Journal Description
Journal of Functional Biomaterials
Journal of Functional Biomaterials
is an international, interdisciplinary, peer-reviewed, open access journal on materials for biomedical use and is published monthly online by MDPI.
- Open Access— free for readers, with article processing charges (APC) paid by authors or their institutions.
- High Visibility: indexed within Scopus, SCIE (Web of Science), PubMed, PMC, Embase, Inspec, CAPlus / SciFinder, AGRIS, and other databases.
- Journal Rank: JCR - Q2 (Engineering, Biomedical) / CiteScore - Q2 (Biomedical Engineering)
- Rapid Publication: manuscripts are peer-reviewed and a first decision is provided to authors approximately 13.3 days after submission; acceptance to publication is undertaken in 2.8 days (median values for papers published in this journal in the second half of 2023).
- Recognition of Reviewers: reviewers who provide timely, thorough peer-review reports receive vouchers entitling them to a discount on the APC of their next publication in any MDPI journal, in appreciation of the work done.
Impact Factor:
4.8 (2022);
5-Year Impact Factor:
5.9 (2022)
Latest Articles
Apatite-Forming Ability and Visible Light-Enhanced Antibacterial Activity of CuO-Supported TiO2 Formed on Titanium by Chemical and Thermal Treatments
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(5), 114; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jfb15050114 (registering DOI) - 24 Apr 2024
Abstract
Titanium with apatite-forming ability as well as antibacterial activity is useful as a component of antibacterial dental implants. When Ti was subjected to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), copper acetate (Cu(OAc)2), and heat (H2O2-Cu(OAc)2
[...] Read more.
Titanium with apatite-forming ability as well as antibacterial activity is useful as a component of antibacterial dental implants. When Ti was subjected to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), copper acetate (Cu(OAc)2), and heat (H2O2-Cu(OAc)2-heat) treatments, a network structure of anatase and rutile titanium dioxide (TiO2) and fine copper oxide (CuO) particles was formed on the Ti surface. The resulting samples accumulated a dense and uniform apatite layer on the surface when incubated in simulated body fluid and showed enhanced antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus under visible-light irradiation. Electron spin resonance spectra of H2O2-Cu(OAc)2-heat-treated samples showed that hydroxyl radicals (·OH) were generated from the samples, and the concentration of ·OH increased with increasing Cu concentration of the Cu(OAc)2 solution. The enhanced antibacterial activity of these samples under visible-light irradiation may be attributable to the generation of ·OH from samples. These results suggest that Ti implants obtained using H2O2-Cu(OAc)2-heat treatments and subjected to regular or on-demand visible-light irradiation may provide a decreased risk of peri-implantitis.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Active Biomedical Materials and Their Applications)
►
Show Figures
Open AccessArticle
Hydrogels and Carbon Nanotubes: Composite Electrode Materials for Long-Term Electrocardiography Monitoring
by
Leszek Kolodziej, Olga Iwasińska-Kowalska, Grzegorz Wróblewski, Tomasz Giżewski, Małgorzata Jakubowska and Agnieszka Lekawa-Raus
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(5), 113; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jfb15050113 - 23 Apr 2024
Abstract
This paper presents methods for developing high-performance interface electrode materials designed to enhance signal collection efficacy during long-term (over 24 h) electrocardiography (ECG) monitoring. The electrode materials are fabricated by integrating commercial ECG liquid hydrogels with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which are widely utilized
[...] Read more.
This paper presents methods for developing high-performance interface electrode materials designed to enhance signal collection efficacy during long-term (over 24 h) electrocardiography (ECG) monitoring. The electrode materials are fabricated by integrating commercial ECG liquid hydrogels with carbon nanotubes (CNTs), which are widely utilized in dry-electrode technologies and extensively discussed in the current scientific literature. The composite materials are either prepared by dispersing CNTs within the commercial liquid hydrogel matrix or by encasing the hydrogels in macroscopic CNT films. Both approaches ensure the optimal wetting of the epidermis via the hydrogels, while the CNTs reduce material impedance and stabilize the drying process. The resulting electrode materials maintain their softness, allowing for micro-conformal skin attachment, and are biocompatible. Empirical testing confirms that the ECG electrodes employing these hybrid hydrogels adhere to relevant standards for durations exceeding 24 h. These innovative hybrid solutions merge the benefits of both wet and dry ECG electrode technologies, potentially facilitating the extended monitoring of ECG signals and thus advancing the diagnosis and treatment of various cardiac conditions.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials and Devices for Healthcare Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Deferoxamine-Loaded Chitosan-Based Hydrogel on Bone Implants Showing Enhanced Bond Strength and Pro-Angiogenic Effects
by
Huan Liu, Kai Li, Deliang Yi, Yi Ding, Yanfeng Gao and Xuebin Zheng
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 112; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jfb15040112 - 22 Apr 2024
Abstract
Angiogenesis is vital for bone fracture healing and plays a significant role in the fate of orthopedic implants. The growth and maintenance of new blood vessels at the fracture site of patients is essential, which promotes the clinical outcome of plasma sprayed Ti
[...] Read more.
