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Automotive Tribology II
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Automotive Tribology II

A special issue of Lubricants (ISSN 2075-4442).

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (1 September 2022) | Viewed by 36133

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Adolfo Senatore

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Salerno, via Giovanni Paolo II, 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
Interests: mechatronic systems; frictional modeling and model-based control in automotive transmissions; lubrication in internal combustion engines and journal bearings; effects of nanoparticles as friction reducer additives; vibration measurement methods
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The automotive industry is facing new challenges and rapid technological changes. The continuous increase in the severity of government regulations outlines new targets for fuel consumption, pollution, and mechanical efficiency; hence, hybrid vehicles (HEVs) and plug-in hybrid vehicles (PHEVs) are likely to become mainstream in the future. Nevertheless, according to recent reports, the annual sales of non-electrified vehicles, HEVs/PHEVs, and battery electric vehicle/fuel cell vehicles will be 4.5 million, 4.5 million (“only” 1.4 million units in 2016), and 1.0 million units, respectively, by 2030. In other words, although the automobile market is shifting to electrification, in 2030, vehicles equipped with internal combustion engines will still account for approximately 90% of the annual sales volume of passenger vehicles, and further fuel saving of internal combustion engines will be required. Additionally, despite the incessant increase in investments related to the electric vehicles sector, most scientific research has been focused on the energy efficiency and performance of batteries and electric powertrains, whereas topics related to new and unconventional architectures for brakes, bearings, transmissions, and tailored lubrication systems in hybrid or full electric vehicles have been researched from a tribological point of view in only few papers so far.

The reception of the first edition by the readers exceeded our expectations and now, together with the Editorial Office of Lubricants, I am proud to launch the second edition of the Special Issue “Automotive Tribology”, thought to cover the latest developments concerning the frictional and wear behaviour of complex mechanical systems by pointing out the remarkable effort from academic and industrial researchers linked to tribological innovations in the vehicular field. According to the substantial changes in the operating conditions of near future automotive technology, this issue may provide useful support to engineers responsible for developing the most efficient and dependable systems linked to tribological progress in the fascinating automotive world.

Prof. Dr. Adolfo Senatore
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Lubricants is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Vehicle Fuel Economy
  • High Efficiency Engines
  • Powertrain efficiency and vibration
  • Internal Combustion Engine friction
  • Wear processes in automotive systems
  • Clutch frictional response
  • Tire-road friction
  • Braking systems
  • Bearings and valve train
  • Vehicle noise and vibration issues
  • Tribodynamics of engine and powertrain
  • Novel automotive materials for enhanced frictional performances
  • Innovative lubricants
  • Optimised textured surfaces
  • Laboratory and field testing methods
  • Vehicle dynamics
  • Automatic, automated and CVT transmissions

Related Special Issue

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 6385 KiB  
Article
Manipulating Frictional Performance of Wet Clutch Engagement through Material Properties and Operating Conditions
by Siyoul Jang
Lubricants 2022, 10(9), 225; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/lubricants10090225 - 19 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1679
Abstract
Wet clutch engagement is mainly influenced by the frictional behaviors between the friction pad and steel plate as well as the lubrication behaviors. A positive μ–V friction coefficient of the wet clutch pad is the most preferable characteristic for improving antishudder behavior. In [...] Read more.
Wet clutch engagement is mainly influenced by the frictional behaviors between the friction pad and steel plate as well as the lubrication behaviors. A positive μ–V friction coefficient of the wet clutch pad is the most preferable characteristic for improving antishudder behavior. In this study, a wet clutch engagement mechanism is theoretically divided into two major frictional behaviors, namely, direct asperity contact of interacting surfaces and hydrodynamic lubrication, for positive μ–V friction performance. These two behaviors are investigated with regard to both material characteristics of the friction pad–steel plate interactions and hydrodynamic lubrication mechanism. Frictional interactions of the friction pad are analyzed according to the material properties of the friction pad, such as elasticity, permeability, and roughness. Hydrodynamic lubrication, by which the initial period of the engagement is dominantly governed by the waviness of surface shape, is investigated to increase the frictional resistance in the initial stage of engagement relative to that in the final stage of engagement for realizing a positive μ–V friction coefficient. Computational simulations of wet clutch engagement behaviors are performed and compared with each other to obtain positive μ–V friction characteristics of the friction pad. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Automotive Tribology II)
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20 pages, 7822 KiB  
Article
ZDDP Tribofilm Formation from a Formulated Oil on Textured Cylinder Liners
by Leonardo C. Dias, Giuseppe Pintaude, Alessandro A. O. F. Vittorino and Henara L. Costa
Lubricants 2022, 10(6), 118; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/lubricants10060118 - 07 Jun 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2440
Abstract
Surface texturing can improve lubrication and entrap wear debris but increases the effective roughness of the surfaces, which can induce higher contact pressures. On the one hand, this can be detrimental, but on the other hand, the increase in contact pressure could be [...] Read more.
