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Biomechanics of Contemporary Implants and Prosthesis: Modeling, Experiments, and Clinical Application

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 July 2022) | Viewed by 26236

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Dr. Oskar Sachenkov

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N.I. Lobachevsky Institute of Mathematics and Mechanics, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia
Interests: biomechanics; bone tissue; hip dislocation; osteotomy; acetabulum; computed tomography; FEA; CT based FEM
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Modern medicine is more oriented towards patient-based treatments. Taking into account individual biological features allows for increasing the quality of the healing process. Opportunities for modern hardware and software allow not only simulating the complex behavior of implants and prostheses but taking into account any peculiarities of the patient. Moreover, development of the additive manufacturing expands the opportunities for materials. Technical limits for composite materials, biomaterials, metamaterials are decreasing. On the other hand, there is a need for more detailed analyses of biomechanics research. A deeper understanding of the technological processes of implants, and the mechanobiological interaction of implants and organisms will potentially allow us to raise the level of medical treatment.

In this Special Issue, modern trends of the biomechanics of contemporary implants and prostheses, including experimental and mathematical modeling and clinical application, are highlighted and discussed.

I am pleased to invite you to submit a manuscript for this Special Issue. Full papers, communications, and reviews are all welcome.

Topics of interest include (but are not limited to):

New methods of design implants and prosthesis;
Digital solutions for the patient-based treatment;
CT and MRI based biomechanical simulation;
Usage of biomaterials for implants and prosthesis;
Research of biocompatibility for implants and prosthesis;
Usage metamaterial for implants;
Influence of the patient's biomechanics on implant loading

Dr. Oskar Sachenkov
Guest Editor

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Keywords

implants and prosthesis
personal aided treatment
CT and MRI based simulation
biomaterials and biocompatibility
metamaterial implants
patient's biomechanics and implant’s loading
metallic and composite structures

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 5530 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Temporary Protective Shoulder Implants for Revision Surgery with Bone Glenoid Grafting

by Daniel Schaffarzick, Karl Entacher, Dietmar Rafolt and Peter Schuller-Götzburg

Materials 2022, 15(18), 6457; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15186457 - 17 Sep 2022

Viewed by 2254

Abstract

This article describes the development of a temporary protective glenoid prosthesis placed between the augmentation and humeral head prosthesis during the healing phase of shoulder prosthesis revision with necessary reconstruction of the bony structure of the glenoid. The glenoid protection prosthesis ensures the fixation of the augmentation material and protects the screws from contact with the metallic humeral head prosthesis. Another approach of the development is a reduction of the resorption of the augmentation by targeted mechanical stimulation of the tissue. The aim should be to achieve significantly improved conditions for the implantation of a new glenoid component at the end of the healing phase of the augmentation material in comparison to the current standard method. The development of the protective prosthesis was carried out according to specific needs and includes the collection of requirements and boundary conditions, the design and technical detailing of the implant, the verification of the development results as well as the validation of the design. For the verification, FEM simulations (Finite Element Analysis) were performed to estimate the mechanical stability in advance. Mechanical tests to confirm the stability and abrasion behavior have been carried out and confirm the suitability of the protective implant. The result of the present work is the detailed technical design of two variants of a glenoid protective prosthesis “GlenoProtect” for use in revision procedures on shoulder joints—with large-volume defects on the glenoid—treated by arthroplasty and the necessity of augmenting the glenoid, including a description of the surgical procedure for implantation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics of Contemporary Implants and Prosthesis: Modeling, Experiments, and Clinical Application)

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21 pages, 5418 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Numerical Modeling of a New Type of Prosthetic Restoration for Non-Carious Cervical Lesions

by Anna A. Kamenskikh, Lyaysan Sakhabutdinova, Nataliya Astashina, Artem Petrachev and Yuriy Nosov

Materials 2022, 15(15), 5102; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15155102 - 22 Jul 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1496

Abstract

The paper considers a new technology for the treatment of non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs). The three parameterized numerical models of teeth are constructed: without defect, with a V-shaped defect, and after treatment. A new treatment for NCCL has been proposed. Tooth tissues near the NCCLs are subject to degradation. The main idea of the technology is to increase the cavity for the restoration of NCCLs with removal of the affected tissues. The new treatment method also allows the creation of a playground for attaching the gingival margin. The impact of three biomaterials as restorations is studied: CEREC Blocs; Herculite XRV; and Charisma. The models are deformed by a vertical load from the antagonist tooth from 100 to 1000 N. The tooth-inlay system is considered, taking into account the contact interaction. Qualitative patterns of tooth deformation before and after restoration were established for three variants of the inlay material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics of Contemporary Implants and Prosthesis: Modeling, Experiments, and Clinical Application)