Angiogenesis is vital for bone fracture healing and plays a significant role in the fate of orthopedic implants. The growth and maintenance of new blood vessels at the fracture site of patients is essential, which promotes the clinical outcome of plasma sprayed Ti (PST) coated orthopedic implants. In order to endow the PST coating with pro-angiogenic effects, deferoxamine-loaded chitosan-based hydrogel was fabricated on the coating surface. Polydopamine-modified chitosan (CS/PDA) hydrogel exhibited enhanced bonding strength to PST coatings as evidenced by scratch test. The deferoxamine-loaded CS/PDA (CS/PDA-DFO) exhibited a sustained drug-release property, and the cumulative concentration of released DFO reached 20.21 μg/mL on day 7. PST-CS/PDA with higher wettability and active group quantity enhanced the viability and adhesion characteristics of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and upregulated the secretion level of nitric oxide and vascular endothelial growth factor. Moreover, the introduction of DFO in PST-CS/PDA further enhanced the pro-angiogenic effects. Above all, this study offers a novel approach for developing hydrogel coating on orthopedic implants showing enhanced bonding strength and pro-angiogenic effects.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Bone Biomaterials)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Natural Biomolecule Ovomucin–Chitosan Oligosaccharide Self-Assembly Nanogel for Lutein Application Enhancement: Characterization, Environmental Stability and Bioavailability
by
Qi Xu, Haoye Teng, Xuanchen Li, Zhenqing Zhang, Yumeng Han and Haixin Sun
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 111; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jfb15040111 - 21 Apr 2024
Abstract
As an essential nutrient, lutein (LUT) has the ability to aid in the prevention of eye diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. However, the application of LUT is largely restricted by its poor solubility and susceptibility to oxidative degradation. Thus, in this study, LUT-loaded
[...] Read more.
As an essential nutrient, lutein (LUT) has the ability to aid in the prevention of eye diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. However, the application of LUT is largely restricted by its poor solubility and susceptibility to oxidative degradation. Thus, in this study, LUT-loaded nanogel (OVM-COS-LUT) was prepared by a self-assembly of ovomucin (OVM) and chitosan oligosaccharide (COS) to enhance the effective protection and bioavailability of LUT. The nanogel had excellent dispersion (PDI = 0.25) and an 89.96% LUT encapsulation rate. XRD crystal structure analysis confirmed that the encapsulated LUT maintained an amorphous morphology. In addition, the nanogel showed satisfactory stability with pH levels ranging from 2 to 9 and high ionic strengths (>100 mM). Even under long-term storage, the nanogel maintained an optimistic stabilization and protection capacity; its effective retention rates could reach 96.54%. In vitro, digestion simulation showed that the bioaccessibility and sustained release of OVM-COS-LUT nanogel was superior to that of free LUT. The nanogel provided significant antioxidant activity, and no significant harmful effects were detected in cytotoxicity analyses at higher concentrations. In summary, OVM-COS-LUT can be utilized as a potential safe oral and functional carrier for encapsulating LUT.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue State of the Art in Biomaterials for Drug Delivery)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Performance of Austenitic High-Nitrogen Steels under Gross Slip Fretting Corrosion in Bovine Serum
by
Alfons Fischer, Philipe Telouk, Christian Beckmann, Saskia Heermant, Adrian Wittrock, Jörg Debus and Markus A. Wimmer
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 110; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jfb15040110 - 18 Apr 2024
Abstract
Modular artificial hip joints are a clinical standard today. However, the release of wear products from the head–taper interface, which includes wear particles in the nm size range, as well as metal ions, have raised concerns. Depending on the loading of such taper
[...] Read more.
Modular artificial hip joints are a clinical standard today. However, the release of wear products from the head–taper interface, which includes wear particles in the nm size range, as well as metal ions, have raised concerns. Depending on the loading of such taper joints, a wide variety of different mechanisms have been found by retrieval analyses. From these, this paper concentrates on analyzing the contribution of gross slip fretting corrosion at ultra-mild wear rates using a bovine calf serum solution (BCS) as the lubricant. The parameters were chosen based on biomechanical considerations, producing wear rates of some ng/m wear path. In parallel, the evolution of tribomaterial (third bodies) was analyzed as to its constituents and generation rates. It has already been shown earlier that, by an advantageous combination of wear mechanisms and submechanisms, certain constituents of the tribomaterial remain inside the contact area and act like extreme-pressure lubricant additives. For the known wear and corrosion resistance of austenitic high-nitrogen steels (AHNSs), which outperform CoCrMo alloys even under inflammatory conditions, we hypothesized that such steels will generate ultra-mild wear rates under gross slip fretting. While testing AHNSs against commercially available biomedical-grade materials of CoCrMo and TiAlV alloys, as well as zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA) and against itself, it was found that AHNSs in combination with a Ti6Al4V alloy generated the smallest wear rate under gross slip fretting corrosion. This paper then discusses the wear behavior on the basis of ex situ analyses of the worn surfaces as to the acting wear mechanisms and submechanisms, as well as to the tribological reaction products.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Metallic Biomaterials for Medical Applications)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
3D Printing of a Porous Zn-1Mg-0.1Sr Alloy Scaffold: A Study on Mechanical Properties, Degradability, and Biosafety
by
Xiangyu Cao, Xinguang Wang, Jiazheng Chen, Xiao Geng and Hua Tian
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 109; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jfb15040109 - 18 Apr 2024
Abstract
In recent years, the use of zinc (Zn) alloys as degradable metal materials has attracted considerable attention in the field of biomedical bone implant materials. This study investigates the fabrication of porous scaffolds using a Zn-1Mg-0.1Sr alloy through a three-dimensional (3D) printing technique,
[...] Read more.