Surface texturing can improve lubrication and entrap wear debris but increases the effective roughness of the surfaces, which can induce higher contact pressures. On the one hand, this can be detrimental, but on the other hand, the increase in contact pressure could be used to activate the formation of a ZDDP tribofilm from fully-formulated lubricants. This work investigates the synergistic effect between surface texturing via Maskless Electrochemical Texturing (MECT) and ZDDP additive. The surface texture consisted of an array of annular pockets manufactured on a gray cast iron cylinder liner. These textured surfaces were evaluated by scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The results indicated that surface texturing via MECT changes the chemical composition of the surfaces, by inducing a preferential dissolution of the metal matrix. Consequently, it exposed the carbon present in the material. The tribological performance was evaluated by a ring-on-cylinder-liner tribometer in reciprocating sliding under boundary lubrication conditions using both a base oil and a commercial formulated oil containing ZDDP additive. For comparison, a commercially honed liner was also tested. After the tribological tests, the surfaces were evaluated by white light interferometry and SEM/EDX. Although the textured surfaces showed higher friction, they induced more ZDDP-tribofilm formation than conventional cylinder liner finish. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Automotive Tribology II)
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14 pages, 5027 KiB  
Article
A Minimal Input Engine Friction Model for Power Loss Prediction
by Cristiana Delprete, Chiara Gastaldi and Lorenzo Giorio
Lubricants 2022, 10(5), 94; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/lubricants10050094 - 12 May 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2000
Abstract
The minimization of friction losses in internal combustion engines is a goal of primary importance for the automotive industry, both to improve performance and to comply with increasingly stringent legislative requirements. It is therefore necessary to provide designers with tools for the effective [...] Read more.
The minimization of friction losses in internal combustion engines is a goal of primary importance for the automotive industry, both to improve performance and to comply with increasingly stringent legislative requirements. It is therefore necessary to provide designers with tools for the effective estimation of friction losses from the earliest stages of design. We present a code for the estimation of friction losses in piston assembly that uses semianalytical models that require only strictly necessary geometric and functional inputs for the representation of components. This feature renders the code particularly suitable for the preliminary design phase. Furthermore, models ensure reduced computation times while maintaining excellent predictive capabilities, as demonstrated by the numerical–experimental comparison. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Automotive Tribology II)
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16 pages, 3031 KiB  
Article
Influence of Fluid Film Bearings with Different Axial Groove Shapes on Automotive Turbochargers: An Experimental Study
by Luiz Henrique Jorge Machado, Oscar Ricardo Sandoval, José Victor Matos Carvalho Pereira, Juliana Primo Basílio de Souza, Bryan Castro Caetano, Vítor Mourão Hanriot, Fabrício José Pacheco Pujatti and Marco Tulio Correa de Faria
Lubricants 2022, 10(5), 92; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/lubricants10050092 - 11 May 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1949
Abstract
Most commercial automotive turbochargers (TC) employ semi-floating ring bearings (SFRB) with axial groove shapes. In order to bring some insights into the role played by the axial groove geometry on the dynamics of TC, this work deals with an experimental study of the [...] Read more.
Most commercial automotive turbochargers (TC) employ semi-floating ring bearings (SFRB) with axial groove shapes. In order to bring some insights into the role played by the axial groove geometry on the dynamics of TC, this work deals with an experimental study of the rotordynamic behavior of a stock automotive turbocharger operating on SFRB with two different groove shapes, which have the same volume and width, and with the same number of grooves. The rotating machine behavior has been evaluated under different operating conditions using a test bench specially designed to analyze turbochargers. Rotordynamic (RD) characteristics of automotive turbochargers are estimated to evaluate the influence of the axial groove geometry on the machine vibratory behavior. Frequency spectra and orbital plots of the rotor are obtained from accelerometers and proximity probes mounted on the turbocharger. The comparative analysis of the vibrational behavior of automotive turbochargers running on different supporting systems allows the identification of the role played by the axial grooves on the machine rotordynamic performance. The experimental results rendered in this work permit to classify the influence of the axial groove geometry on the turbocharger rotordynamic behavior for several speed and flow conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Automotive Tribology II)
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22 pages, 6094 KiB  
Article
Analysis of the Thermo-Mechanical Behavior of a Multi-Plate Clutch during Transient Operating Conditions Using the FE Method
by Thomas Schneider, Maximilian Dietsch, Katharina Voelkel, Hermann Pflaum and Karsten Stahl
Lubricants 2022, 10(5), 76; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/lubricants10050076 - 21 Apr 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2259
Abstract
Failures of multi-plate clutches must be reliably excluded due to safety-critical functionalities in the drive train. The main reason for failures of multi-plate clutches due to long-term and spontaneous damage is thermal damage. In this paper, a parameterizable two-dimensional finite element model is [...] Read more.
