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Land
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Rural Land Management Interaction with Urbanization
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Rural Land Management Interaction with Urbanization

A special issue of Land (ISSN 2073-445X). This special issue belongs to the section "Urban Contexts and Urban-Rural Interactions".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (25 October 2022) | Viewed by 29513

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Carmen Delgado-Viñas

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Guest Editor
Department of Geography, Urban and Regional Planning, E.T.S. of Civil Engineers, University of Cantabria, 39005 Santander, Cantabria, Spain
Interests: mountain areas; rural areas dynamics; rural depopulation; rural development; urbanization processes
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. María L. Gómez-Moreno

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Geography Faculty of Philosophy and Letters, Campus of Teatinos, University of Málaga, 29071 Malaga, Spain
Interests: Mediterranean mountain areas; local development; regional policies impact on territories
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue focuses on how recent urbanization processes modifies the organization and management of the land uses at integrated rural areas in peri-urban and intra-metropolitan areas at local, national, and global levels.

Recent rural dynamics are primarily characterized by three interrelated trends: economic diversification, deagrarianization, and depopulation; the first two of which common to all rural areas.

It is true that deagrarianization and the simultaneous shift towards a service economy in present-day rural economies and societies have not led to the disappearance of rural space but instead some rural areas are presenting extraordinary territorial and economic transformation. These comprise zones that fall between the countryside and the city where intensive rural urbanization or peri-urbanization processes are taking place.

In the past, primary sector activities were very important, but their importance has steadily declined in both absolute and relative. Agricultural activity has become relatively unimportant as urban activities and functions acquire greater prominence.

This has substantially weakened and modified agricultural activities and transformed land use patterns in rural regions.

Nevertheless, in recent decades, agricultural activities had received new functions in peri-urban areas. As a common factor of all them, the acknowledgment of biodiversity and heritage values in the agricultural uses and the compatibility of both with quality food production. These concepts include eco-system services, peri-urban agricultural parks or home market agriculture, and urban productive landscapes.

Land use policy, especially legal regulations relating to construction land supply, are critical tools to harness territorial development. The policy trajectory of construction land supply entails a complicated reconfiguration of public functions, which is driven by rural–urban relations. The integrated urban-rural development should be raised through the experimentation of a new use policy and land management.

Many unanswered questions remain regarding the impacts of urbanization on rural areas. Contributions to this Special Issue could serve to provide some answers.

We invite papers that link countryside urbanization, deagrarianization, land management, land use planning, urban sprawl into rural areas, and integrated rural-urban development.

Prof. Dr. Carmen Delgado-Viñas
Prof. Dr. María L. Gómez-Moreno
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Land is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • countryside urbanization
  • deagrarianization
  • land management
  • land use planning
  • urban sprawl on rural areas
  • integrated rural-urban development

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Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

