Donghoon Choi, Myeong-Ki Hong and Yangsoo Jang
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(20), 4629; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10204629 - 09 Oct 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1580
Abstract
Because available data are limited, we compared the 2-year clinical outcomes among different reperfusion strategies (culprit-only percutaneous coronary intervention (C-PCI), multivessel PCI (M-PCI), complete revascularization (CR) and incomplete revascularization (IR)) of multivessel disease (MVD) undergoing newer-generation drug-eluting stent implantation in patients with non-ST-elevation [...] Read more.
Because available data are limited, we compared the 2-year clinical outcomes among different reperfusion strategies (culprit-only percutaneous coronary intervention (C-PCI), multivessel PCI (M-PCI), complete revascularization (CR) and incomplete revascularization (IR)) of multivessel disease (MVD) undergoing newer-generation drug-eluting stent implantation in patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction (NSTEMI) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). In this nonrandomized, multicenter, retrospective cohort study, a total of 1042 patients (C-PCI, n = 470; M-PCI, n = 572; CR, n = 432; IR, n = 140) were recruited from the Korea Acute Myocardial Infarction Registry (KAMIR) and evaluated. The primary outcome was the occurrence of major adverse cardiac events, defined as all-cause death, recurrent myocardial infarction and any repeat coronary revascularization. The secondary outcome was probable or definite stent thrombosis. During the 2-year follow-up period, the cumulative incidences of the primary (C-PCI vs. M-PCI, adjusted hazard ratio (aHR), 1.020; p = 0.924; CR vs. IR, aHR, 1.012; p = 0.967; C-PCI vs. CR, aHR, 1.042; p = 0.863; or C-PCI vs. IR, aHR, 1.060; p = 0.844) and secondary outcomes were statistically insignificant in the four comparison groups. In the contemporary newer-generation DES era, C-PCI may be a better reperfusion option for patients with NSTEMI with MVD and CKD rather than M-PCI, including CR and IR, with regard to the procedure time and the risk of contrast-induced nephropathy. However, further well-designed, large-scale randomized studies are warranted to confirm these results. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coronary Syndrome: Clinical Treatment, Prevention and Management for Better Outcomes)
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8 pages, 4369 KiB  
Article
Impact of Serum Uric Acid Level on Systemic Endothelial Dysfunction in Patients with a Broad Spectrum of Ischemic Heart Disease
by Takashi Hiraga, Yuichi Saito, Naoto Mori, Kazuya Tateishi, Hideki Kitahara and Yoshio Kobayashi
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(19), 4530; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10194530 - 30 Sep 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1310
Abstract
Previous studies indicated that serum uric acid (SUA) level is a marker of endothelial function in subsets of ischemic heart disease (IHD). In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the relation between the SUA level and endothelial function in patients with a [...] Read more.
Previous studies indicated that serum uric acid (SUA) level is a marker of endothelial function in subsets of ischemic heart disease (IHD). In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the relation between the SUA level and endothelial function in patients with a broad spectrum of IHD, including obstructive coronary artery disease (CAD) and ischemia with no obstructive CAD (INOCA). Three prospective studies and one retrospective study were pooled, in which the SUA level was measured, and systemic endothelial function was assessed using the reactive hyperemia index (RHI). The primary endpoint of the present study was a correlation of the SUA level with RHI. A total of 181 patients with a broad spectrum of IHD were included, among whom, 46 (25%) had acute coronary syndrome presentation and 15 (8%) had INOCA. Overall, the SUA level was negatively correlated with the RHI (r = −0.22, p = 0.003). Multivariable analysis identified the SUA level and INOCA as significant factors associated with RHI values. In conclusion, in patients with a broad spectrum of IHD, including obstructive epicardial CAD (chronic and acute coronary syndromes) and INOCA, the SUA level was significantly and negatively correlated with systemic endothelial function assessed with the RHI. INOCA, rather than obstructive CAD, was more associated with endothelial dysfunction. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coronary Syndrome: Clinical Treatment, Prevention and Management for Better Outcomes)
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12 pages, 2646 KiB  
Article
Incremental Diagnostic Value of CT Fractional Flow Reserve Using Subtraction Method in Patients with Severe Calcification: A Pilot Study
by Yuki Kamo, Shinichiro Fujimoto, Yui O. Nozaki, Chihiro Aoshima, Yuko O. Kawaguchi, Tomotaka Dohi, Ayako Kudo, Daigo Takahashi, Kazuhisa Takamura, Makoto Hiki, Iwao Okai, Shinya Okazaki, Nobuo Tomizawa, Kanako K. Kumamaru, Shigeki Aoki and Tohru Minamino
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(19), 4398; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10194398 - 26 Sep 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2009
Abstract
Although on-site workstation-based CT fractional flow reserve (CT-FFR) is an emerging method for assessing vessel-specific ischemia in coronary artery disease, severe calcification is a significant factor affecting CT-FFR’s diagnostic performance. The subtraction method significantly improves the diagnostic value with respect to anatomic stenosis [...] Read more.