In recent years, the use of zinc (Zn) alloys as degradable metal materials has attracted considerable attention in the field of biomedical bone implant materials. This study investigates the fabrication of porous scaffolds using a Zn-1Mg-0.1Sr alloy through a three-dimensional (3D) printing technique, selective laser melting (SLM). The results showed that the porous Zn-1Mg-0.1Sr alloy scaffold featured a microporous structure and exhibited a compressive strength (CS) of 33.71 ± 2.51 MPa, a yield strength (YS) of 27.88 ± 1.58 MPa, and an elastic modulus (E) of 2.3 ± 0.8 GPa. During the immersion experiments, the immersion solution showed a concentration of 2.14 ± 0.82 mg/L for Zn2+ and 0.34 ± 0.14 mg/L for Sr2+, with an average pH of 7.61 ± 0.09. The porous Zn-1Mg-0.1Sr alloy demonstrated a weight loss of 12.82 ± 0.55% and a corrosion degradation rate of 0.36 ± 0.01 mm/year in 14 days. The Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay was used to check the viability of the cells. The results showed that the 10% and 20% extracts significantly increased the activity of osteoblast precursor cells (MC3T3-E1), with a cytotoxicity grade of 0, which indicates safety and non-toxicity. In summary, the porous Zn-1Mg-0.1Sr alloy scaffold exhibits outstanding mechanical properties, an appropriate degradation rate, and favorable biosafety, making it an ideal candidate for degradable metal bone implants.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced 3D Printing Biomaterials)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Biological and Mechanical Performance of Dual-Setting Brushite–Silica Gel Cements
by
Valentin C. Steinacker, Tobias Renner, Ib Holzmeister, Sebastian Gubik, Urs Müller-Richter, Niko Breitenbücher, Andreas Fuchs, Anton Straub, Mario Scheurer, Alexander C. Kübler and Uwe Gbureck
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 108; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jfb15040108 - 18 Apr 2024
Abstract
Bone defects resulting from trauma, diseases, or surgical procedures pose significant challenges in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery. The development of effective bone substitute materials that promote bone healing and regeneration is crucial for successful clinical outcomes. Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs)
[...] Read more.
Bone defects resulting from trauma, diseases, or surgical procedures pose significant challenges in the field of oral and maxillofacial surgery. The development of effective bone substitute materials that promote bone healing and regeneration is crucial for successful clinical outcomes. Calcium phosphate cements (CPCs) have emerged as promising candidates for bone replacement due to their biocompatibility, bioactivity, and ability to integrate with host tissues. However, there is a continuous demand for further improvements in the mechanical properties, biodegradability, and bioactivity of these materials. Dual setting of cements is one way to improve the performance of CPCs. Therefore, silicate matrices can be incorporated in these cements. Silicate-based materials have shown great potential in various biomedical applications, including tissue engineering and drug delivery systems. In the context of bone regeneration, silicate matrices offer unique advantages such as improved mechanical stability, controlled release of bioactive ions, and enhanced cellular responses. Comprehensive assessments of both the material properties and biological responses of our samples were conducted. Cytocompatibility was assessed through in vitro testing using osteoblastic (MG-63) and osteoclastic (RAW 264.7) cell lines. Cell activity on the surfaces was quantified, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to capture images of the RAW cells. In our study, incorporation of tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) in dual-curing cements significantly enhanced physical properties, attributed to increased crosslinking density and reduced pore size. Higher alkoxysilyl group concentration improved biocompatibility by facilitating greater crosslinking. Additionally, our findings suggest citrate’s potential as an alternative retarder due to its positive interaction with the silicate matrix, offering insights for future dental material research. This paper aims to provide an overview of the importance of silicate matrices as modifiers for calcium phosphate cements, focusing on their impact on the mechanical properties, setting behaviour, and biocompatibility of the resulting composites.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Technologies and Materials for Application in Dental, Oral and Maxillofacial Engineering)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessEditorial
Functional Biomaterials and Digital Technologies in Dentistry: From Bench to Bedside
by
Ping Li, Guojiang Wan, Shulan Xu and An Li
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 107; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jfb15040107 - 17 Apr 2024
Abstract
This Special Issue, “Functional Biomaterials and Digital Technologies in Dentistry: From Bench to Bedside”, highlights the integration of advanced materials science and digital technologies in dental and maxillofacial applications [...]
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functional Biomaterials and Digital Technologies in Dentistry: From Bench to Bedside)
Open AccessArticle
Effects of Erythropoietin-Promoted Fracture Healing on Bone Turnover Markers in Cats
by
Radina Vasileva, Tsvetan Chaprazov and Aneliya Milanova
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 106; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jfb15040106 - 17 Apr 2024
Abstract
In orthopaedics, erythropoietin (EPO) is applied in the preoperative management of anaemic patients, but also as a stimulating factor to assist bone regeneration due to its angiogenic and osteoinductive potential. Since orthopaedists mainly rely on their clinical experience to assess bone healing, additional
[...] Read more.