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23 pages, 5696 KiB  
Article
Urban Rural Interaction: Processes and Changes in the Marina Oriental of Cantabria (Spain)
by Sara Lagüera Díaz
Land 2023, 12(1), 166; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/land12010166 - 04 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1150
Abstract
Since the middle of the last century, especially since the seventies, processes have been generated and consolidated that have changed the image of certain rural environments in Spain, especially coastal, with new forms of organization and territorialities that break the traditional model. The [...] Read more.
Since the middle of the last century, especially since the seventies, processes have been generated and consolidated that have changed the image of certain rural environments in Spain, especially coastal, with new forms of organization and territorialities that break the traditional model. The Cantabrian territory, like other areas of the Spanish coast, has seen its territories and landscapes altered in terms of its demographic, economic, and urban structures. The variation over the easternmost area of the Autonomous Community of Cantabria is significant, affected by various growth processes of both cities in the region, as well as others adjacent and connected, such as the urban agglomeration of Bilbao, influencing this space that we call Marina Oriental de Cantabria. The justification and objectives are to know how the coastal geographical situation, good communications, and proximity to Bilbao have configured this space to become a functional part of the metropolitan agglomeration that is generated around this city. An investigation focused on the analysis of the intensification and the effects of the urbanization process of a rural and rururban area, from an integrative, transversal, and multiscale approach, supported by inductive and hybrid methodology, with quantitative and qualitative methods. Through this study, the evolution and problems of these spaces will be known, to analyze the processes that have occurred and continue to occur and, thus, propose measures to reduce the negative effects. The main results and conclusions of the research are manifested in transformations on a legacy space, which has been productively redefined, being one of the most changed since the middle of the last century. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rural Land Management Interaction with Urbanization)
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19 pages, 3188 KiB  
Article
Environmental Suitability Evaluation for Human Settlements of Rural Residential Areas in Hengshui, Hebei Province
by Lu Yu, Dinglong Xie and Xiang Xu
Land 2022, 11(12), 2112; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/land11122112 - 23 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1947
Abstract
To improve the development quality of rural residential areas in plain areas requires scientific evaluation. Based on the rural residential area in Hengshui City, Hebei Province, the study selected four indicators of location, production, ecology, and management, to build an evaluation model for [...] Read more.
To improve the development quality of rural residential areas in plain areas requires scientific evaluation. Based on the rural residential area in Hengshui City, Hebei Province, the study selected four indicators of location, production, ecology, and management, to build an evaluation model for the suitability of human settlements and evaluated rural residential areas in Hengshui City. The findings indicated the following: (1) The most suitable areas are mainly concentrated in the geographical center of Hengshui City. The generally suitable areas are mainly distributed in the east of the city. The basic suitable areas are scattered in the west and northeast of the city. The unsuitable areas are mainly concentrated in the north of the city. Most of the area of Hengshui City is suitable for the residence and development of rural residential areas, and 72.86% of rural residential areas are located in suitable areas, which is consistent with the geographical environment characteristics of plain areas. (2) The rural residential areas in unsuitable areas are mainly due to the low income, serious population loss and low urbanization rate, which are in line with the characteristics of rural residential areas. (3) The suitability of human settlements in rural residential areas in plain areas is mainly affected by the per capita agricultural land area, hydrology index, distance to river, distance to country, distance to a slow road, and distance to the fast road are low-level driving factors, of which distance to a fast road has the weakest influence. (4) There is a significant positive correlation between the environmental suitability and the distribution density of rural residential areas. The improvement of the suitability of human settlements can effectively promote the aggregation and distribution of rural residential areas. High-high clustering areas are mainly concentrated in the middle and northeast of Hengshui City, while low-low clustering areas are scattered in the north and southwest of Hengshui City. (5) The location index (LI) and management index (AI) play a limiting role in the suitability of human settlements in the northeast of Hengshui City, and the government should strengthen management intervention and infrastructure construction in the northeast of Hengshui City. The production index (PI) plays a limiting role in the suitability of human settlements in the west of Hengshui City and should consider the improvement of production capacity in the west of Hengshui City. The research results play a vital role in improving the carrying capacity of regional resources and the environment in the plain area, improving rural production, and living conditions, and promoting the development of rural planning in the whole region. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rural Land Management Interaction with Urbanization)
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25 pages, 20471 KiB  
Article
How Urban Expansion Triggers Spatio-Temporal Differentiation of Systemic Risk in Suburban Rural Areas: A Case Study of Tianjin, China
by Jian Tian, Suiping Zeng, Jian Zeng and Sen Wang
Land 2022, 11(11), 1877; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/land11111877 - 22 Oct 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1704
Abstract
Rapid urban expansion has strongly impacted rural development in China’s suburbs. The increasing probability of socio-ecosystem hazards, such as the shrinking and fragmentation of ecological space, the outflow of labor force, the disintegration of traditional society, and the decline in collective economy has [...] Read more.
Rapid urban expansion has strongly impacted rural development in China’s suburbs. The increasing probability of socio-ecosystem hazards, such as the shrinking and fragmentation of ecological space, the outflow of labor force, the disintegration of traditional society, and the decline in collective economy has become a systemic risk restricting the sustainable development of rural areas in the suburbs. At present, the influence of urban expansion on rural systemic risk in the suburbs is not clear, which is not conducive to putting forward differentiated and targeted strategies for rural revitalization. Therefore, in this study, we propose the ecological, industrial, social, and livelihood elements of rural systemic risk in the suburbs and construct a multi-dimensional risk resistance analysis framework involving functionality, stability, and sustainability. Taking 93 villages in the western suburbs of Tianjin as an example, and using spatial econometric methods such as remote sensing interpretation, GIS analysis, multiple linear regression, and random forest model testing, we analyze the relationship between external transportation construction, urban employment attraction, construction of land growth, rural risk factors, and the dimension of risk resistance. Finally, the