Failures of multi-plate clutches must be reliably excluded due to safety-critical functionalities in the drive train. The main reason for failures of multi-plate clutches due to long-term and spontaneous damage is thermal damage. In this paper, a parameterizable two-dimensional finite element model is developed and validated for damage prevention and for analyzing the thermo-mechanical behavior of a clutch in transient operation. Both numerical verification and validation with experimental results are very good despite the simplifications in the model. Subsequently, the temperature and pressure distribution of the individual friction areas is determined. The results show that the maximum temperatures tend to occur at the outer diameter of the friction area. The pressure distribution is very homogeneous. In a parameter study, the influence of Young’s modulus of the friction lining, the thermal conductivity of the friction lining, and the steel plate thickness on the temperature and pressure behavior in the clutch is investigated. Although the Young’s modulus of the friction lining influences the pressure distribution in the friction contact, the temperature behavior is only slightly changed by the variation of the elastic modulus due to the load case. The thermal conductivity of the lining and steel plate thickness have a strong influence on the temperature level in the clutch. However, the distribution of pressures is still very homogeneous compared to the reference model. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Automotive Tribology II)
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18 pages, 4720 KiB  
Article
A Mesoscopic Simulation Approach Based on Metal Fibre Characterization Data to Evaluate Brake Friction Performance
by Francesco Varriale, Gabriele Riva, Jens Wahlström and Yezhe Lyu
Lubricants 2022, 10(3), 34; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/lubricants10030034 - 25 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2003
Abstract
The coefficient of friction (COF) is an important parameter when evaluating brake system performance. It is complex to predict friction due to its dependence on parameters, such as sliding velocity, contact pressure, temperature, and friction material mixtures. The aim of this work is [...] Read more.
The coefficient of friction (COF) is an important parameter when evaluating brake system performance. It is complex to predict friction due to its dependence on parameters, such as sliding velocity, contact pressure, temperature, and friction material mixtures. The aim of this work is to evaluate the macroscopic COF of a disc brake system under specific braking conditions by a meso-scale approach, using a cellular automaton simulation where the friction material mixture is modelled starting from its basic components. The influence of the local components in contact is taken into account. Simulated COF values are in line with the experimental values. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Automotive Tribology II)
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18 pages, 13605 KiB  
Article
Comparative Studies on the Dry Sliding Behavior of a Low-Metallic Friction Material with the Addition of Graphite and Exfoliated g-C3N4
by Priyadarshini Jayashree, Vlastimil Matějka, Kryštof Foniok and Giovanni Straffelini
Lubricants 2022, 10(2), 27; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/lubricants10020027 - 15 Feb 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2275
Abstract
This study compares the effect of the addition of two types of lubricants on the dry sliding behavior of a simplified Cu-free phenolic resin-based composite material. The lubricants were commercial graphite and exfoliated graphitic carbon nitride (codenamed: TEX6). The graphite particles were rounded [...] Read more.
This study compares the effect of the addition of two types of lubricants on the dry sliding behavior of a simplified Cu-free phenolic resin-based composite material. The lubricants were commercial graphite and exfoliated graphitic carbon nitride (codenamed: TEX6). The graphite particles were rounded and of ‘flaky’ character. The TEX6 particles were not only flaky, but also irregular in shape, and ‘fluffy’. Both lubricants were added individually in the basic formulation and subjected to dry sliding tests on pin-on-disc testing equipment in mild conditions and against a grey cast-iron counterface. The tests with TEX6 observed a stable steady state in the friction coefficient (CoF) with lower scatter and lower average friction coefficient and pin wear magnitude when compared to samples containing graphite. Additionally, the worn surfaces of the TEX6-containing samples had extremely smooth, compact, and continuous secondary plateau coverage when compared to the graphite-containing samples. The counterface paired with the TEX6-containing samples observed much lower abrasive action compared to the graphite-containing samples. Through the wear testing and further evaluation of the secondary plateaus, the possible addition of TEX6 as a lubricant in friction material composition was explained, making it a promising component for automotive braking applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Automotive Tribology II)
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10 pages, 3334 KiB  
Article
Three-Dimensional Finite Element Analysis of Contact Problem in Dry Friction Clutches
by Laith A. Sabri, Nadica Stojanović, Adolfo Senatore, Muhsin Jaber Jweeg, Azher M. Abed and Oday I. Abdullah
Lubricants 2021, 9(12), 115; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/lubricants9120115 - 27 Nov 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3804
Abstract
We present an investigation through numerical analysis (FEM) of the solution of the contact problem in friction clutch systems during engagement manoeuver. The case of high contact pressure between the sliding elements of a clutch system (flywheel, friction clutch and pressure plate) has [...] Read more.
