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Ship Dynamics for Performance Based Design and Risk Averse Operations

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A special issue of Journal of Marine Science and Engineering (ISSN 2077-1312).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2020) | Viewed by 39399

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Spyros Hirdaris

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Mechanical Engineering (Maritime technology), Aalto University, Espoo, Finland
Interests: wave loads; ship dynamics; ship safety in design and operations; emerging technologies; risk management; sustainability
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Tommi Kristian MIKKOLA

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Department of Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering, Aalto University, Otakaari 4, P.O. Box 14100, 00076 Aalto, Finland
Interests: ship hydrodynamics; fluid mechanics; fluid dynamics; computational fluid modelling

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The concept of ship dynamics has a very wide meaning, embracing the fundamentals of both deterministic and performance-based methods with ship safety. As such, the subject is of paramount importance for its wide implications in the design and operation of ships and floating offshore installations. Contemporary developments in this specific field tend to be collected and thoroughly debated especially considering uncertainties associated with multi-physics modeling and simulation as well as the emergence of modern technologies. With the aim of analyzing the current status and possible future perspectives of research in the field of ship dynamics and safety, in this Special Issue we invite high-value original research publications in the following consolidated research topics and emerging subjects:

Wave loads and dynamic response with emphasis on hydroelastic methods, nonlinear hydrodynamics, and CFD methods
Marine cybernetics with focus on motion suppression of ships and speed boats, navigation monitoring unified maneuvring/seakeeping, and control methods with a focus on operational performance
Validation methods by model tests and full-scale measurements using state of the art methods and monitoring equipment (e.g., design of experiments, sensors, radar systems, etc.)
Combined strength and stability with a focus on damaged conditions and the influence of crashworthiness. Papers that promote emergency response methods and future SOLAS requirements are especially welcome.
Intact stability and resonance phenomena (e.g., parametric roll, broaching) with a focus on the use of nonlinear methods (bifurcation and chaos) within the context of future IMO standards.
Risk management methods for the assurance of safety in ship design and operations
The role of emerging technologies for ship performance monitoring (machine learning, artificial intelligence, big data, digital twins, etc.)

Prof. Dr. Spyros Hirdaris
Dr. Tommi Kristian MIKKOLA
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Flexible fluid–structure interactions
Marine hydrodynamics
Model experiments
Dynamic response
Full-scale measurements
Ship maneuvring
Ship stability
Wave loads
Structural crashworthiness
Machine learning, artificial intelligence, sensors, big data
Ship safety in design and operations
Risk management

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research

2 pages, 167 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Ship Dynamics

by Spyros Hirdaris and Tommi Mikkola

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(2), 105; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse9020105 - 20 Jan 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1665

Abstract

More than a century-and-half ago, William Froude and his son Robert [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Dynamics for Performance Based Design and Risk Averse Operations)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

28 pages, 8335 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Study of Computational Methods for Wave-Induced Motions and Loads

by Jens Ley and Ould el Moctar

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2021, 9(1), 83; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse9010083 - 14 Jan 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3052

Abstract

Ship hull structural damages are often caused by extreme wave-induced loads. Reliable load predictions are required to minimize the risk of structural failures. One conceivable approach relies on direct computations of extreme events with appropriate numerical methods. In this perspective, we present a systematic study comparing results obtained with different computational methods for wave-induced loads and motions of different ship types in regular and random irregular long-crested extremes waves. Significant wave heights between 10.5 and 12.5 m were analyzed. The numerical methods differ in complexity and are based on strip theory, boundary element methods (BEM) and unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) equations. In advance to the comparative study, the codes applied have been enhanced by different researchers to account for relevant nonlinearities related to wave excitations and corresponding ship responses in extreme waves. The sea states investigated were identified based on the Coefficient of Contribution (CoC) method. Computed time histories, response amplitude operators and short-term statistics of ship responses and wave elevation were systematically compared against experimental data. While the results of the numerical methods, based on potential theory, in small and moderate waves agreed favorably with the experiments, they deviated considerably from the measurements in higher waves. The URANS-based predictions compared fairly well to experimental measurements with the drawback of significantly higher computation times. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Dynamics for Performance Based Design and Risk Averse Operations)

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30 pages, 12617 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Effect of Maneuvering on Ice-Induced Loading on Ship Hull: Dedicated Full-Scale Tests in the Baltic Sea

by Mikko Suominen, Fang Li, Liangliang Lu, Pentti Kujala, Anriëtte Bekker and Jonni Lehtiranta

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(10), 759; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse8100759 - 28 Sep 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2547