influence of urban expansion on the spatial–temporal differentiation of rural systemic risk and the risk management strategy are discussed. The results show that the difference in the urban expansion intensities is the main factor of the spatial differentiation of rural systemic risk in the suburbs. With the acceleration of the land replacement rate between urban and rural areas, the proportion of urban construction of land is increasing, leading to various degrees of change in the rural land use pattern and the ecological security pattern. Meanwhile, because of the urban employment attraction, part of the rural labor force continues to decrease, leading to the spatial differentiation of rural industrial risks and social risks aggravated. Precise risk management strategies are put forward according to the systemic risks in different types of villages. In villages with a high proportion of urban construction land and inefficient land consolidation, ecological restoration projects should be carried out. For villages severely divided by transit roads, internal spatial connections should be strengthened by constructing public transport. For villages with good accessibility, the allocation of rural non-agricultural industries and service facilities should be strengthened to mitigate the impact of urban expansion on the rural social structure. From the perspective of risk management, the research results will provide a basis for making decisions regarding rural public policymaking and spatial resource allocation in the suburbs of developing countries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rural Land Management Interaction with Urbanization)
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16 pages, 1598 KiB  
Article
Access to Land for Agricultural Entrepreneurial Activities in the Context of Sustainable Food Production in Borgou, according to Land Law in Benin
by Bienvenu Dagoudo Akowedaho, Inoussa Guinin Asso, Bruno Charles Pierre O’heix, Soulé Akinhola Adéchian and Mohamed Nasser Baco
Land 2022, 11(9), 1381; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/land11091381 - 23 Aug 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2410
Abstract
Access to land is crucial for food systems to address the challenges caused by habitat and biodiversity loss, land and water degradation, and greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable food production requires land security upstream for agricultural production. Land security emanates from the land law [...] Read more.
Access to land is crucial for food systems to address the challenges caused by habitat and biodiversity loss, land and water degradation, and greenhouse gas emissions. Sustainable food production requires land security upstream for agricultural production. Land security emanates from the land law implemented in-country by government policy. In the span of a decade (2007–2017), three different land reforms have been adopted in Benin. This paper aims to investigate the land rights and land tenure security for sustainable food production according to land law and the factors that influence agricultural entrepreneurial activities in North Benin. The study was carried out in the Borgou department, mainly in five communes that are beneficiaries of the Responsible Land Policy Project of GIZ (Promotion d’une Politique Foncière Responsible: ProPFR/GIZ). A multistage sampling procedure was used to select the agricultural entrepreneur respondents. A total of 102 agriculture entrepreneurs were interviewed in 25 villages. According to land law in Benin, the results highlight the different levels of land tenure security and land rights represented by types of land documents: type contract (use right), certificates of customary ownership (ADC), and land title. The research reveals that 44.3% of the land of agriculture entrepreneurs’ respondents possessed the certificates of customary ownership and 18% possessed the land title. The facilitation of access to legal land documents such as certificates of customary ownership and land titles can protect agricultural entrepreneurship for sustainable food production. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rural Land Management Interaction with Urbanization)
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19 pages, 2317 KiB  
Article
Assessment on the Urbanization Quality of China’s Main Grain-Producing Areas under the SDGs
by Fengjuan Geng, Jing Zhang, Changhong Miao, Wenying Shang and Liuyang Yuan
Land 2022, 11(8), 1163; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/land11081163 - 27 Jul 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1333
Abstract
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the United Nations in 2015 guide the important direction of high-quality urbanization in China’s main grain-producing areas (MGPAs), and improving the quality of urbanization is also crucial to achieve the SDGs. China’s MGPAs not only undertake [...] Read more.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) adopted by the United Nations in 2015 guide the important direction of high-quality urbanization in China’s main grain-producing areas (MGPAs), and improving the quality of urbanization is also crucial to achieve the SDGs. China’s MGPAs not only undertake the task of promoting urbanization but also of ensuring food security. The establishment of an index system based on SDGs can more effectively measure the urbanization quality of MGPAs. For the specific targets of the SDGs, this study established two sets of multidimensional indicator systems, whether including the goals of food and agriculture, and tracked the progress toward improving urbanization quality of China’s MGPAs, including 128 prefecture-level cities, during 2010–2018. We found that the comprehensive urbanization quality and the index of economic efficiency, urbanization level, and environmental quality showed an upward trend with significant regional differences and spatial agglomeration distributions, but the level of agricultural development and urban–rural co-ordination have declined in recent years; the ranking and distribution of urbanization quality, including agricultural development, varied significantly, and the number of cities belonging to the good co-ordination mode decreased as some cities changed to a lower level; and urbanization that does not sacrifice the agricultural capabilities of MGPAs could improve urbanization quality and implement the SDGs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rural Land Management Interaction with Urbanization)
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27 pages, 11533 KiB  
Article
Management of Landslides in a Rural–Urban Transition Zone Using Machine Learning Algorithms—A Case Study of a National Highway (NH-44), India, in the Rugged Himalayan Terrains
by Mohsin Fayaz, Gowhar Meraj, Sheik Abdul Khader, Majid Farooq, Shruti Kanga, Suraj Kumar Singh, Pankaj Kumar and Netrananda Sahu
Land 2022, 11(6), 884; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/land11060884 - 10 Jun 2022
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3365
Abstract
Landslides are critical natural disasters characterized by a downward movement of land masses. As one of the deadliest types of disasters worldwide, they have a high death toll every year and cause a large amount of economic damage. The transition between urban and [...] Read more.
