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Catalysts and Catalytic Processes
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Catalysts and Catalytic Processes

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Energy Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 July 2022) | Viewed by 8065

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Anne M. Gaffney

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Energy and Environmental Science and Technology, Idaho National Laboratory, Idaho Falls, Bonneville, ID 83415, USA
Interests: catalysis; selective oxidation; plastic up-cycling; chemical processing
Dr. Gennaro J. Maffia

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemical Engineering, Manhattan College, Riverdale, NY 10471, USA
Interests: ODH; petrochemical plant design; plastics depolymerization; biotechnology; collagen nanofibrils production and applications

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Millions of tonnes of plastic are produced per year globally with approximately 50% of this plastic produced for single-use applications such as packaging and disposable consumer items, which means that much of this plastic quickly becomes waste. About 86% of the waste plastic in the United States is sent to landfills. However, with decreasing space and consequentially increasing costs of landfill usage, alternatives to landfills are currently being researched and developed.

Sending plastics to landfills can be especially detrimental for the environment as it takes many plastics hundreds, if not thousands, of years to degrade. Even biodegradable plastics may take considerable amounts of time to degrade as the rate of degradation depends on many physical factors such as ultraviolet light exposure, oxygen, and temperature.

This Special Issue will focus on waste plastic up-cycling, which is chemical recycling where the polymer is depolymerized and then repolymerized with the option to produce high value monomers, chemicals, fuel and liquid hydrocarbons. Waste plastic up-cycling has the main advantage of processing heterogeneous and contaminated polymeric waste without sorting and requires little or no pre-treatment.

We invite authors to submit manuscripts that will address the topics of waste plastic up-cycling; related catalysis, process & plant design, techno economic assessment, life cycle analysis, reduction to practice; the production of monomers, chemical intermediates/products, and refinery-like liquids; and the circular monomer–plastic economy.

Dr. Anne M. Gaffney
Dr. Gennaro J. Maffia
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • waste plastic up-cycling
  • circular monomer–plastic economy
  • catalysis
  • process & plant design
  • technology demonstration
  • techno economic assessment
  • life cycle analysis

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 3325 KiB  
Article
Systematic Performance Comparison of Fe3+/Fe0/Peroxymonosulfate and Fe3+/Fe0/Peroxydisulfate Systems for Organics Removal
by Wen-Da Oh, Yeek-Chia Ho, Mardawani Mohamad, Chii-Dong Ho, Rajiv Ravi and Jun-Wei Lim
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5284; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14185284 - 14 Sep 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1625
Abstract
Activated zero-valent iron (Ac-ZVI) coupled with Fe3+ was employed to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and peroxydisulfate (PDS) for acid orange 7 (AO7) removal. Fe3+ was used to promote Fe2+ liberation from Ac-ZVI as an active species for reactive oxygen species (ROS) [...] Read more.
Activated zero-valent iron (Ac-ZVI) coupled with Fe3+ was employed to activate peroxymonosulfate (PMS) and peroxydisulfate (PDS) for acid orange 7 (AO7) removal. Fe3+ was used to promote Fe2+ liberation from Ac-ZVI as an active species for reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The factors affecting AO7 degradation, namely, the Ac-ZVI:Fe3+ ratio, PMS/PDS dosage, and pH, were compared. In both PMS and PDS systems, the AO7 degradation rate increased gradually with increasing Fe3+ concentration at fixed Ac-ZVI loading due to the Fe3+-promoted liberation of Fe2+ from Ac-ZVI. The AO7 degradation rate increased with increasing PMS/PDS dosage due to the greater amount of ROS generated. The degradation rate in the PDS system decreased while the degradation rate in the PMS system increased with increasing pH due to the difference in the PDS and PMS activation mechanisms. On the basis of the radical scavenging study, sulfate radical was identified as the dominant ROS in both systems. The physicochemical properties of pristine and used Ac-ZVI were characterized, indicating that the used Ac-ZVI had an increased BET specific surface area due to the formation of Fe2O3 nanoparticles during PMS/PDS activation. Nevertheless, both systems displayed good reusability and stability for at least three cycles, indicating that the systems are promising for pollutant removal. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysts and Catalytic Processes)
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22 pages, 2800 KiB  
Article
The Use of an Ultrasonic Field in Support of Classical Methods of Oxidising Component Leached from Microplastics in Bottom Sediments
by Małgorzata Kida, Sabina Ziembowicz and Piotr Koszelnik
Materials 2021, 14(11), 3029; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14113029 - 02 Jun 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2082
Abstract
The work detailed here examined the impact of selected unit methods and ultrasonic removal of the widespread plastic additive di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from the bottom sediments of a body of water. To this end, hydrogen peroxide and a classic or modified Fenton process [...] Read more.
The work detailed here examined the impact of selected unit methods and ultrasonic removal of the widespread plastic additive di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) from the bottom sediments of a body of water. To this end, hydrogen peroxide and a classic or modified Fenton process were used, supplemented by an ultrasonic field. The latter had a vibration frequency of 20 kHz and an acoustic wave intensity of 3.97 W/cm2. The impact of process parameters such as reaction environment, reaction time, initial impurity content, aging of the impurity, influence of processes on the content of organic matter and dissolved organic carbon, and elution of selected components from the matrix were all analysed. It emerged that the most effective process by which to remove DEHP from a solid matrix involved a modified Fenton process assisted by an ultrasonic field. The highest average degradation efficiency achieved in this way was 70.74%, for C0 = 10 mg/kg d.w. and t = 60 min. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysts and Catalytic Processes)
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Review

