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4 pages, 197 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue: Advances in Vehicular Networks

by Barbara M. Masini, Cristiano M. Silva and Ali Balador

J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 2020, 9(4), 50; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jsan9040050 - 17 Oct 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1798

Abstract

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(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vehicular Networks)

Research

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15 pages, 2110 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Impact of Direction Parameter in Performance of Modified AODV in VANET

by Afsana Ahamed and Hamid Vakilzadian

J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 2020, 9(3), 40; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jsan9030040 - 03 Sep 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3351

Abstract

A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a technology in which moving cars are used as routers (nodes) to establish a reliable mobile communication network among the vehicles. Some of the drawbacks of the routing protocol, Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), associated [...] Read more.

A vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) is a technology in which moving cars are used as routers (nodes) to establish a reliable mobile communication network among the vehicles. Some of the drawbacks of the routing protocol, Ad hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), associated with VANETs are the end-to-end delay and packet loss. We modified the AODV routing protocols to reduce the number of route request (RREQ) and route reply (RREP) messages by adding direction parameters and two-step filtering. The two-step filtering process reduces the number of RREQ and RREP packets, reduces the packet overhead, and helps to select the stable route. In this study, we show the impact of the direction parameter in reducing the end-to-end delay and the packet loss in AODV. The simulation results show a 1.4% reduction in packet loss, an 11% reduction in the end-to-end delay, and an increase in throughput. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vehicular Networks)

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10 pages, 6858 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Low-Latency VLC System with Fresnel Receiver for I2V ITS Applications

by Tassadaq Nawaz, Marco Seminara, Stefano Caputo, Lorenzo Mucchi and Jacopo Catani

J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 2020, 9(3), 35; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jsan9030035 - 22 Jul 2020

Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3520

Abstract

This work presents a characterization of a low-cost, low-latency Visible Light Communication (VLC) prototype for infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) communication for future Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The system consists of a regular traffic light as a transmitter (the red light is modulated with the information), [...] Read more.

This work presents a characterization of a low-cost, low-latency Visible Light Communication (VLC) prototype for infrastructure-to-vehicle (I2V) communication for future Intelligent Transportation Systems (ITS). The system consists of a regular traffic light as a transmitter (the red light is modulated with the information), and a photodetector as a receiver. The latter is equipped with low-cost Fresnel lenses as condensers, namely, 1

^{'}

^{'}

Fresnel and 2

^{'}

^{'}

Fresnel, to increase the optical gain of the system at the receiver. The system is capable of Active Decode and Relay (ADR) of information to further incoming units. The experimental characterization of amplitude and Packet Error Rate (PER) for the proposed system has been performed for distances up to 50 m. The results show that by incorporating the 2

^{'}

^{'}

Fresnel lens in the photodetector, an error free (

PER \leq 10^{- 5}

) I2V communication is established up to 50 m. Furthermore, the prototype can be used for both broadcast and beaconing transmission modes. This low-cost VLC-based system could offer sub-millisecond latency in the full ADR process for distances up to 36 m, which makes it suitable for integration in Cellular-V2X (C-V2X) and 5G platforms. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vehicular Networks)

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13 pages, 2630 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental Measurements of a Joint 5G-VLC Communication for Future Vehicular Networks

by Dania Marabissi, Lorenzo Mucchi, Stefano Caputo, Francesca Nizzi, Tommaso Pecorella, Romano Fantacci, Tassadaq Nawaz, Marco Seminara and Jacopo Catani

J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 2020, 9(3), 32; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jsan9030032 - 02 Jul 2020

Cited by 33 | Viewed by 5043

Abstract

One of the main revolutionary features of 5G networks is the ultra-low latency that will enable new services such as those for the future smart vehicles. The 5G technology will be able to support extreme-low latency thanks to new technologies and the wide [...] Read more.

