Research

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13 pages, 2949 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fabrication and Characterization of a Multifunctional Coating to Promote the Osteogenic Properties of Orthopedic Implants

by Serap (Gungor) Koc, Tuba Baygar, Selma Özarslan, Nurdan Sarac and Aysel Ugur

Materials 2023, 16(19), 6608; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma16196608 - 09 Oct 2023

Viewed by 1061

Abstract

Titanium-based alloys are used in orthopedic applications as fixation elements, hard tissue replacements in artificial bones, and dental implants. Despite their wide range of applications, metallic implant defects and failures arise due to inadequate mechanical bonding, postoperative clotting problems, aseptic loosening, and infections. [...] Read more.

Titanium-based alloys are used in orthopedic applications as fixation elements, hard tissue replacements in artificial bones, and dental implants. Despite their wide range of applications, metallic implant defects and failures arise due to inadequate mechanical bonding, postoperative clotting problems, aseptic loosening, and infections. To improve the surface bioactivity and reduce the corrosion rate of the Ti6Al4V alloy, multi-layered coatings (HAp, BG, Cs, and Hep) were applied via electrophoretic deposition (EPD). XRD images showed the presence of HAp within the coating. In vitro investigation: cell line NIH-3T3 fibroblasts were seeded on the non-coated and coated Ti6Al4V substrates, and their cellular behavior was evaluated. The results indicated that the HApBGCsHep coating could enhance the adhesion and proliferation of NIH 3T3 cells. In addition, the potentiodynamic polarization results are compatible with the in vitro outcome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Bioactive Materials and Coatings for Biomedical Applications)

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30 pages, 6673 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrostatic and Covalent Binding of an Antibacterial Polymer to Hydroxyapatite for Protection against Escherichia coli Colonization

by Sudip Chakraborty, Georgio Katsifis, Iman Roohani, Cyrille Boyer, David McKenzie, Mark D. P. Willcox, Renxun Chen and Naresh Kumar

Materials 2023, 16(14), 5045; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma16145045 - 17 Jul 2023

Viewed by 1303

Abstract

Orthopedic-device-related infections are notorious for causing physical and psychological trauma to patients suffering from them. Traditional methods of treating these infections have relied heavily on antibiotics and are becoming ineffectual due to the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Mimics of antimicrobial peptides have emerged [...] Read more.

Orthopedic-device-related infections are notorious for causing physical and psychological trauma to patients suffering from them. Traditional methods of treating these infections have relied heavily on antibiotics and are becoming ineffectual due to the rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Mimics of antimicrobial peptides have emerged as exciting alternatives due to their favorable antibacterial properties and lack of propensity for generating resistant bacteria. In this study, the efficacy of an antibacterial polymer as a coating material for hydroxyapatite and glass surfaces, two materials with wide ranging application in orthopedics and the biomedical sciences, is demonstrated. Both physical and covalent modes of attachment of the polymer to these materials were explored. Polymer attachment to the material surfaces was confirmed via X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and contact angle measurements. The modified surfaces exhibited significant antibacterial activity against the Gram-negative bacterium E. coli, and the activity was retained for a prolonged period on the surfaces of the covalently modified materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Bioactive Materials and Coatings for Biomedical Applications)

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17 pages, 9670 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Si Content on the Thermal Expansion of Ti15Mo(0–2 Si) Biomaterial Alloys during Different Heating Rates

by Hayam A. Aly, Mohamed M. El-Sayed Seleman, Ashraf Bakkar, Ibrahim Albaijan, Mohamed M. Z. Ahmed and Khaled M. Ibrahim

Materials 2023, 16(13), 4768; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma16134768 - 01 Jul 2023

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 941

Abstract

Thermal expansion measurements were used to characterize phase transformations in metastable β-Ti alloys (Ti15MoxSi) without and with various Si additions (where x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2 in wt.%) during linear heating at two heating rates of 5 and 10 °C/min [...] Read more.