Abstract

Maneuvers in level ice are common operations for icebreakers and polar supply vessels. Maneuvering exposes the midship and stern area to ice interaction, influencing the magnitude and frequency of ice-induced loading in these areas. However, full-scale measurements do not typically cover the midship and stern areas, as measurements have commonly focused on the bow area. Controlled maneuvering tests were conducted during the ice trials of S.A. Agulhas II in the Baltic Sea. During these tests, ice-induced loading at different hull areas was measured simultaneously with ship control, navigation, and ice condition data. This work studied the effect of maneuvers on the characteristics and statistics of ice-induced loading at different hull areas and compared the impact to ahead operations. The study showed that the maneuvers had minor impact to the magnitude, frequency, and duration of loading at the bow and bow shoulder. On the other hand, maneuvers had a clear effect on the load magnitude and frequency at the stern shoulder. Additionally, a statistical analysis showed that the load magnitude increased as a function of load duration in all hull areas. Furthermore, the analyzed measurement data are presented and made available with the paper. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Dynamics for Performance Based Design and Risk Averse Operations)

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23 pages, 11917 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of the Flow Field of a Ship in Planar Motion Mechanism Tests by the Vortex Identification Method

by Zhen Ren, Jianhua Wang and Decheng Wan

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(9), 649; https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse8090649 - 24 Aug 2020

Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2937

Abstract

Planar motion mechanism (PMM) tests provide a means of obtaining the hydrodynamic derivatives needed to assess ship maneuverability properties. In this paper, the self-developed computational fluid dynamic (CFD) solver based on the open source code platform OpenFOAM, naoe-FOAM-SJTU, associated with the overset grid method is used to simulate the complex viscous flow field of PMM tests for a benchmark model Yupeng Ship. This paper discusses the effect of several parameters such as the drift angle and period on the hydrodynamic performance of the ship and compares the time histories of the predicted forces and moments with experimental data. To investigate the complex viscous flows with a large separation, four vortex identification methods are used to capture the vortex structures. The results show that the forces and moments are in good agreement in static drift and dynamic tests. By comparing the vortex structures, it is found that the third generation vortex identification methods, OmegaR and Liutex, are able to more accurately capture the vortex structures. The paper concludes that the present numerical scheme is reliable and the third generation vortex identification methods are more suitable for displaying the vortex structures in a complex viscous flow field. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Dynamics for Performance Based Design and Risk Averse Operations)

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21 pages, 1939 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Determination of Non-Linear Roll Damping of an FPSO Pure Roll Coupled with Liquid Sloshing in Two-Row Tanks

by Jane-Frances Igbadumhe, Omar Sallam, Mirjam Fürth and Rihui Feng

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(8), 582; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse8080582 - 03 Aug 2020

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3942

Abstract

Wave excited roll motion poses danger for moored offshore vessels such as Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) because they cannot divert to avoid bad weather. Furthermore, slack cargo tanks are almost always present in FPSOs by design. These pose an increased risk of roll instability due to the presence of free surfaces. The most common method of determining roll damping is roll decay tests, yet very few test have been performed with liquid cargo, and most liquid cargo experiments use tanks that span the entire width of the vessel; which is seldom the case for full scale FPSO vessels during normal operations. This paper presents a series of roll decay test carried out on a FPSO model with two two-row-prismatic tanks with different filling levels. To directly investigate the coupling between the liquid sloshing and the vessel motion, without modifying the damping, tests were performed at a constant draft. The equivalent linear roll damping coefficients consisting of linear, quadratic and cubic damping terms are analyzed for each loading condition using four established methods, the Quasi-linear method, Froude Energy method, Averaging method and the Perturbation method. The results show that the cubic damping term is paramount for FPSOs and at low filling levels, were the FPSO is more damped. Recommendations regarding the applicability of the methods, their accuracy and computational effort is given and the effect of the liquid motion on the vessel motion is discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Dynamics for Performance Based Design and Risk Averse Operations)

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19 pages, 7266 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Springing Analysis of a Passenger Ship in Waves

by Jeremias Tilander, Matthew Patey and Spyros Hirdaris

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 492; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse8070492 - 05 Jul 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 4625