In orthopaedics, erythropoietin (EPO) is applied in the preoperative management of anaemic patients, but also as a stimulating factor to assist bone regeneration due to its angiogenic and osteoinductive potential. Since orthopaedists mainly rely on their clinical experience to assess bone healing, additional and more objective methods such as studying the dynamics of bone markers are needed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the plasma activity of bone-specific alkaline phosphatase (BALP), the N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (PINP), the C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen (CTX), and deoxypyridinoline (DPD) during the first 2 months of healing of comminuted fractures in cats, either non-stimulated or locally stimulated with recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO). The study included twelve cats of mixed breeds, aged 7.2 ± 4 months, weighing 2.11 ± 1.1 kg, with comminuted diaphyseal fractures of the femur. Surgical treatment with plate osteosynthesis was performed in all animals. The cats were randomly divided into two groups—a control (n = 6) and an EPO group (n = 6). The locally applied EPO leads to the increased activity of bone formation markers (BALP and PINP) during the second week after the osteosynthesis, preceding the peaks in the control group by two weeks. The studied bone resorption markers (DPD, CTX) varied insignificantly during the studied period. In conclusion, erythropoietin could serve as a promoter of bone healing in comminuted fractures in cats.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Bone Substitute Biomaterials)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Strontium-Doped Bioglass-Laden Gelatin Methacryloyl Hydrogels for Vital Pulp Therapy
by
Sepideh Aminmansour, Ana Beatriz Gomes de Carvalho, Lais Medeiros Cardoso, Caroline Anselmi, Maedeh Rahimnejad, Renan Dal-Fabbro, Erika Benavides, Tiago Moreira Bastos Campos, Alexandre Luiz Souto Borges and Marco C. Bottino
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 105; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jfb15040105 - 17 Apr 2024
Abstract
This study aimed to develop gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)-injectable hydrogels incorporated with 58S bioactive glass/BG-doped with strontium for vital pulp therapy applications. GelMA hydrogels containing 0% (control), 5%, 10%, and 20% BG (w/v) were prepared. Their morphological and chemical properties
[...] Read more.
This study aimed to develop gelatin methacryloyl (GelMA)-injectable hydrogels incorporated with 58S bioactive glass/BG-doped with strontium for vital pulp therapy applications. GelMA hydrogels containing 0% (control), 5%, 10%, and 20% BG (w/v) were prepared. Their morphological and chemical properties were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy/SEM, energy dispersive spectroscopy/EDS, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy/FTIR (n = 3). Their swelling capacity and degradation ratio were also measured (n = 4). Cell viability (n = 8), mineralized matrix formation, cell adhesion, and spreading (n = 6) on DPSCs were evaluated. Data were analyzed using ANOVA/post hoc tests (α = 5%). SEM and EDS characterization confirmed the incorporation of BG particles into the hydrogel matrix, showing GelMA’s (C, O) and BG’s (Si, Cl, Na, Sr) chemical elements. FTIR revealed the main chemical groups of GelMA and BG, as ~1000 cm−1 corresponds to Si-O and ~1440 cm−1 to C-H. All the formulations were degraded by day 12, with a lower degradation ratio observed for GelMA+BG20%. Increasing the concentration of BG resulted in a lower mass swelling ratio. Biologically, all the groups were compatible with cells (p > 0.6196), and cell adhesion increased over time, irrespective of BG concentration, indicating great biocompatibility. GelMA+BG5% demonstrated a higher deposition of mineral nodules over 21 days (p < 0.0001), evidencing the osteogenic potential of hydrogels. GelMA hydrogels incorporated with BG present great cytocompatibility, support cell adhesion, and have a clinically relevant degradation profile and suitable mineralization potential, supporting their therapeutic potential as promising biomaterials for pulp capping.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Dental Biomaterials)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Binary Mixtures of Meloxicam and L-Tartaric Acid for Oral Bioavailability Modulation of Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms
by
Cristina Macasoi, Viorica Meltzer, Ioana Stanculescu, Cosmin Romanitan and Elena Pincu
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 104; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jfb15040104 - 16 Apr 2024
Abstract
Binary mixtures of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) are researched to improve the oral bioavailability of pharmaceutical dosage forms. The purpose of this study was to obtain mixtures of meloxicam and L-tartaric acid because tartaric acid improves intestinal absorption and meloxicam is more soluble
[...] Read more.