We present an investigation through numerical analysis (FEM) of the solution of the contact problem in friction clutch systems during engagement manoeuver. The case of high contact pressure between the sliding elements of a clutch system (flywheel, friction clutch and pressure plate) has been also considered. A finite element model of a dry friction clutch system (single disc) to estimate the distributions of the contact pressure between the contact elements of the clutch system under different working conditions has been developed and the main findings are discussed. Furthermore, the effect of modules of elasticity (contact stiffness) on the distribution of contact pressure of the mating surfaces was investigated. Also, the results encompass the deformations of the contacting surfaces for different cases. This work could provide a fundamental intermediate step to obtain a partial solution to the thermos-elastic problem in order to compute the thermal-driven deformations and stresses in the automotive clutches and brakes under different working conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Automotive Tribology II)
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20 pages, 2834 KiB  
Article
A Study on the Flow Resistance of Fluids Flowing in the Engine Oil-Cooler Chosen
by Bogdan Derbiszewski, Marek Wozniak, Lukasz Grala, Michal Waleciak, Maksym Hryshchuk, Krzysztof Siczek, Andrzej Obraniak and Przemyslaw Kubiak
Lubricants 2021, 9(8), 75; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/lubricants9080075 - 29 Jul 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4453
Abstract
Oil-coolers are necessary components in high performance diesel engines. The heat removed by the cooler is a component in the total heat rejection via the engine coolant. Oil-cooler absorbs the heat rejected during the piston cooling and engine rubbing friction power loss. During [...] Read more.
Oil-coolers are necessary components in high performance diesel engines. The heat removed by the cooler is a component in the total heat rejection via the engine coolant. Oil-cooler absorbs the heat rejected during the piston cooling and engine rubbing friction power loss. During flows of both coolant and engine oil via the oil-cooler, some flow resistances occur. The aim of the study is to determine values of the flow resistance coefficient for oil going through the cooler at various temperatures. The test stand was developed to determine time needed to empty tanks from liquids flowing through oil-cooler. The flow model was elaborated to study the mentioned flow resistance coefficient with respect to changing liquid temperature. The 20 °C increase in liquid temperature resulted in a flow resistance coefficient decrease of 30% for coolant and of the much more for engine oil. It was found that better results would be achieved with flows forced by means of pumps instead of using gravitational forces on the test stand. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Automotive Tribology II)
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14 pages, 3879 KiB  
Article
Impacts of a Profile Failure of the Cycloidal Drive of a Planetary Gear on Transmission Gear
by Attila Csobán
Lubricants 2021, 9(7), 71; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/lubricants9070071 - 20 Jul 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2736
Abstract
Recently, cycloidal drives have been increasingly used due to their beneficial features, such as the implementation of a large transmission, efficiency, and high performance density. Production accuracy is inevitable in order to ensure the dynamically proper and smooth operation of the drive. Smaller [...] Read more.
Recently, cycloidal drives have been increasingly used due to their beneficial features, such as the implementation of a large transmission, efficiency, and high performance density. Production accuracy is inevitable in order to ensure the dynamically proper and smooth operation of the drive. Smaller backlash and minimal transmission fluctuations can only be achieved by improving the production accuracy, reducing the number of production failures, and shrinking the tolerance zone. This research primarily focuses on the investigation of the tolerable production accuracy of small-series and individually manufactured drives. The analysis of load distribution was calculated on the cogs of a planetary gear made with a wire EDM machine. On the other hand, we investigate how production failures affect transmission fluctuations and the backlash of a drive. The novelty of this research is based on the determined analytical equations, which can help engineers to find the right tolerances to a given gear ratio fluctuation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Automotive Tribology II)
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15 pages, 1617 KiB  
Article
Artificial Aging Experiments of Neat and Contaminated Engine Oil Samples
by András Lajos Nagy, Jan Rohde-Brandenburger and Ibolya Zsoldos
Lubricants 2021, 9(6), 63; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/lubricants9060063 - 19 Jun 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2401
Abstract
This study highlights how the results from an artificial engine oil aging method compare to used engine oil samples collected from a vehicle fleet. Additionally, this paper presents the effect of contaminating the oil during aging with synthetic fuel alternatives on the physical [...] Read more.