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33 pages, 12843 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Finite Element Analysis of Patient-Specific Total Temporomandibular Joint Implants

by Shirish M. Ingawale and Tarun Goswami

Materials 2022, 15(12), 4342; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15124342 - 20 Jun 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2056

Abstract

In this manuscript, we discuss our approach to developing novel patient-specific total TMJ prostheses. Our unique patient-fitted designs based on medical images of the patient’s TMJ offer accurate anatomical fit, and better fixation to host bone. Special features of the prostheses have potential to offer improved osseo-integration and durability of the devices. The design process is based on surgeon’s requirements, feedback, and pre-surgical planning to ensure anatomically accurate and clinically viable device design. We use the validated methodology of FE modeling and analysis to evaluate the device design by investigating stress and strain profiles under functional/normal and para-functional/worst-case TMJ loading scenarios. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics of Contemporary Implants and Prosthesis: Modeling, Experiments, and Clinical Application)

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19 pages, 5707 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Surface Processing on the Shear Strength of Cobalt-Chromium Dental Alloy and Ceramics

by Liaisan Saleeva, Ramil Kashapov, Farid Shakirzyanov, Eduard Kuznetsov, Lenar Kashapov, Viktoriya Smirnova, Nail Kashapov, Gulshat Saleeva, Oskar Sachenkov and Rinat Saleev

Materials 2022, 15(9), 2987; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15092987 - 20 Apr 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1759

Abstract

Porcelain fused to metal is widespread dental prosthetic restoration. The survival rate of metal-ceramic restorations depends not only on the qualifications of dentists, dental technicians but also on the adhesive strength of ceramics to a metal frame. The goal of the research is to determine the optimal parameters of the surface machining of the metal frame to increase the adhesion of metal to ceramics. Adhesion of cobalt-chromium alloy and ceramics was investigated. A profilometer and a scanning electron microscope were used to analyze the morphology. To estimate the adhesion the shear strength was measured by the method based on ASTM D1002-10. A method of surface microrelief formation of metal samples by plasma-electrolyte treatment has been developed. Regimes for plasma-electrolyte surface treatment were investigated according to current-voltage characteristics and a surface roughness parameter. The samples were subjected to different surface machining techniques such as polishing, milling, sandblasting (so-called traditional methods), and plasma-electrolyte processing. Morphology of the surface for all samples was studied and the difference in microrelief was shown. The roughness and adhesive strength were measured for samples either. As a result, the mode for plasma- electrolytic surface treatment under which the adhesive strength was increased up to 183% (compared with the traditional methods) was found. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics of Contemporary Implants and Prosthesis: Modeling, Experiments, and Clinical Application)

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23 pages, 3267 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effects of the Mechanical Properties of Vascular Grafts and an Anisotropic Hyperelastic Aortic Model on Local Hemodynamics during Modified Blalock–Taussig Shunt Operation, Assessed Using FSI Simulation

by Alex G. Kuchumov, Aleksandr Khairulin, Marina Shmurak, Artem Porodikov and Andrey Merzlyakov

Materials 2022, 15(8), 2719; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15082719 - 07 Apr 2022

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2156

Abstract

Cardiovascular surgery requires the use of state-of-the-art artificial materials. For example, microporous polytetrafluoroethylene grafts manufactured by Gore-Tex^® are used for the treatment of cyanotic heart defects (i.e., modified Blalock–Taussig shunt). Significant mortality during this palliative operation has led surgeons to adopt mathematical models to eliminate complications by performing fluid–solid interaction (FSI) simulations. To proceed with FSI modeling, it is necessary to know either the mechanical properties of the aorta and graft or the rheological properties of blood. The properties of the aorta and blood can be found in the literature, but there are no data about the mechanical properties of Gore-Tex^® grafts. Experimental studies were carried out on the mechanical properties vascular grafts adopted for modified pediatric Blalock–Taussig shunts. Parameters of two models (the five-parameter Mooney–Rivlin model and the three-parameter Yeoh model) were determined by uniaxial experimental curve fitting. The obtained data were used for patient-specific FSI modeling of local blood flow in the “aorta-modified Blalock–Taussig shunt–pulmonary artery” system in three different shunt locations: central, right, and left. The anisotropic model of the aortic material showed higher stress values at the peak moment of systole, which may be a key factor determining the strength characteristics of the aorta and pulmonary artery. Additionally, this mechanical parameter is important when installing a central shunt, since it is in the area of the central anastomosis that an increase in stress on the aortic wall is observed. According to computations, the anisotropic model shows smaller values for the displacements of both the aorta and the shunt, which in turn may affect the success of preoperative predictions. Thus, it can be concluded that the anisotropic properties of the aorta play an important role in preoperative modeling. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics of Contemporary Implants and Prosthesis: Modeling, Experiments, and Clinical Application)