Although on-site workstation-based CT fractional flow reserve (CT-FFR) is an emerging method for assessing vessel-specific ischemia in coronary artery disease, severe calcification is a significant factor affecting CT-FFR’s diagnostic performance. The subtraction method significantly improves the diagnostic value with respect to anatomic stenosis for patients with severe calcification in coronary CT angiography (CCTA). We evaluated the diagnostic capability of CT-FFR using the subtraction method (subtraction CT-FFR) in patients with severe calcification. This study included 32 patients with 45 lesions with severe calcification (Agatston score >400) who underwent both CCTA and subtraction CCTA using 320-row area detector CT and also received invasive FFR within 90 days. The diagnostic capabilities of CT-FFR and subtraction CT-FFR were compared. The sensitivities, specificities, positive predictive values (PPVs), and negative predictive values (NPVs) of CT-FFR vs. subtraction CT-FFR for detecting hemodynamically significant stenosis, defined as FFR ≤ 0.8, were 84.6% vs. 92.3%, 59.4% vs. 75.0%, 45.8% vs. 60.0%, and 90.5% vs. 96.0%, respectively. The area under the curve for subtraction CT-FFR was significantly higher than for CT-FFR (0.84 vs. 0.70) (p = 0.04). The inter-observer and intra-observer variabilities of subtraction CT-FFR were 0.76 and 0.75, respectively. In patients with severe calcification, subtraction CT-FFR had an incremental diagnostic value over CT-FFR, increasing the specificity and PPV while maintaining the sensitivity and NPV with high reproducibility. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coronary Syndrome: Clinical Treatment, Prevention and Management for Better Outcomes)
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21 pages, 2976 KiB  
Article
Efficacy of Statin Treatment According to Baseline Renal Function in Korean Patients with Acute Myocardial Infarction Not Requiring Dialysis Undergoing Newer-Generation Drug-Eluting Stent Implantation
by Yong Hoon Kim, Ae-Young Her, Myung Ho Jeong, Byeong-Keuk Kim, Sung-Jin Hong, Seunghwan Kim, Chul-Min Ahn, Jung-Sun Kim, Young-Guk Ko, Donghoon Choi, Myeong-Ki Hong and Yangsoo Jang
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(16), 3504; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10163504 - 09 Aug 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2005
Abstract
We investigated the 2-year efficacy of statin treatment according to baseline renal function in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) not requiring dialysis undergoing newer-generation drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. A total of 18,875 AMI patients were classified into group A (statin users, n [...] Read more.
We investigated the 2-year efficacy of statin treatment according to baseline renal function in patients with acute myocardial infarction (AMI) not requiring dialysis undergoing newer-generation drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation. A total of 18,875 AMI patients were classified into group A (statin users, n = 16,055) and group B (statin nonusers, n = 2820). According to the baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; ≥90, 60–89, 30–59 and <30 mL/min/1.73 m2), these two groups were sub-classified into groups A1, A2, A3 and A4 and groups B1, B2, B3 and B4. The major adverse cardiac events (MACE), defined as all-cause death, recurrent MI (re-MI) and any repeat revascularization, were evaluated. The MACE (group A1 vs. B1, p = 0.002; group A2 vs. B2, p = 0.007; group A3 vs. B3, p < 0.001; group A4 vs. B4, p < 0.001), all-cause death (p = 0.006, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively) and cardiac death (p = 0.004, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, respectively) rates were significantly higher in statin nonusers than those in statin users. Despite the beneficial effects of statin treatment, the MACE (group A1 vs. A2 vs. A3 vs. A4: 5.2%, 6.4%, 10.1% and 18.5%, respectively), all-cause mortality (0.9%, 1.8%, 4.6% and 12.9%, respectively) and cardiac death (0.4%, 1.0%, 2.6% and 6.8%, respectively) rates were significantly increased as eGFR decreased in group A. These results may be related to the peculiar characteristics of chronic kidney disease, including increased vascular calcification and traditional or nontraditional cardiovascular risk factors. In the era of newer-generation DESs, although statin treatment was effective in reducing mortality, this beneficial effect was diminished in accordance with the deterioration of baseline renal function. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coronary Syndrome: Clinical Treatment, Prevention and Management for Better Outcomes)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

14 pages, 908 KiB  
Review
The Role of Uric Acid in Acute and Chronic Coronary Syndromes
by Alessandro Maloberti, Marco Biolcati, Giacomo Ruzzenenti, Valentina Giani, Filippo Leidi, Massimiliano Monticelli, Michela Algeri, Sara Scarpellini, Stefano Nava, Francesco Soriano, Jacopo Oreglia, Alice Sacco, Nuccia Morici, Fabrizio Oliva, Federica Piani, Claudio Borghi and Cristina Giannattasio
J. Clin. Med. 2021, 10(20), 4750; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jcm10204750 - 16 Oct 2021
Cited by 35 | Viewed by 5207
Abstract
Uric acid (UA) is the final product of the catabolism of endogenous and exogenous purine nucleotides. While its association with articular gout and kidney disease has been known for a long time, new data have demonstrated that UA is also related to cardiovascular [...] Read more.
Uric acid (UA) is the final product of the catabolism of endogenous and exogenous purine nucleotides. While its association with articular gout and kidney disease has been known for a long time, new data have demonstrated that UA is also related to cardiovascular (CV) diseases. UA has been identified as a significant determinant of many different outcomes, such as all-cause and CV mortality, and also of CV events (mainly Acute Coronary Syndromes (ACS) and even strokes). Furthermore, UA has been related to the development of Heart Failure, and to a higher mortality in decompensated patients, as well as to the onset of atrial fibrillation. After a brief introduction on the general role of UA in CV disorders, this review will be focused on UA’s relationship with CV outcomes, as well as on the specific features of patients with ACS and Chronic Coronary Syndrome. Finally, two issues which remain open will be discussed: the first is about the identification of a CV UA cut-off value, while the second concerns the possibility that the pharmacological reduction of UA is able to lower the incidence of CV events. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Coronary Syndrome: Clinical Treatment, Prevention and Management for Better Outcomes)
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