Abstract

Traditionally, the evaluation of global loads experienced by passenger ships has been based on closed-form Classification Society Rule formulae or quasi direct analysis procedures. These approaches do not account for the combined influence of hull flexibility, slenderness, and environmental actions on global dynamic response. This paper presents a procedure for the prediction of the global wave-induced loads of a medium-size passenger ship using a potential flow Flexible Fluid Structure Interaction (FFSI) model. The study compares results from direct long-term hydro-structural computations against Classification Society Rules. It is demonstrated that for the specific vessel under consideration: (a) the elastic contributions of the responses on loads are negligible as springing effects occur outside of the wave energy spectrum, (b) deviations of the order of 28% arise by way of amidships when comparing direct hydrodynamic analysis predictions encompassing IACS UR S11A hog/sag nonlinear correction factors and the longitudinal strength standard, and (c) the interpretation of the wave scatter diagram influences predictions by approximately 20%. Based on these indications, it is recommended that further parametric studies over a range of passenger ship designs could help draw unified conclusions on the total influence of global and local hydrodynamic actions on passenger ship loads and dynamic response. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Dynamics for Performance Based Design and Risk Averse Operations)

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27 pages, 1565 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ship Towed by Kite: Investigation of the Dynamic Coupling

by Nedeleg Bigi, Kostia Roncin, Jean-Baptiste Leroux and Yves Parlier

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 486; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse8070486 - 01 Jul 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2617

Abstract

This paper presents a series of dynamic simulations for a ship towed by kite. To ensure time efficient computations, seakeeping analysis with forward speed correction factors is carried out in the frequency domain and then transformed in the time domain by convolution. The seakeeping modeling is coupled with a zero-mass kite modeling assuming linear dependence of aerodynamic characteristics with respect to turning rate. Decoupled (segregated) and coupled (monolithic) approaches are assessed and compared in different environmental conditions. Results show that in regular beam waves, strong interactions between the kite and the ship motions are captured by the monolithic approach. Around the wave frequency, especially for the lower one tested (0.4 rad/s), a kite lock-in phenomenon is revealed. It is concluded that the mean kite towing force can be increased whereas the ship roll amplitude can even be decreased compared to a non-kite assisted ship propulsion configuration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Dynamics for Performance Based Design and Risk Averse Operations)

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23 pages, 8022 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison of Numerical Simulations and Model Experiments on Parametric Roll in Irregular Seas

by Geert Kapsenberg, Clève Wandji, Bulent Duz and Sungeun (Peter) Kim

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(7), 474; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse8070474 - 27 Jun 2020

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2227

Abstract

The recently finalised Second Generation Intact Stability Criteria (SGISC), produced by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), contain a level 3 assessment, the so-called Direct Stability Assessment (DSA). This assessment can be carried out using either model experiments or simulations. The fact that such a choice is given implies that the methods are equivalent in accuracy. This assumption has been verified, for one case, by the Cooperative Research Ships (CRS) community. The verification was based on new model experiments and calculated results, using four different programs owned by different CRS members. Results of the verification of the parametric roll failure mode in regular waves were published before, but this study concerns results in irregular seas. The experimental and numerical results are compared in both probabilistic and deterministic manners. The probabilistic comparison showed that the simulation programs considered are sometimes conservative and sometimes non-conservative in the prediction of the probability of an extreme value. The deterministic comparison in head seas showed that parametric roll events were predicted in the simulations in a wave train that showed no sign of important roll events in the measurement. The deterministic comparison in the following seas, on the other hand, showed an accurate fit of experimental and numerical results. It is suggested that predictions could possibly be improved by adding non-linear diffraction forces to the numerical model. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Dynamics for Performance Based Design and Risk Averse Operations)

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13 pages, 4755 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Smart Detection of Ship Severe Roll Motions and Decision-Making for Evasive Actions

by Maria Acanfora and Flavio Balsamo

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(6), 415; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse8060415 - 06 Jun 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2116

Abstract

This paper presents a numerical model for the smart detection of synchronous and parametric roll resonance of a ship. The model implements manoeuvring equations superimposed onto ship dynamics in waves. It also features suited autopilot and rudder actuator models, aiming at a fair depiction of the control delay. The developed method is able to identify and distinguish between synchronous and parametric roll resonance, based on the estimation of encounter wave period from ship motions. Therefore, it could be useful as a smart tool for manned vessels and, also, in the perspective of unmanned and autonomous vessels (in the paper it is assumed a hypothetical remote crew). Once the resonance threat is identified, different evasive actions are simulated and compared, based on course and speed change. Calculations are carried out on a ro-ro pax vessel vulnerable to parametric roll. We conclude that, in roll resonance situations, and in the absence of roll stabilisation systems on-board, course change could be the most effective countermeasure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Dynamics for Performance Based Design and Risk Averse Operations)

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15 pages, 7544 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Prediction of the Side Drift Force of Full Ships Advancing in Waves at Low Speeds

by Shukui Liu and Apostolos Papanikolaou

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(5), 377; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse8050377 - 25 May 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3122