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32 pages, 13156 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Innovative Design Methodology for Patient-Specific Short Femoral Stems

by William Solórzano-Requejo, Carlos Ojeda and Andrés Díaz Lantada

Materials 2022, 15(2), 442; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15020442 - 07 Jan 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2972

Abstract

The biomechanical performance of hip prostheses is often suboptimal, which leads to problems such as strain shielding, bone resorption and implant loosening, affecting the long-term viability of these implants for articular repair. Different studies have highlighted the interest of short stems for preserving bone stock and minimizing shielding, hence providing an alternative to conventional hip prostheses with long stems. Such short stems are especially valuable for younger patients, as they may require additional surgical interventions and replacements in the future, for which the preservation of bone stock is fundamental. Arguably, enhanced results may be achieved by combining the benefits of short stems with the possibilities of personalization, which are now empowered by a wise combination of medical images, computer-aided design and engineering resources and automated manufacturing tools. In this study, an innovative design methodology for custom-made short femoral stems is presented. The design process is enhanced through a novel app employing elliptical adjustment for the quasi-automated CAD modeling of personalized short femoral stems. The proposed methodology is validated by completely developing two personalized short femoral stems, which are evaluated by combining in silico studies (finite element method (FEM) simulations), for quantifying their biomechanical performance, and rapid prototyping, for evaluating implantability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics of Contemporary Implants and Prosthesis: Modeling, Experiments, and Clinical Application)

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15 pages, 2405 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Mathematical Definitions on Patellar Kinematics Representations

by Adrian Sauer, Maeruan Kebbach, Allan Maas, William M. Mihalko and Thomas M. Grupp

Materials 2021, 14(24), 7644; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14247644 - 11 Dec 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2140

Abstract

A correlation between patellar kinematics and anterior knee pain is widely accepted. However, there is no consensus on how they are connected or what profile of patellar kinematics would minimize anterior knee pain. Nevertheless, answering this question by merging existing studies is further complicated by the variety of ways to describe patellar kinematics. Therefore, this study describes the most frequently used conventions for defining patellar kinematics, focusing on the rotations. The similarities and differences between the Cardan sequences and angles calculated by projecting axes are analyzed. Additionally, a tool is provided to enable the conversion of kinematic data between definitions in different studies. The choice of convention has a considerable impact on the absolute values and the clinical characteristics of the patello-femoral angles. In fact, the angles that result from using different mathematical conventions to describe a given patello-femoral rotation from our analyses differ up to a Root Mean Squared Error of 111.49° for patellar flexion, 55.72° for patellar spin and 35.39° for patellar tilt. To compare clinical kinematic patello-femoral results, every dataset must follow the same convention. Furthermore, researchers should be aware of the used convention’s implications to ensure reproducibility when interpreting and comparing such data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics of Contemporary Implants and Prosthesis: Modeling, Experiments, and Clinical Application)

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9 pages, 4907 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Tresca Stress Simulation of Metal-on-Metal Total Hip Arthroplasty during Normal Walking Activity

by Muhammad Imam Ammarullah, Ilham Yustar Afif, Mohamad Izzur Maula, Tri Indah Winarni, Mohammad Tauviqirrahman, Imam Akbar, Hasan Basri, Emile van der Heide and J. Jamari

Materials 2021, 14(24), 7554; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14247554 - 09 Dec 2021

Cited by 112 | Viewed by 4319

Abstract

The selection of biomaterials for bearing in total hip arthroplasty is very important to avoid various risks of primary postoperative failure for patients. The current investigation attempts to analyze the Tresca stress of metal-on-metal bearings with three different materials, namely, cobalt chromium molybdenum (CoCrMo), stainless steel 316L (SS 316L), and titanium alloy (Ti6Al4V). We used computational simulations using a 2D axisymmetric finite element model to predict Tresca stresses under physiological conditions of the human hip joint during normal walking. The simulation results show that Ti6Al4V-on-Ti6Al4V has the best performance to reduce Tresca stress by 45.76% and 39.15%, respectively, compared to CoCrMo-on-CoCrMo and SS 316L-on-SS 316L. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics of Contemporary Implants and Prosthesis: Modeling, Experiments, and Clinical Application)