Thermal expansion measurements were used to characterize phase transformations in metastable β-Ti alloys (Ti15MoxSi) without and with various Si additions (where x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, and 2 in wt.%) during linear heating at two heating rates of 5 and 10 °C/min up to 850 °C. For this study, five alloys were developed and examined in terms of their presence phases, microstructures, and starting and final transformation temperatures. According to the results, all of the as-cast samples primarily include an equiaxed β-Ti phase. The influence of phase transformation on the material dimensions was discussed and compared with the variations in Si contents. The transformation was investigated using a dilatometric technique for the developed alloys during continuous heating and cooling. The dilatometric curve of heating revealed two distinct reflection points as the heating temperature increased. The starting transformation temperature (T_s) to obtain the ω-phase was reported at 359 °C without Si addition; whereas the final transformation temperature (T_f) of the dissolution of α-phase was obtained at 572 °C at a heating rate of 10 °C/min. At 2 wt.% Si, the first derivative curves reported T_s and T_f transforming temperatures of 314–565 °C (at a 5 °C/min heating rate) and 270–540 °C (at a 10 °C/min heating rate), respectively. The T_s and T_f transforming temperatures were significantly decreased with Si additions, which decreased the β-transus temperature. Moreover, the thermal expansion coefficient curves of the investigated alloys without and with 2 wt.% Si were studied. The transformation heating curves have an S-shaped pattern, according to the results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Bioactive Materials and Coatings for Biomedical Applications)

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25 pages, 7354 KiB

Open AccessArticle

RF Magnetron Sputtering of Substituted Hydroxyapatite for Deposition of Biocoatings

by Konstantin A. Prosolov, Vladimir V. Lastovka, Margarita A. Khimich, Valentina V. Chebodaeva, Igor A. Khlusov and Yurii P. Sharkeev

Materials 2022, 15(19), 6828; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15196828 - 01 Oct 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1450

Abstract

Functionalization of titanium (Ti)-based alloy implant surfaces by deposition of calcium phosphates (CaP) has been widely recognized. Substituted hydroxyapatites (HA) allow the coating properties to be tailored based on the use of different Ca substitutes. The formation of antibacterial CaP coatings with the [...] Read more.

Functionalization of titanium (Ti)-based alloy implant surfaces by deposition of calcium phosphates (CaP) has been widely recognized. Substituted hydroxyapatites (HA) allow the coating properties to be tailored based on the use of different Ca substitutes. The formation of antibacterial CaP coatings with the incorporation of Zn or Cu by an RF magnetron sputtering is proposed. The influence of RF magnetron targets elemental composition and structure in the case of Zn-HA and Cu-HA, and the influence of substrate’s grain size, the substrate’s temperature during the deposition, and post-deposition heat treatment (HT) on the resulting coatings are represented. Sintering the targets at 1150 °C resulted in a noticeable structural change with an increase in cell volume and lattice parameters for substituted HA. The deposition rate of Cu-HA and Zn-HA was notably higher compared to stochiometric HA (10.5 and 10) nm/min vs. 9 ± 0.5 nm/min, respectively. At the substrate temperature below 100 °C, all deposited coatings were found to be amorphous with an atomic short-range order corresponding to the {300} plane of crystalline HA. All deposited coatings were found to be hyper-stochiometric with Ca/P ratios varying from 1.9 to 2.5. An increase in the substrate temperature to 200 °C resulted in the formation of equiaxed grain structure on both coarse-grained (CG) and nanostructured (NS) Ti. The use of NS Ti notably increased the scratch resistance of the deposited coatings from18 ± 1 N to 22 ± 2 N. Influence of HT in air or Ar atmosphere is also discussed. Thus, the deposition of Zn- or Cu-containing CaP is a complex process that could be fine-tuned using the obtained research results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Bioactive Materials and Coatings for Biomedical Applications)

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24 pages, 4589 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid Ti6Al4V/Silk Fibroin Composite for Load-Bearing Implants: A Hierarchical Multifunctional Cellular Scaffold

by Simone Murchio, Matteo Benedetti, Anastasia Berto, Francesca Agostinacchio, Gianluca Zappini and Devid Maniglio

Materials 2022, 15(17), 6156; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15176156 - 05 Sep 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2175

Abstract

Despite the tremendous technological advances that metal additive manufacturing (AM) has made in the last decades, there are still some major concerns guaranteeing its massive industrial application in the biomedical field. Indeed, some main limitations arise in dealing with their biological properties, specifically [...] Read more.