One of the main revolutionary features of 5G networks is the ultra-low latency that will enable new services such as those for the future smart vehicles. The 5G technology will be able to support extreme-low latency thanks to new technologies and the wide flexible architecture that integrates new spectra and access technologies. In particular, visible light communication (VLC) is envisaged as a very promising technology for vehicular communications, since the information provided can flow by using the lights (as traffic-lights and car lights). This paper describes one of the first experiments on the joint use of 5G and VLC networks to provide real-time information to cars. The applications span from road safety to emergency alarm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vehicular Networks)

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24 pages, 1127 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Adaptive Probabilistic Flooding for Information Hovering in VANETs

by Andreas Xeros, Taqwa Saeed, Marios Lestas, Maria Andreou, Cristiano M. Silva and Andreas Pitsillides

J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 2020, 9(2), 29; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jsan9020029 - 11 Jun 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3082

Abstract

Information hovering is an information dissemination concept over a mobile set of peers which has not been investigated to the extent that other information dissemination paradigms have. It naturally appears in many vehicular network applications where information must be made available to vehicles [...] Read more.

Information hovering is an information dissemination concept over a mobile set of peers which has not been investigated to the extent that other information dissemination paradigms have. It naturally appears in many vehicular network applications where information must be made available to vehicles within a confined geographical area for during some time period. One elementary strategy is to flood the area with data. Even in this case, some vehicles may never receive the content due to potential partitions created by low traffic density. In order to address this issue, in this work we propose a strategy based on epidemic routing in the hovering area, and probabilistic flooding outside it. Vehicles outside the hovering area serve as bridges towards partitions, leading to high reachability. We highlight the adaptive feature of the protocol, where the rebroadcast probability in partitions is adaptively regulated based on estimates of the density of vehicles in the hovering area. The performance of the proposed scheme is evaluated in VISSIM, using as the reference model in all simulation experiments a section of the road network in cities of Washington. The proposed protocol is shown to achieve the set design goals. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vehicular Networks)

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18 pages, 877 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Diagnosing Automotive Damper Defects Using Convolutional Neural Networks and Electronic Stability Control Sensor Signals

by Thomas Zehelein, Thomas Hemmert-Pottmann and Markus Lienkamp

J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 2020, 9(1), 8; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jsan9010008 - 16 Jan 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 4692

Abstract

Chassis system components such as dampers have a significant impact on vehicle stability, driving safety, and driving comfort. Therefore, monitoring and diagnosing the defects of these components is necessary. Currently, this task is based on the driver’s perception of component defects in series [...] Read more.

Chassis system components such as dampers have a significant impact on vehicle stability, driving safety, and driving comfort. Therefore, monitoring and diagnosing the defects of these components is necessary. Currently, this task is based on the driver’s perception of component defects in series production vehicles, even though model-based approaches in the literature exist. As we observe an increased availability of data in modern vehicles and advances in the field of deep learning, this paper deals with the analysis of the performance of Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN) for the diagnosis of automotive damper defects. To ensure a broad applicability of the generated diagnosis system, only signals of a classic Electronic Stability Control (ESC) system, such as wheel speeds, longitudinal and lateral vehicle acceleration, and yaw rate, were used. A structured analysis of data pre-processing and CNN configuration parameters were investigated in terms of the defect detection result. The results show that simple Fast Fourier Transformation (FFT) pre-processing and configuration parameters resulting in small networks are sufficient for a high defect detection rate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vehicular Networks)

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10 pages, 591 KiB

Open AccessArticle

V2X Communications Applied to Safety of Pedestrians and Vehicles

by Fabio Arena, Giovanni Pau and Alessandro Severino

J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 2020, 9(1), 3; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jsan9010003 - 27 Dec 2019

Cited by 38 | Viewed by 7980

Abstract

Connected cars and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication scenarios are attracting more researchers. There will be numerous possibilities offered by V2X in the future. For instance, in the case of vehicles that move in a column, they could react to the braking of those in [...] Read more.