Binary mixtures of active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) are researched to improve the oral bioavailability of pharmaceutical dosage forms. The purpose of this study was to obtain mixtures of meloxicam and L-tartaric acid because tartaric acid improves intestinal absorption and meloxicam is more soluble in a weakly basic environment. The mixtures in the 0–1 molar fraction range, obtained from solvent-assisted mechanosynthesis, were investigated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and solubility tests. The physicochemical characteristics of the compounds obtained from DSC data reveal, for the first time, the formation of a co-crystal at meloxicam molar fraction of 0.5. FTIR spectroscopy data show the existence of hydrogen bonds between the co-crystal components meloxicam and L-tartaric acid. FT-Raman spectroscopy was used complementary with FT-IR spectroscopy to analyze the pure APIs and their mixtures, to emphasize the appearance/disappearance and the shifts of the position/intensity of vibrational bands, following the formation of hydrogen-bonded structures or van der Waals interactions, and to especially monitor the crystal lattice vibrations below 400 cm−1. The experimental results obtained by X-ray powder diffraction confirmed the formation of the co-crystal by the loss and, respectively, the apparition of peaks from the single components in the co-crystal diffractogram. The solubility tests showed that the co-crystal product has a lower aqueous solubility due to the acidic character of the other component, tartaric acid. However, when the solubility tests were performed in buffer solution of pH 7.4, the solubility of meloxicam from the co-crystal mixture was increased by 57% compared to that of pure meloxicam. In conclusion, the studied API mixtures may be considered potential biomaterials for improved drug release molecular solids.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Translational Medicine)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessReview
Zinc Oxide-Based Nanomaterials for Microbiostatic Activities: A Review
by
Alemtsehay Tesfay Reda, Jae Yeon Park and Yong Tae Park
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 103; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jfb15040103 - 15 Apr 2024
Abstract
The world is fighting infectious diseases. Therefore, effective antimicrobials are required to prevent the spread of microbes and protect human health. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nano-materials are known for their antimicrobial activities. Because of their distinctive physical and chemical characteristics, they can be used
[...] Read more.
The world is fighting infectious diseases. Therefore, effective antimicrobials are required to prevent the spread of microbes and protect human health. Zinc oxide (ZnO) nano-materials are known for their antimicrobial activities. Because of their distinctive physical and chemical characteristics, they can be used in medical and environmental applications. ZnO-based composites are among the leading sources of antimicrobial research. They are effective at killing (microbicidal) and inhibiting the growth (microbiostatic) of numerous microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Although most studies have focused on the microbicidal features, there is a lack of reviews on their microbiostatic effects. This review provides a detailed overview of available reports on the microbiostatic activities of ZnO-based nano-materials against different microorganisms. Additionally, the factors that affect the efficacy of these materials, their time course, and a comparison of the available antimicrobials are highlighted in this review. The basic properties of ZnO, challenges of working with microorganisms, and working mechanisms of microbiostatic activities are also examined. This review underscores the importance of further research to better understand ZnO-based nano-materials for controlling microbial growth.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Innovative Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering: Regeneration of Soft and Hard Tissues—Volume II)
►▼
Show Figures
Graphical abstract
Open AccessArticle
A Novel Method for Fabricating the Undulating Structures at Dermal—Epidermal Junction by Composite Molding Process
by
Hao Qiao, Chuang Gao, Chunxiang Lu, Huazhen Liu, Yi Zhang, Aoxiang Jin, Qiqi Dai, Shihmo Yang, Bing Zhang and Yuanyuan Liu
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 102; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jfb15040102 - 15 Apr 2024
Abstract
►▼
Show Figures
The dermal–epidermal junction (DEJ), located between the dermal–epidermal layers in human skin tissue, plays a significant role in its function. However, the limitations of biomaterial properties and microstructure fabrication methods mean that most current tissue engineered skin models do not consider the existence
[...] Read more.
The dermal–epidermal junction (DEJ), located between the dermal–epidermal layers in human skin tissue, plays a significant role in its function. However, the limitations of biomaterial properties and microstructure fabrication methods mean that most current tissue engineered skin models do not consider the existence of DEJ. In this study, a nanofiber membrane that simulates the fluctuating structure of skin DEJ was prepared by the composite molding process. Electrospinning is a technique for the production of nanofibers, which can customize the physical and biological properties of biomaterials. At present, electrospinning technology is widely used in the simulation of customized natural skin DEJ. In this study, four different concentration ratios of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and polycaprolactone (PCL) nanofiber membranes were prepared based on electrospinning technology. We selected a 15%PLGA + 5%PCL nanofiber membrane with mechanical properties, dimensional stability, hydrophilicity, and biocompatibility after physical properties and biological characterization. Then, the array-based microstructure model was prepared by three-dimensional (3D) printing. Subsequently, the microstructure was created on a 15%PLGA + 5%PCL membrane by the micro-imprinting process. Finally, the cell proliferation and live/dead tests of keratinocytes (HaCaTs) and fibroblasts (HSFs) were measured on the microstructural membrane and flat membrane. The results showed that 15%PLGA + 5%PCL microstructure membrane was more beneficial to promote the adhesion and proliferation of HaCaTs and HSFs than a flat membrane.
Full article
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Biomechanical Effects of Ti-Base Abutment Height on the Dental Implant System: A Finite Element Analysis
by
Miguel Beltrán-Guijarro, Esteban Pérez-Pevida, David Chávarri-Prado, Alejandro Estrada-Martínez, Markel Diéguez-Pereira, Fernando Sánchez-Lasheras and Aritza Brizuela-Velasco
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 101; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jfb15040101 - 11 Apr 2024
Abstract
This study aims to analyse, using a finite element analysis, the effects of Ti-base abutment height on the distribution and magnitude of transferred load and the resulting bone microstrain in the bone-implant system. A three-dimensional bone model of the mandibular premolar section was
[...] Read more.
