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Mechanics of Corrugated and Composite Materials
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Mechanics of Corrugated and Composite Materials

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced Composites".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (28 February 2022) | Viewed by 39566

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Tomasz Garbowski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Faculty of Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, Poznan University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 50, 60-637 Poznan, Poland
Interests: computational mechanics; structural optimization; mathematical programming; inverse problems; mechanics of materials; paper physics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Tomasz Gajewski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Structural Engineering, Poznan University of Technology, 60-965 Poznań, Poland
Interests: computational mechanics; inverse problem; composites; nonlinear materials; experimental techniques
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Jakub Krzysztof Grabski

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Institute of Applied Mechanics, Poznan University of Technology, Jana Pawła II 24, 60-965, Poznań, Poland
Interests: computational mechanics; corrugated cardboard; fluid mechanics; biomechanics; heat transfer; meshless methods; inverse problems
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue of Materials is devoted to the mechanics of corrugated and composite materials. Corrugated materials are increasingly used as construction materials or load-bearing elements in various engineering applications. Due to the specific compositions of corrugated materials, the ratios of their load capacities to the section weights are much higher than for traditional solid sections. In addition, the geometries of the corrugated structures proposed by scientists from around the world are constantly being modified to improve their mechanical performance. Composite materials, due to their unique designable properties, may be used in many areas to address difficult problems for which traditional materials would fail. This Special Issue is intended to enable scientists and engineers to exchange the latest knowledge on advances in theoretical, experimental, and computational approaches for corrugated and composite materials.

Among others, the following topics are the main fields of interest for this Special Issue: corrugated boards and sandwich or composite panels; mechanical characterization and strength estimation methods; numerical and analytical homogenization techniques; laboratory testing methods; linear and nonlinear analysis of any structures made of corrugated or composite plates; laminated materials; fiber materials. There are no particular restrictions on the thematic areas of this Special Issue, as long as the submissions are related to corrugated or composite materials. The readers and authors of Materials are encouraged to send their latest research studies in these areas, with an emphasis on experimental validation and empirical proof for all areas related to the mechanical behavior of corrugated and composite materials.

Prof. Dr. Tomasz Garbowski
Dr. Tomasz Gajewski
Dr. Jakub Krzysztof Grabski
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • corrugated materials
  • composites
  • homogenization
  • laminated materials
  • applied mechanics
  • computational mechanics
  • experimental mechanics

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Published Papers (16 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

4 pages, 188 KiB  
Editorial
Mechanics of Corrugated and Composite Materials
by Tomasz Garbowski
Materials 2022, 15(5), 1837; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15051837 - 01 Mar 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1431
Abstract
The main aim of this Special Issue in Materials was to collect interesting and innovative works on the mechanics of corrugated and composite materials [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Corrugated and Composite Materials)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