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12 pages, 1839 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modeling the Contact Interaction of a Pair of Antagonist Teeth through Individual Protective Mouthguards of Different Geometric Configuration

by Anna Kamenskikh, Alex G. Kuchumov and Inessa Baradina

Materials 2021, 14(23), 7331; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14237331 - 30 Nov 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1281

Abstract

This study carried out modeling of the contact between a pair of antagonist teeth with/without individual mouthguards with different geometric configurations. Comparisons of the stress–strain state of teeth interacting through a multilayer mouthguard EVA and multilayer mouthguards with an A-silicon interlayer were performed. The influence of the intermediate layer geometry of A-silicone in a multilayer mouthguard with an A-silicon interlayer on the stress–strain state of the human dentition was considered. The teeth geometry was obtained by computed tomography data and patient dental impressions. The contact 2D problem had a constant thickness, frictional contact deformation, and large deformations in the mouthguard. The strain–stress analysis of the biomechanical model was performed by elastoplastic stress–strain theory. Four geometric configurations of the mouthguard were considered within a wide range of functional loads varied from 50 to 300 N. The stress–strain distributions in a teeth pair during contact interaction at different levels of the physiological loads were obtained. The dependences of the maximum level of stress intensity and the plastic deformation intensity were established, and the contact parameters near the occlusion zone were considered. It was found that when using a multilayer mouthguard with an A-silicone interlayer, there is a significant decrease in the stress intensity level in the hard tissues of the teeth, more than eight and four times for the teeth of the upper and lower teeth, respectively. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics of Contemporary Implants and Prosthesis: Modeling, Experiments, and Clinical Application)

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18 pages, 4881 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Finite Element Analysis of Customized Acetabular Implant and Bone after Pelvic Tumour Resection throughout the Gait Cycle

by Leonid Maslov, Alexey Borovkov, Irina Maslova, Dmitriy Soloviev, Mikhail Zhmaylo and Fedor Tarasenko

Materials 2021, 14(22), 7066; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14227066 - 21 Nov 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2473

Abstract

The aim of this paper is to investigate and compare the stress distribution of a reconstructed pelvis under different screw forces in a typical walking pattern. Computer-aided design models of the pelvic bones and sacrum made based on computer tomography images and individually designed implants are the basis for creating finite element models, which are imported into ABAQUS software. The screws provide compression loading and bring the implant and pelvic bones together. The sacrum is fixed at the level of the L5 vertebrae. The variants of strength analyses are carried out with four different screw pretension forces. The loads equivalent to the hip joint reaction forces arising during moderate walking are applied to reference points based on the centres of the acetabulum. According to the results of the performed analyses, the optimal and critical values of screw forces are estimated for the current model. The highest stresses among all the models occurred in the screws and implant. As soon as the screw force increases up to the ultimate value, the bone tissue might be locally destroyed. The results prove that the developed implant design with optimal screw pretension forces should have good biomechanical characteristics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics of Contemporary Implants and Prosthesis: Modeling, Experiments, and Clinical Application)

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11 pages, 1377 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structural Design Method for Constructions: Simulation, Manufacturing and Experiment

by Pavel Bolshakov, Nikita Kharin, Ramil Kashapov and Oskar Sachenkov

Materials 2021, 14(20), 6064; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14206064 - 14 Oct 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1580

Abstract

The development of additive manufacturing technology leads to new concepts for design implants and prostheses. The necessity of such approaches is fueled by patient-oriented medicine. Such a concept involves a new way of understanding material and includes complex structural geometry, lattice constructions, and metamaterials. This leads to new design concepts. In the article, the structural design method is presented. The general approach is based on the separation of the micro- and macro-mechanical parameters. For this purpose, the investigated region as a complex of the basic cells was considered. Each basic cell can be described by a parameters vector. An initializing vector was introduced to control the changes in the parameters vector. Changing the parameters vector according to the stress-strain state and the initializing vector leads to changes in the basic cells and consequently to changes in the microarchitecture. A medium with a spheroidal pore was considered as a basic cell. Porosity and ellipticity were used for the parameters vector. The initializing vector was initialized and depended on maximum von Mises stress. A sample was designed according to the proposed method. Then, solid and structurally designed samples were produced by additive manufacturing technology. The samples were scanned by computer tomography and then tested by structural loads. The results and analyses were presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomechanics of Contemporary Implants and Prosthesis: Modeling, Experiments, and Clinical Application)

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