This study aims to analyse, using a finite element analysis, the effects of Ti-base abutment height on the distribution and magnitude of transferred load and the resulting bone microstrain in the bone-implant system. A three-dimensional bone model of the mandibular premolar section was created with an implant placed in a juxta-osseous position. Three prosthetic models were designed: a 1 mm-high titanium-base (Ti-base) abutment with an 8 mm-high cemented monolithic zirconia crown was designed for model A, a 2 mm-high Ti-base abutment with a 7 mm-high crown for model B, and a 3 mm-high abutment with a 6 mm-high crown for model C. A static load of 150 N was applied to the central fossa at a six-degree angle with respect to the axial axis of the implant to evaluate the magnitude and distribution of load transfer and microstrain. The results showed a trend towards a direct linear association between the increase in the height of the Ti-base abutments and the increase in the transferred stress and the resulting microstrain to both the prosthetic elements and the bone/implant system. An increase in transferred stress and deformation of all elements of the system, within physiological ranges, was observed as the size of the Ti-base abutment increased.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials and Biomechanics Modelling in Dental Implantology)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Antibacterial Properties of an Experimental Dental Resin Loaded with Gold Nanoshells for Photothermal Therapy Applications
by
Shayan Darvish, Dana-Gabriela Budala and Ancuta Goriuc
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 100; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jfb15040100 - 11 Apr 2024
Abstract
This study explored the chemical and antibacterial properties of a dental resin loaded with gold nanoshells (AuNPs) in conjunction with photothermal therapy (PTT) as a novel method against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) to prevent secondary caries. First, a 20-h minimum inhibitory
[...] Read more.
This study explored the chemical and antibacterial properties of a dental resin loaded with gold nanoshells (AuNPs) in conjunction with photothermal therapy (PTT) as a novel method against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) to prevent secondary caries. First, a 20-h minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) assay was performed on solutions of AuNPs with planktonic S. mutans under an LED device and laser at 660 nm. Next, resin blends containing 0, 1 × 1010, or 2 × 1010 AuNPs/mL were fabricated, and the degree of conversion (DC) was measured using an FTIR spectroscopy. Lastly, a colony forming unit (CFU) count was performed following 24 h growth of S. mutans on 6 mm diameter resin disks with different light treatments of an LED device and a laser at 660 nm. The MIC results only showed a reduction in S. mutans at AuNP concentrations less than 3.12 µg/mL under a laser illumination level of 95.5 J/cm2 compared to the dark treatment (p < 0.010 for each). CFU and DC results showed no significant dependence on any light treatment studied. The AuNPs expressed antibacterial effects following PPT against planktonic S. mutans but not in a polymerized dental adhesive resin. Future studies should focus on different shapes, structure, and concentrations of AuNPs loaded in a resin blend.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Dental Resin Composites)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
One-Piece Mini Dental Implant-Retained Mandibular Overdentures: 10-Year Clinical and Radiological Outcomes of a Non-Comparative Longitudinal Observational Study
by
Nicole Schenk, Hristina Bukvic, Martin Schimmel, Samir Abou-Ayash and Norbert Enkling
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 99; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jfb15040099 - 11 Apr 2024
Abstract
This study presents the first 10-year follow-up investigation of the implant survival and peri-implant outcomes of one-piece mini dental implants (MDIs) retaining mandibular implant overdentures (IODs), including marginal bone level alterations (ΔMBLs), clinical peri-implant parameters, and complications. Twenty participants with horizontally atrophied mandibles
[...] Read more.
This study presents the first 10-year follow-up investigation of the implant survival and peri-implant outcomes of one-piece mini dental implants (MDIs) retaining mandibular implant overdentures (IODs), including marginal bone level alterations (ΔMBLs), clinical peri-implant parameters, and complications. Twenty participants with horizontally atrophied mandibles received complete dentures and four MDIs (diameter 1.8 mm) at baseline. The dentures were converted into IODs with O-ring attachments. The 10-year follow-up comprised a radiological assessment of ΔMBLs, peri-implant parameters, as well as biological and technical complications. Results from a 10-year follow-up of 14 participants showed a 100% implant survival rate for all 56 implants. The mean ΔMBL after 10 years was −1.12 ± 0.80 mm, with 49 implants classified as successful (ΔMBL < 2 mm) and 7 implants with satisfactory survival (ΔMBL 2–4 mm). Time after implant placement significantly influenced ΔMBL, with stable MBLs after 5 years. The prosthetic survival rate after 10 years was 93%. ΔMBLs were not influenced by implant position or gender but were significantly smaller in subjects older than 65 years. Conclusively, one-piece MDIs with O-ring attachments offer a reliable treatment option for horizontally atrophied mandibles after 10 years, with high implant and prosthetic survival rates, potentially benefiting from advanced age regarding peri-implant bone stability.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Oral Implantology—Volume II)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Plasma Gel Matrix as a Promising Carrier of Epigallocatechin Gallate for Regenerative Medicine
by
Takashi Ushiki, Tomoharu Mochizuki, Mami Osawa, Katsuya Suzuki, Tetsuhiro Tsujino, Taisuke Watanabe, Carlos Fernando Mourão and Tomoyuki Kawase
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 98; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jfb15040098 - 10 Apr 2024
Abstract
Plasma gel (PG) is a protein matrix prepared from platelet-poor plasma and can be utilized as a drug carrier for controlled release. We previously demonstrated its applicability as a carrier of polyphosphate. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the main flavonoid found in green tea and
[...] Read more.