This study highlights how the results from an artificial engine oil aging method compare to used engine oil samples collected from a vehicle fleet. Additionally, this paper presents the effect of contaminating the oil during aging with synthetic fuel alternatives on the physical and chemical properties of artificially aged engine oil samples. A laboratory-scale artificial thermo-oxidative aging experiment was conducted on multiple samples of commercially available formulated fully-synthetic SAE 0W-30 engine oil. The goal of the experiment was to establish the validity of the artificially aged samples as well as the validity of the underlying process in reproducibly fabricating small batches of aged engine oil with comparable chemical and physical properties to real-life used oils. Eight samples were subjected to distinct load cases (temperature, air flow rate, sample volume and aging time). Six additional samples were subjected to an intermediate load case, with five of them contaminated with selected conventional fuels and novel automotive fuel candidates. Conventional oil analysis was conducted on each sample to determine oxidation, residual additive content, kinematic viscosity and total base number. Additionally, analysis results were compared to in-use engine oil samples through PCA. The resulting oil condition after aging is in accordance with independently published results in terms of zinc dialkyldithiophosphate content and kinematic viscosity. Contaminated aging with OME 3-5 resulted in a drop in antioxidant content and elevated kinematic viscosity. Based on the comparison with in-use samples, artificial aging of 200 mL engine oil at 180 °C with 1 L/min air flow for 96 h can produce similar oil conditions as mixed vehicle use for 7000 km. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Automotive Tribology II)
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13 pages, 5056 KiB  
Article
UV-Visible Spectrophotometer for Distinguishing Oxidation Time of Engine Oil
by Torrey Holland, Ali Mazin Abdul-Munaim, Christopher Mandrell, Robinson Karunanithy, Dennis G. Watson and Poopalasingam Sivakumar
Lubricants 2021, 9(4), 37; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/lubricants9040037 - 03 Apr 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 4073
Abstract
Samples of gasoline engine oil (SAE 5W20) that had been exposed to various oxidation times were inspected with a UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer to select the best wavelengths and wavelength ranges for distinguishing oxidation times. Engine oil samples were subjected to different thermal oxidation [...] Read more.
Samples of gasoline engine oil (SAE 5W20) that had been exposed to various oxidation times were inspected with a UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometer to select the best wavelengths and wavelength ranges for distinguishing oxidation times. Engine oil samples were subjected to different thermal oxidation periods of 0, 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, and 144 hours, resulting in a range of total base number (TBN) levels. Each wavelength (190.5 – 849.5 nm) and selected wavelength ranges were evaluated to determine the wavelength or wavelength ranges that could best distinguish among all oxidation times. The best wavelengths and wavelength ranges were analyzed with linear regression to determine the best wavelength or range to predict oxidation time. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Automotive Tribology II)
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14 pages, 14454 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Tribological Properties of Different Textured Lead Bronze Coatings under Severe Load Conditions
by Adolfo Senatore, Giacomo Risitano, Lorenzo Scappaticci and Danilo D’Andrea
Lubricants 2021, 9(4), 34; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/lubricants9040034 - 26 Mar 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 2472
Abstract
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the variation in the coefficient of friction (CoF) and also the wear in a lead bronze coating under different texture conditions. The tribological tests were performed using a tribometer with pin on disk configuration. Several [...] Read more.
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the variation in the coefficient of friction (CoF) and also the wear in a lead bronze coating under different texture conditions. The tribological tests were performed using a tribometer with pin on disk configuration. Several kinds of textures, realised by a surface laser texturing, were tested by varying the diameter, depth, and density of the dimples under severe working conditions. The innovative aspect concerns the behaviour of the textured lead bronze coating and the lubrication conditions when the sample is subjected to extreme load conditions. Confocal microscopies and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy)/EDS (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy) analyses were performed to evaluate the texture behaviour and also the surface deterioration of the coating. The results show that the application of texture processing leads to an improvement in the tribological properties of the coating. By analysing separately the variation of the different geometric parameters of the dimples, it has been shown that the best results are obtained with a diameter of 50 μm, a density of 5%, and a depth of 5 μm. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Automotive Tribology II)
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