Connected cars and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication scenarios are attracting more researchers. There will be numerous possibilities offered by V2X in the future. For instance, in the case of vehicles that move in a column, they could react to the braking of those in front of it through the rapid information exchanges, and most chain collisions could be avoided. V2X will be desiderated for routes optimizations, travel time reductions, and accident rate decrease in cases such as communication with infrastructures, traffic information exchanges, functioning of traffic lights, possible situations of danger, and the presence of construction sites or traffic jams. Furthermore, there could be massive conversations between smartphones and vehicles performing real-time dialogues. It is relatively reasonable to expect a connection system in which a pedestrian can report its position to all surrounding vehicles. Regarding this, it is compelling to perceive the positive effects of the driver being aware of the presence of pedestrians when vehicles are moving on the roads. This paper introduces the concepts for the development of a solution based on V2X communications aimed at vehicle and pedestrian safety. A potential system architecture for the development of a real system, concerning the safety of vehicles and pedestrians, is suggested to draft some guidelines that could be followed in new applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vehicular Networks)

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14 pages, 399 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Scalable Edge Computing Deployment for Reliable Service Provisioning in Vehicular Networks

by Federico Tonini, Bahare M. Khorsandi, Elisabetta Amato and Carla Raffaelli

J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 2019, 8(4), 51; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jsan8040051 - 02 Oct 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 5223

Abstract

The global connected cars market is growing rapidly. Novel services will be offered to vehicles, many of them requiring low-latency and high-reliability networking solutions. The Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) paradigm, thanks to the centralization and virtualization of baseband functions, offers numerous advantages [...] Read more.

The global connected cars market is growing rapidly. Novel services will be offered to vehicles, many of them requiring low-latency and high-reliability networking solutions. The Cloud Radio Access Network (C-RAN) paradigm, thanks to the centralization and virtualization of baseband functions, offers numerous advantages in terms of costs and mobile radio performance. C-RAN can be deployed in conjunction with a Multi-access Edge Computing (MEC) infrastructure, bringing services close to vehicles supporting time-critical applications. However, a massive deployment of computational resources at the edge may be costly, especially when reliability requirements demand deployment of redundant resources. In this context, cost optimization based on integer linear programming may result in being too complex when the number of involved nodes is more than a few tens. This paper proposes a scalable approach for C-RAN and MEC computational resource deployment with protection against single-edge node failure. A two-step hybrid model is proposed to alleviate the computational complexity of the integer programming model when edge computing resources are located in physical nodes. Results show the effectiveness of the proposed hybrid strategy in finding optimal or near-optimal solutions with different network sizes and with affordable computational effort. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vehicular Networks)

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Review

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18 pages, 2156 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Use of Meta-Surfaces in Vehicular Networks

by Barbara M. Masini, Cristiano M. Silva and Ali Balador

J. Sens. Actuator Netw. 2020, 9(1), 15; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/jsan9010015 - 02 Mar 2020

Cited by 34 | Viewed by 5612

Abstract

Mobility as a service is becoming a new paradigm in the direction of travel planning on the basis of the best service offered by the travelled roads. Hence, the environment in which people move will become smarter and more and more connected to [...] Read more.

Mobility as a service is becoming a new paradigm in the direction of travel planning on the basis of the best service offered by the travelled roads. Hence, the environment in which people move will become smarter and more and more connected to grant services along the whole path. This opens new challenges related not only to the on board connectivity and wireless access technologies, but also on the reliability and efficiency of the surrounding environment. In this context, reconfigurable meta-surfaces play a crucial role, since they can be used to coat buildings, vehicles or any other suitable surfaces and let the environment become an active part of the communication system by opportunistically redirecting (i.e., reflecting, without generating new waves) signals to the target receivers. The objective of this paper is to highlight the limits of current wireless access technologies for vehicular scenarios and to discuss the potential impact of a smart environment made of reconfigurable meta-surfaces on some next generation vehicular use cases, such as cooperative driving and vulnerable road users (VRUs) detection. In addition, a preliminary model is presented to derive, in a simplified way, the performance of an IEEE 802.11p network in terms of collision probability. Even if analytical and based on simplified assumptions, this model has been validated through simulations and allows to compare the performance of the network with and without reconfigurable meta-surfaces. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in Vehicular Networks)

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