Landslides are critical natural disasters characterized by a downward movement of land masses. As one of the deadliest types of disasters worldwide, they have a high death toll every year and cause a large amount of economic damage. The transition between urban and rural areas is characterized by highways, which, in rugged Himalayan terrain, have to be constructed by cutting into the mountains, thereby destabilizing them and making them prone to landslides. This study was conducted landslide-prone regions of the entire Himalayan belt, i.e., National Highway NH-44 (the Jammu–Srinagar stretch). The main objectives of this study are to understand the causes behind the regular recurrence of the landslides in this region and propose a landslide early warning system (LEWS) based on the most suitable machine learning algorithms among the four selected, i.e., multiple linear regression, adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS), random forest, and decision tree. It was found that ANFIS and random forest outperformed the other proposed methods with a substantial increase in overall accuracy. The LEWS model was developed using the land system parameters that govern landslide occurrence, such as rainfall, soil moisture, distance to the road and river, slope, land surface temperature (LST), and the built-up area (BUA) near the landslide site. The developed LEWS was validated using various statistical error assessment tools such as the root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE), confusion matrix, out-of-bag (OOB) error estimation, and area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC). The outcomes of this study can help to manage landslide hazards in the Himalayan urban–rural transition zones and serve as a sample study for similar mountainous regions of the world. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rural Land Management Interaction with Urbanization)
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18 pages, 4754 KiB  
Article
Transforming the Use of Agricultural Premises under Urbanization Pressures: A Story from a Second-Tier Post-Socialist City
by Petr Klusáček, Stanislav Martinát, Klára Charvátová and Josef Navrátil
Land 2022, 11(6), 866; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/land11060866 - 08 Jun 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1849
Abstract
Diverse aspects of de-agrarianization, which is manifested by the cessation or significant reduction in agricultural activities, have been clearly visible at the outskirts of large cities in Central Europe in recent decades. The key drivers behind this process include increased pressures to cover [...] Read more.
Diverse aspects of de-agrarianization, which is manifested by the cessation or significant reduction in agricultural activities, have been clearly visible at the outskirts of large cities in Central Europe in recent decades. The key drivers behind this process include increased pressures to cover peri-urban agricultural land by new developments, inadequate protection of agricultural land, ineffective implementation of urban planning policies, low recognition of the importance of agriculture, and overall changes in people’s dietary habits. Urbanization pressures undoubtedly belong to the factors intensifying overall de-agrarianization, as urban farmers are usually not able to compete with other urban functions. This article focuses on more in-depth understanding of the driving forces behind de-agrarianization processes that are specific to post-socialist cities. As a case study, Brno, a second-tier city in the Czech Republic, was selected. In the first part, the conceptual framework and drivers of de-agrarianization are discussed specifically for the case of large Central European post-socialist cities. In the next part, we explore by means of a set of qualitative interviews the case study of the regeneration of the area of a former Cistercian monastery in Brno that was traditionally used for agricultural purposes, but recently was redeveloped for a university campus. Our findings signal procedural issues connected to the preservation of architectural heritage during the regeneration that frequently end up with only fragments being preserved. We also demonstrate a decline in the use of urban agricultural properties that are hastily transformed into a new urban environment under extremely strong urbanization pressures. We argue that even in economically prosperous cities with highly neoliberal competition between possible urban land uses, agriculture must be considered a relevant and highly important urban function and more protected by planning tools. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rural Land Management Interaction with Urbanization)
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18 pages, 3021 KiB  
Article
Which Polish Cities Sprawl the Most
by Różycka-Czas Renata, Czesak Barbara and Staszel Andrzej
Land 2021, 10(12), 1291; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/land10121291 - 25 Nov 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2461
Abstract
Spatial transformations stemming from urban sprawl are evident not only in the USA or Western Europe but also in Central and Eastern Europe, including Poland. Urban sprawl materialises mostly in land-cover and land-use change involving an increase in the proportion of urbanised areas [...] Read more.
Spatial transformations stemming from urban sprawl are evident not only in the USA or Western Europe but also in Central and Eastern Europe, including Poland. Urban sprawl materialises mostly in land-cover and land-use change involving an increase in the proportion of urbanised areas and discontinuous urban fabric in the total area. The paper’s objective was to identify the degree of urban sprawl based on the area of discontinuous urban fabric. The spatial analysis was aimed at finding differences in land-cover ratios by individual urbanised land categories. The analysed data for 2006, 2012, and 2018 were retrieved from the Urban Atlas. The method employed was NUASI (normalised Urban Atlas sprawl indicator). A series of computations revealed that urban sprawl is found in Poland as well. Changes caused by the increase in the discontinuous urban fabric in the total urban fabric were the most pronounced from 2006 to 2012. From 2012 to 2018, the pace of the increase stabilised, but its dynamics declined. The study demonstrated a strong spatial variability of the indicator. Urban sprawl was found to be the most intense in southern and southeastern Poland. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rural Land Management Interaction with Urbanization)
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21 pages, 3176 KiB  
Article
Mining, Urban Growth, and Agrarian Changes in the Atacama Desert: The Case of the Calama Oasis in Northern Chile
by Matías Calderón-Seguel, Manuel Prieto, Oliver Meseguer-Ruiz, Freddy Viñales, Paulina Hidalgo and Elías Esper
Land 2021, 10(11), 1262; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/land10111262 - 19 Nov 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2784
Abstract
Since the mid-twentieth century, Latin American rural territories have undergone significant transformations. One of the leading causes is the expansion of large-scale operations that exploit natural resources for world market exportation with low processing. In this paper, we study the changes in agricultural [...] Read more.
Since the mid-twentieth century, Latin American rural territories have undergone significant transformations. One of the leading causes is the expansion of large-scale operations that exploit natural resources for world market exportation with low processing. In this paper, we study the changes in agricultural activities, livestock, and land use in the Calama oasis (the Atacama Desert, northern Chile) in relation to the growth of large-scale copper mining and other chained processes (urbanization and increased demand for water resources); based on a mixed methodology combining descriptive statistics, archival and bibliographic review, ethnography, and spatial analysis. We present the results through a historical reconstruction of the analyzed dimensions and their relationships, accounting for contradictory dynamics in time and space. We identify how mining and urban growth promote some agricultural and livestock activities under certain economic and political conditions, while in other contexts, these activities have been severely weakened, seeing increasing urbanization of rural land, rural-urban pluriactivity, and a growing deagrarianization. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rural Land Management Interaction with Urbanization)
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Review