Abstract

In this study, we analyze the experimental results of the mean sway (side drift) forces of six full type ships at low speeds in regular waves of various directions and compare them with numerical results of the in-house 3D panel code NEWDRIFT. It is noted that the mean sway force is most significant in relatively short waves, with the peak being observed at λ/L_PP ≈ 0.5–0.6. For λ/L_PP > 1.0, the corresponding value is rather small. We also observe a solid recurring pattern of the mean sway force acting on the analyzed full type ships. On this basis, we proceed to approximate the mean sway force with an empirical formula, in which only the main ship particulars and wave parameters are used. Preliminary validation results show that the developed empirical formula, which is readily applicable in practice, can accurately predict the mean sway force acting on a full ship, at both zero and non-zero speeds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Dynamics for Performance Based Design and Risk Averse Operations)

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16 pages, 3022 KiB

Open AccessArticle

3D Numerical Simulations of Green Water Impact on Forward-Speed Wigley Hull Using Open Source Codes

by Linfeng Chen, Yitao Wang, Xueliang Wang and Xueshen Cao

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(5), 327; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse8050327 - 06 May 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2485

Abstract

A series of CFD RANS simulations are presented for Wigley hulls of two freeboard heights progressing with forward speed in waves. Free surface effects are captured using the Volume of Fluid (VOF) method embedded in open source software OpenFOAM. Comparisons of heave, pitch motions and added resistance of the first Wigley model against the experiments of Kashiwagi (2013) confirm the numerical validity of the hydrodynamic modelling approach. Further simulations for the lower-freeboard Wigley model reveal that the highest green water impact on decks appears in way of

λ / L = 1.3

and at the highest instantaneous pitch amplitude where the water propagates far downstream and across the deck. The simulations also demonstrate that the green water events are associated with air bubble entrapment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Dynamics for Performance Based Design and Risk Averse Operations)

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14 pages, 4379 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Investigation on Nonlinear Dynamic Responses of a Towed Vessel in Calm Water

by Bo Woo Nam

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2020, 8(3), 219; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse8030219 - 20 Mar 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2523

Abstract

In this study, we numerically investigated the nonlinear dynamic responses of an autonomous towing system where a vessel is passively towed by a tug via a towline. A three-degrees-of-freedom maneuvering mathematical model is utilized to describe the nonlinear dynamics of the towed vessel in calm sea. The hydrodynamic force acting on the towed vessel is modelled as a modular-type hull force model, which includes linear and nonlinear (third order) damping forces in sway and yawing directions. The towline force is simply modeled as a linear spring. First, the motion responses of a towing system, showing large sway-yaw coupled motions due to unstable towing characteristics, are studied by applying phase plane analysis. For the validation of the present numerical method, the simulation results are directly compared with the model test data. Then, simulation parameters, such as towing speed, initial positions and hull force coefficients, are changed and their resulting limit cycles are investigated. Finally, the effects of towline and tug motion are discussed based on the simulation results. It is found that the dynamic characteristics of the towed vessel come closer to being chaotic due to the nonlinear stiffness effect of the towline and tug motion effect. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Dynamics for Performance Based Design and Risk Averse Operations)

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15 pages, 2942 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dynamic Prediction and Optimization of Energy Efficiency Operational Index (EEOI) for an Operating Ship in Varying Environments

by Chao Sun, Haiyan Wang, Chao Liu and Ye Zhao

J. Mar. Sci. Eng. 2019, 7(11), 402; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jmse7110402 - 08 Nov 2019

Cited by 24 | Viewed by 3199

Abstract

The demands for lower Energy Efficiency Operational Index (EEOI) reflect the requirements of international conventions for green shipping. Within this context it is believed that practical solutions for the dynamic optimization of a ship’s main engine and the reduction of EEOI in real conditions are useful in terms of improving sustainable shipping operations. In this paper, we introduce a model for dynamic optimization of the main engine that can improve fuel efficiency and decrease EEOI. The model considers as input environmental factors that influence overall ship dynamics (e.g., wind speed, wind direction, wave height, water flow speed) and engine revolutions. Fuel consumption rate and ship speed are taken as outputs. Consequently, a genetic algorithm is applied to optimize the initial connection weight and threshold of nodes of a neural network (NN) that is used to predict fuel consumption rate and ship speed. Navigation data from the training ship “YUMING” are applied to train the network. The genetic algorithm is used to optimize engine revolution and obtain the lowest EEOI. Results show that the optimization method proposed may assist with the prediction of lower EEOI in different environmental conditions and operational speed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Ship Dynamics for Performance Based Design and Risk Averse Operations)

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