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80 pages, 6146 KiB  
Review
Multi-Scale Modeling of Plastic Waste Gasification: Opportunities and Challenges
by Sepehr Madanikashani, Laurien A. Vandewalle, Steven De Meester, Juray De Wilde and Kevin M. Van Geem
Materials 2022, 15(12), 4215; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15124215 - 14 Jun 2022
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3721
Abstract
Among the different thermo-chemical recycling routes for plastic waste valorization, gasification is one of the most promising, converting plastic waste into syngas (H2+CO) and energy in the presence of an oxygen-rich gas. Plastic waste gasification is associated with many different complexities [...] Read more.
Among the different thermo-chemical recycling routes for plastic waste valorization, gasification is one of the most promising, converting plastic waste into syngas (H2+CO) and energy in the presence of an oxygen-rich gas. Plastic waste gasification is associated with many different complexities due to the multi-scale nature of the process, the feedstock complexity (mixed polyolefins with different contaminations), intricate reaction mechanisms, plastic properties (melting behavior and molecular weight distribution), and complex transport phenomena in a multi-phase flow system. Hence, creating a reliable model calls for an extensive understanding of the phenomena at all scales, and more advanced modeling approaches than those applied today are required. Indeed, modeling of plastic waste gasification (PWG) is still in its infancy today. Our review paper shows that the thermophysical properties are rarely properly defined. Challenges in this regard together with possible methodologies to decently define these properties have been elaborated. The complexities regarding the kinetic modeling of gasification are numerous, compared to, e.g., plastic waste pyrolysis, or coal and biomass gasification, which are elaborated in this work along with the possible solutions to overcome them. Moreover, transport limitations and phase transformations, which affect the apparent kinetics of the process, are not usually considered, while it is demonstrated in this review that they are crucial in the robust prediction of the outcome. Hence, possible approaches in implementing available models to consider these limitations are suggested. Finally, the reactor-scale phenomena of PWG, which are more intricate than the similar processes—due to the presence of molten plastic—are usually simplified to the gas-solid systems, which can result in unreliable modeling frameworks. In this regard, an opportunity lies in the increased computational power that helps improve the model’s precision and allows us to include those complexities within the multi-scale PWG modeling. Using the more accurate modeling methodologies in combination with multi-scale modeling approaches will, in a decade, allow us to perform a rigorous optimization of the PWG process, improve existing and develop new gasifiers, and avoid fouling issues caused by tar. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Catalysts and Catalytic Processes)
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