Despite the tremendous technological advances that metal additive manufacturing (AM) has made in the last decades, there are still some major concerns guaranteeing its massive industrial application in the biomedical field. Indeed, some main limitations arise in dealing with their biological properties, specifically in terms of osseointegration. Morphological accuracy of sub-unital elements along with the printing resolution are major constraints in the design workspace of a lattice, hindering the possibility of manufacturing structures optimized for proper osteointegration. To overcome these issues, the authors developed a new hybrid multifunctional composite scaffold consisting of an AM Ti6Al4V lattice structure and a silk fibroin/gelatin foam. The composite was realized by combining laser powder bed fusion (L-PBF) of simple cubic lattice structures with foaming techniques. A combined process of foaming and electrodeposition has been also evaluated. The multifunctional scaffolds were characterized to evaluate their pore size, morphology, and distribution as well as their adhesion and behavior at the metal–polymer interface. Pull-out tests in dry and hydrated conditions were employed for the mechanical characterization. Additionally, a cytotoxicity assessment was performed to preliminarily evaluate their potential application in the biomedical field as load-bearing next-generation medical devices. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Bioactive Materials and Coatings for Biomedical Applications)

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14 pages, 5718 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation and Properties of Iron Nanoparticle-Based Macroporous Scaffolds for Biodegradable Implants

by Aleksandr S. Lozhkomoev, Ales S. Buyakov, Sergey O. Kazantsev, Elena I. Senkina, Maksim G. Krinitcyn, Valeria A. Ivanyuk, Aliya F. Sharipova and Marat I. Lerner

Materials 2022, 15(14), 4900; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15144900 - 14 Jul 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1226

Abstract

Fe-based scaffolds are of particular interest in the technology of biodegradable implants due to their high mechanical properties and biocompatibility. In the present work, using an electroexplosive Fe nanopowder and NaCl particles 100–200 µm in size as a porogen, scaffolds with a porosity [...] Read more.

Fe-based scaffolds are of particular interest in the technology of biodegradable implants due to their high mechanical properties and biocompatibility. In the present work, using an electroexplosive Fe nanopowder and NaCl particles 100–200 µm in size as a porogen, scaffolds with a porosity of about 70 ± 0.8% were obtained. The effect of the sintering temperature on the structure, composition, and mechanical characteristics of the scaffolds was considered. The optimum parameters of the sintering process were determined, allowing us to obtain samples characterized by plastic deformation and a yield strength of up to 16.2 MPa. The degradation of the scaffolds sintered at 1000 and 1100 °C in 0.9 wt.% NaCl solution for 28 days resulted in a decrease in their strength by 23% and 17%, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Bioactive Materials and Coatings for Biomedical Applications)

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11 pages, 2060 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microwave Treatment of Calcium Phosphate/Titanium Dioxide Composite to Improve Protein Adsorption

by Kyung Hee Park, Ho-Jun Song and Yeong-Joon Park

Materials 2022, 15(14), 4773; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15144773 - 07 Jul 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1199

Abstract

Calcium phosphate has attracted enormous attention as a bone regenerative material in biomedical fields. In this study, we investigated the effect of microwave treatment on calcium phosphate deposited TiO₂ nanoflower to improve protein adsorption. Hierarchical rutile TiO₂ nanoflowers (TiNF) fabricated by [...] Read more.

Calcium phosphate has attracted enormous attention as a bone regenerative material in biomedical fields. In this study, we investigated the effect of microwave treatment on calcium phosphate deposited TiO₂ nanoflower to improve protein adsorption. Hierarchical rutile TiO₂ nanoflowers (TiNF) fabricated by a hydrothermal method were soaked in modified simulated body fluid for 3 days to induce calcium phosphate (CAP) formation, followed by exposure to microwave radiation (MW). Coating the dental implants with CAP/TiNF provides a means of improving the biological properties, as the structure, morphology, and thickness of the composites can be controlled. The composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), respectively. The composites were identified to be composed of aggregated nano-sized particles with sphere-like shapes, and the calcium phosphate demonstrated low crystallinity. The ability of bovine serum albumin (BSA) to adsorb on MW-treated CAP/TiNF composites was studied as a function of BSA concentration. The Sips isotherm was used to analyze the BSA adsorption on MW-treated CAP/TiNF composites. The MW-treated samples showed high protein adsorption capacity, thereby indicating their potential in various biomedical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Bioactive Materials and Coatings for Biomedical Applications)