Plasma gel (PG) is a protein matrix prepared from platelet-poor plasma and can be utilized as a drug carrier for controlled release. We previously demonstrated its applicability as a carrier of polyphosphate. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) is the main flavonoid found in green tea and functions as a strong antioxidant. To explore the applicability of PG as an EGCG carrier, we examined the release of EGCG from the PG matrix using an in vitro system. Pooled platelet-poor plasma (PPP) was prepared from four healthy adult male donors, mixed with EGCG, and heated at 75 °C for 10 or 20 min to prepare the PG matrix. The PG–EGCG matrix was incubated in PBS at 37 °C, and the EGCG released into PBS was determined using spectrophotometry. The antioxidant capacity was determined based on the principle of the iodine decolorization reaction. EGCG precipitated and incorporated into the PG matrix during thermal preparation. Trypsin, used to simulate the in vivo degradation of PG, released EGCG from the PG matrix over time. The released EGCG maintained its antioxidant capacity during incubation. These results indicate that thermally prepared PG matrices can be utilized as a promising EGCG carrier in the fields of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Section Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Functionalization of PCL-Based Fiber Scaffolds with Different Sources of Calcium and Phosphate and Odontogenic Potential on Human Dental Pulp Cells
by
Caroline Anselmi, Igor Paulino Mendes Soares, Rafaella Lara Maia Mota, Maria Luísa Leite, Rafael Antonio de Oliveira Ribeiro, Lídia de Oliveira Fernandes, Marco C. Bottino, Carlos Alberto de Souza Costa and Josimeri Hebling
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 97; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jfb15040097 - 10 Apr 2024
Abstract
This study investigated the incorporation of sources of calcium, phosphate, or both into electrospun scaffolds and evaluated their bioactivity on human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). Additionally, scaffolds incorporated with calcium hydroxide (CH) were characterized for degradation, calcium release, and odontogenic differentiation by HDPCs.
[...] Read more.
This study investigated the incorporation of sources of calcium, phosphate, or both into electrospun scaffolds and evaluated their bioactivity on human dental pulp cells (HDPCs). Additionally, scaffolds incorporated with calcium hydroxide (CH) were characterized for degradation, calcium release, and odontogenic differentiation by HDPCs. Polycaprolactone (PCL) was electrospun with or without 0.5% w/v of calcium hydroxide (PCL + CH), nano-hydroxyapatite (PCL + nHA), or β-glycerophosphate (PCL + βGP). SEM/EDS analysis confirmed fibrillar morphology and particle incorporation. HDPCs were cultured on the scaffolds to assess cell viability, adhesion, spreading, and mineralized matrix formation. PCL + CH was also evaluated for gene expression of odontogenic markers (RT-qPCR). Data were submitted to ANOVA and Student’s t-test (α = 5%). Added CH increased fiber diameter and interfibrillar spacing, whereas βGP decreased both. PCL + CH and PCL + nHA improved HDPC viability, adhesion, and proliferation. Mineralization was increased eightfold with PCL + CH. Scaffolds containing CH gradually degraded over six months, with calcium release within the first 140 days. CH incorporation upregulated DSPP and DMP1 expression after 7 and 14 days. In conclusion, CH- and nHA-laden PCL fiber scaffolds were cytocompatible and promoted HDPC adhesion, proliferation, and mineralized matrix deposition. PCL + CH scaffolds exhibit a slow degradation profile, providing sustained calcium release and stimulating HDPCs to upregulate odontogenesis marker genes.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomaterials for Dental Pulp Tissue)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Dental Implant Abutment Screw Loss: Presentation of 10 Cases
by
Maryam Soleimani, Jarosław Żmudzki, Wojciech Pakieła, Anna Jaśkowska and Kornel Krasny
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 96; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jfb15040096 - 09 Apr 2024
Abstract
Re-tightening the loosened dental implant abutment screw is an accepted procedure, however the evidence that such screw will hold sufficiently is weak. The purpose of this study was material analysis of lost dental implant abutment screws made of the TiAlV alloy from various
[...] Read more.
Re-tightening the loosened dental implant abutment screw is an accepted procedure, however the evidence that such screw will hold sufficiently is weak. The purpose of this study was material analysis of lost dental implant abutment screws made of the TiAlV alloy from various manufacturers, which became lost due to unscrewing or damaged when checking if unscrewed; undamaged screws could be safely re-tightened. Among 13 failed screws retrieved from 10 cases, 10 screws were removed due to untightening and 3 were broken but without mechanical damage at the threads. Advanced corrosion was found on nine screws after 2 years of working time on all surfaces, also not mechanically loaded. Sediments observed especially in the thread area did not affect the corrosion process because of no pit densification around sediments. Pitting corrosion visible in all long-used screws raises the question of whether the screws should be replaced after a certain period during service, even if they are well-tightened. This requires further research on the influence of the degree of corrosion on the loss of the load-bearing ability of the screw.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Biomaterials and Biotechnology: Applications in Dental Medicine)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Open AccessArticle
Green Synthesis of Gold Nanoparticles Using Liquiritin and Other Phenolics from Glycyrrhiza glabra and Their Anti-Inflammatory Activity
by
Ali O. E. Eltahir, Kim L. Lategan, Oladipupo M. David, Edmund J. Pool, Robert C. Luckay and Ahmed A. Hussein
J. Funct. Biomater. 2024, 15(4), 95; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jfb15040095 - 06 Apr 2024
Abstract
Phenolic compounds are the main phytochemical constituents of many higher plants. They play an important role in synthesizing metal nanoparticles using green technology due to their ability to reduce metal salts and stabilize them through physical interaction/conjugation to the metal surface. Six pure
[...] Read more.