Jump to: Research

21 pages, 383 KiB  
Review
The Interaction between Urban and Rural Areas: An Updated Paradigmatic, Methodological and Bibliographic Review
by Carmen Delgado-Viñas and María-Luisa Gómez-Moreno
Land 2022, 11(8), 1298; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/land11081298 - 11 Aug 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 7463
Abstract
The relationships and interactions between rural and urban spaces have long been of interest in the territorial sciences. However, the approaches taken to these questions have evolved in line with the changing characteristics of the two types of territories, reflecting new relationships and [...] Read more.
The relationships and interactions between rural and urban spaces have long been of interest in the territorial sciences. However, the approaches taken to these questions have evolved in line with the changing characteristics of the two types of territories, reflecting new relationships and structures. From these premises, we update the concept of rural–urban interaction by means of an extensive bibliographic review, which, among other results, highlights: (1) the profound change that has taken place in recent years in rural–urban interaction through processes such as de-agrarianisation, the tertiarisation of the economy and improvements in transport and communication infrastructures; (2) the resulting obsolescence of earlier typologies and procedures focused on discrimination between rural and urban environments, rather than on the interaction between them; (3) the difficulty of establishing valid, widely applicable typologies, given the profound differences in terms of (a) the scale and content of the statistics available in each country and (b) the territorial background in terms of economic functions and the characteristics, ancient and modern, of human settlement; (4) the predominance of an urban-centric approach, to the detriment of more traditional rural functions, such as agriculture, the importance of which is diluted by its low relative weight in terms of employed population and contribution to GDP. Consideration of these findings leads us to propose a new approach to the question of rural–urban interaction, reflecting the multifunctionality of rural spaces, and we identify useful areas for future research. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Rural Land Management Interaction with Urbanization)
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