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24 pages, 53349 KiB

Open AccessArticle

UMAOH Calcium Phosphate Coatings Designed for Drug Delivery: Vancomycin, 5-Fluorouracil, Interferon α-2b Case

by Konstantin A. Prosolov, Ekaterina G. Komarova, Ekaterina A. Kazantseva, Aleksandr S. Lozhkomoev, Sergei O. Kazantsev, Olga V. Bakina, Marina V. Mishina, Anastasia P. Zima, Sergei V. Krivoshchekov, Igor A. Khlusov and Yurii P. Sharkeev

Materials 2022, 15(13), 4643; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15134643 - 01 Jul 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2295

Abstract

Drug delivery systems based on calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings have been recently recognized as beneficial drug delivery systems in complex cases of bone diseases for admission of drugs in the localized area, simultaneously inducing osteoinduction because of the bioavailable Ca and P ions. [...] Read more.

Drug delivery systems based on calcium phosphate (CaP) coatings have been recently recognized as beneficial drug delivery systems in complex cases of bone diseases for admission of drugs in the localized area, simultaneously inducing osteoinduction because of the bioavailable Ca and P ions. However, micro-arc oxidation (MAO) deposition of CaP does not allow for the formation of a coating with sufficient interconnected porosity for drug delivery purposes. Here, we report on the method to deposit CaP-based coatings using a new hybrid ultrasound-assisted MAO (UMAOH) method for deposition of coatings for drug delivery that could carry various types of drugs, such as cytostatic, antibacterial, or immunomodulatory compositions. Application of UMAOH resulted in coatings with an Ra roughness equal to 3.5 µm, a thickness of 50–55 µm, and a combination of high values of internal and surface porosity, 39 and 28%, respectively. The coating is represented by the monetite phase that is distributed in the matrix of amorphous CaP. Optimal conditions of coating deposition have been determined and used for drug delivery by impregnation with Vancomycin, 5-Fluorouracil, and Interferon-α-2b. Cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of the manufactured drug-carrying coatings have been studied using the three different cell lines and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Bioactive Materials and Coatings for Biomedical Applications)

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Review

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24 pages, 1880 KiB

Open AccessReview

Influence of Strontium on the Biological Behavior of Bioactive Glasses for Bone Regeneration

by Amanda Vieira Silva, Déborah dos Santos Gomes, Rayssa de Sousa Victor, Lisiane Navarro de Lima Santana, Gelmires Araújo Neves and Romualdo Rodrigues Menezes

Materials 2023, 16(24), 7654; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma16247654 - 15 Dec 2023

Viewed by 1120

Abstract

Bioactive glasses (BGs) can potentially be applied in biomedicine, mainly for bone repair and replacement, given their unique ability to connect to natural bone tissue and stimulate bone regeneration. Since their discovery, several glass compositions have been developed to improve the properties and [...] Read more.

Bioactive glasses (BGs) can potentially be applied in biomedicine, mainly for bone repair and replacement, given their unique ability to connect to natural bone tissue and stimulate bone regeneration. Since their discovery, several glass compositions have been developed to improve the properties and clinical abilities of traditional bioactive glass. Different inorganic ions, such as strontium (Sr²⁺), have been incorporated in BG due to their ability to perform therapeutic functions. Sr²⁺ has been gaining prominence due to its ability to stimulate osteogenesis, providing an appropriate environment to improve bone regeneration, in addition to its antibacterial potential. However, as there are still points in the literature that are not well consolidated, such as the influence of ionic concentrations and the BG production technique, this review aims to collect information on the state of the art of the biological behavior of BGs containing Sr²⁺. It also aims to gather data on different types of BGs doped with different concentrations of Sr²⁺, and to highlight the manufacturing techniques used in order to analyze the influence of the incorporation of this ion for bone regeneration purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Development of Bioactive Materials and Coatings for Biomedical Applications)

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