Phenolic compounds are the main phytochemical constituents of many higher plants. They play an important role in synthesizing metal nanoparticles using green technology due to their ability to reduce metal salts and stabilize them through physical interaction/conjugation to the metal surface. Six pure phenolic compounds were isolated from licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) and employed in synthesizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). The isolated compounds were identified as liquiritin (1), isoliquiritin (2), neoisoliquiritin (3), isoliquiritin apioside (4), liquiritin apioside (5), and glabridin (6). The synthesized AuNPs were characterized using UV, zeta sizer, HRTEM, and IR and tested for their stability in different biological media. The phenolic isolates and their corresponding synthesized NP conjugates were tested for their potential in vitro cytotoxicity. The anti-inflammatory effects were investigated in both normal and inflammation-induced settings, where inflammatory biomarkers were stimulated using lipopolysaccharides (LPSs) in the RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line. LPS, functioning as a mitogen, promotes cell growth by reducing apoptosis, potentially contributing to observed outcomes. Results indicated that all six pure phenolic isolates inhibited cell proliferation. The AuNP conjugates of all the phenolic isolates, except liquiritin apioside (5), inhibited cell viability. LPS initiates inflammatory markers by binding to cell receptors and setting off a cascade of events leading to inflammation. All the pure phenolic isolates, except isoliquiritin, neoisoliquiritin, and isoliquiritin apioside inhibited the inflammatory activity of RAW cells in vitro.
Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles: Fabrication, Properties and Biomedical Application)
►▼
Show Figures
Figure 1
Journal Menu
► ▼ Journal Menu-
- JFB Home
- Aims & Scope
- Editorial Board
- Reviewer Board
- Topical Advisory Panel
- Instructions for Authors
- Special Issues
- Topics
- Sections & Collections
- Article Processing Charge
- Indexing & Archiving
- Editor’s Choice Articles
- Most Cited & Viewed
- Journal Statistics
- Journal History
- Journal Awards
- Conferences
- Editorial Office
Journal Browser
► ▼ Journal BrowserHighly Accessed Articles
Latest Books
E-Mail Alert
News
Topics
Topic in
Pharmaceuticals, Pharmaceutics, Antioxidants, Nanomaterials, JFB, Cosmetics
New Challenges in the Cosmetics and Medical Device Industry
Topic Editors: Ana Catarina Silva, Hugo Almeida, Ana BarrosDeadline: 30 April 2024
Topic in
Biomedicines, Cancers, JFB, Nanomaterials, Polymers
Advanced Functional Materials for Regenerative Medicine
Topic Editors: Antonino Morabito, Luca ValentiniDeadline: 6 June 2024
Topic in
Applied Sciences, Dentistry Journal, JCM, JFB, Medicina
Diagnosis and Treatment of Dental Diseases and Tempromandibular Joints
Topic Editors: Rafał Obuchowicz, Małgorzata Pihut, Karolina Nurzynska, Andrzej UrbanikDeadline: 31 August 2024
Topic in
JFB, JMMP, Lubricants, Machines, Materials
Advanced Manufacturing and Surface Technology
Topic Editors: Dingding Xiang, Junying Hao, Xudong Sui, Kaiming WangDeadline: 30 December 2024
Conferences
Special Issues
Special Issue in
JFB
Chitosan Microparticles: Development, Characterization and Biomedical Applications
Guest Editors: Patríci Batista, Manuela Pintado, Clara PiccirilloDeadline: 30 April 2024
Special Issue in
JFB
Multifunctional Bio-Scaffolds for Cell Growth and Tissue Morphogenesis
Guest Editors: Aurelio Salerno, Alfredo Ronca, Anna AbbadessaDeadline: 20 May 2024
Special Issue in
JFB
Active Biomedical Materials and Their Applications
Guest Editor: Christie Ying Kei LungDeadline: 31 May 2024
Special Issue in
JFB
Application of Biomaterials and Techniques in Dental Surgical Treatment
Guest Editors: Angelo Michele Inchingolo, Francesco Inchingolo, Biagio Rapone, Gianna Dipalma, Alessio Danilo Inchingolo, Assunta Patano, Giuseppina MalcangiDeadline: 10 June 2024
Topical Collections
Topical Collection in
JFB
Biocements for Medical/Dental Purposes
Collection Editor: James Kit-Hon Tsoi
Topical Collection in
JFB
Coating Deposition and Surface Functionalization of Implants for Biomedical Applications
Collection Editor: Antonella Sola