14 pages, 966 KiB  
Article
Risk Management Model for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles during Flight Operations
by Anna Kobaszyńska-Twardowska, Jędrzej Łukasiewicz and Piotr W. Sielicki
Materials 2022, 15(7), 2448; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15072448 - 26 Mar 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1451
Abstract
Risk management and uncertainty models are practised in all branches of transport. Although unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) constitute a branch of the industry rather than transport as a whole, their development is oriented toward increasingly more serious applications involving the transport of goods [...] Read more.
Risk management and uncertainty models are practised in all branches of transport. Although unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) constitute a branch of the industry rather than transport as a whole, their development is oriented toward increasingly more serious applications involving the transport of goods and people. The constantly growing number of operations employing UAVs requires not only identification of hazard sources or risk assessment recommended by the applicable regulations, but also comprehensive risk management. In order to develop a systematic approach to risk management for air operations of UAVs, the classic risk management method can be used. This work proposes a novel multi-criteria risk model that may serve as the basis for further activities aimed at developing a risk management method for this domain. The model was based on six criteria and validated using a virtual route to risk assessment and valuation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Corrugated and Composite Materials)
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33 pages, 5301 KiB  
Article
Survey of Localizing Gradient Damage in Static and Dynamic Tension of Concrete
by Adam Wosatko
Materials 2022, 15(5), 1875; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15051875 - 02 Mar 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1990
Abstract
The continuum damage model should be regularized to ensure mesh-insensitive results in simulations of strain localization, e.g., for concrete cracking under tension. The paper confronts the conventional gradient damage model with its upgrade including a variable internal length scale. In these models, the [...] Read more.
The continuum damage model should be regularized to ensure mesh-insensitive results in simulations of strain localization, e.g., for concrete cracking under tension. The paper confronts the conventional gradient damage model with its upgrade including a variable internal length scale. In these models, the Helmholtz free energy depends additionally on an averaged strain measure and its gradient. In the formulation for dynamics the equations of motion are discretized simultaneously with an averaging equation. If gradient regularization is employed with a constant internal length parameter, then an artificially expanded damage zone can occur in the strain softening analysis. This broadening effect can be inhibited by a gradient activity function. The localizing character of the gradient activity has physical motivation—the nonlocal interactions in the fracture zone are reduced with the damage growth. The internal length can decrease exponentially or as a cosine function. After presentation of the theory, including the free energy definition, the finite element analyses of three different examples connected with tensile cracking in concrete are discussed: static tension of a double-edge-notched specimen, dynamic direct tension for a configuration without or with a reinforcing bar and tension of an L-shaped specimen under static and dynamic loading. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Corrugated and Composite Materials)
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13 pages, 5871 KiB  
Article
Identification of Aluminium Powder Properties for Modelling Free Air Explosions
by Piotr W. Sielicki, James Keith Clutter, Wojciech Sumelka, Tomasz Gajewski, Michał Malendowski, Piotr Peksa and Robert Studziński
Materials 2022, 15(4), 1294; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15041294 - 10 Feb 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1522
Abstract
Aluminium is a component in many energetic formulations. Therefore, its combustion is one of the main thermochemical processes that govern the output from the energetics. Modelling aluminium combustion is a challenging task because the process is highly complex and difficult to measure. Here, [...] Read more.
Aluminium is a component in many energetic formulations. Therefore, its combustion is one of the main thermochemical processes that govern the output from the energetics. Modelling aluminium combustion is a challenging task because the process is highly complex and difficult to measure. Here, tests of aluminium powder were conducted in an effort to isolate the burning of the aluminium and to determine an adequate representation of this process. Charges of 100 g and 500 g were tested, and the size of the Al/air cloud and the ratio of components in the Al/air mixture were determined, which has not been published previously. This information was used to assess the validity of the assumption that the detonation of the mixture was representative of the event. Parameters for the Jones–Wilkins–Lee equation of state for the explosive mixture and detonation products were defined. Simulations of the tests were performed, and the results were consistent with the field test data, indicating that detonation occurred when there was a mixture of 70–75% Al and 25–30% air by mass. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Corrugated and Composite Materials)
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24 pages, 7004 KiB  
Article
Influence of Impregnation with Modified Starch of a Paper Core on Bending of Wood-Based Honeycomb Panels in Changing Climatic Conditions
by Michał Słonina, Dorota Dziurka, Marta Molińska-Glura and Jerzy Smardzewski
Materials 2022, 15(1), 395; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15010395 - 05 Jan 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2725
Abstract
The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of impregnation of the paper core with acetylated starch on the mechanical properties and absorbed energy in the three-point bending test of wood-based honeycomb panels under varying temperatures and relative air humidity [...] Read more.
The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of impregnation of the paper core with acetylated starch on the mechanical properties and absorbed energy in the three-point bending test of wood-based honeycomb panels under varying temperatures and relative air humidity conditions. Nearly six hundred beams in various combinations, three types of facings, three core cells geometries, and two paper thicknesses were tested. The experiment results and their statistical analysis prove a significant relationship between the impregnation of paper with modified starch and mechanical properties. The most effective in absorbing energy, the honeycomb panels, consisted of a core with a wall thickness of 0.25 mm and a particleboard facing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Corrugated and Composite Materials)
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19 pages, 8373 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Behaviour of Aluminium-Timber Composite Connections with Screws and Toothed Plates
by Marcin Chybiński and Łukasz Polus
Materials 2022, 15(1), 68; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15010068 - 22 Dec 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 2746
Abstract
This paper presents an investigation of the load-slip behaviour of aluminium-timber composite connections. Toothed plates with bolts are often used for connecting timber structural members with steel structural members. In this paper, toothed plates (C2-50/M10G, C2-50/M12G or C11-50/M12) have been used as reinforcement [...] Read more.
This paper presents an investigation of the load-slip behaviour of aluminium-timber composite connections. Toothed plates with bolts are often used for connecting timber structural members with steel structural members. In this paper, toothed plates (C2-50/M10G, C2-50/M12G or C11-50/M12) have been used as reinforcement in aluminium-timber screwed connections for the first time. The push-out test specimens consisted of laminated veneer lumber slabs, aluminium alloy beams, and hexagon head wood screws (10 mm × 80 mm and 12 mm × 80 mm). Of the specimens, 12 additionally had toothed plates as reinforcement, while 8 had no reinforcement. The load carrying-capacity, the mode of failure and the load-slip response of the strengthened and non-strengthened screwed connections were investigated. The use of toothed plate connectors was found to be effective in increasing the strength of aluminium-timber composite connections and ineffective in improving their stiffness. The examined stiffness and strength of the connections can be used in the design and numerical modelling of aluminium-timber composite beams with reinforced screwed connections. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Corrugated and Composite Materials)
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32 pages, 99936 KiB  
Article
Efficient Design of Thin Wall Seating Made of a Single Piece of Heavy-Duty Corrugated Cardboard
by Berta Suarez, Luisa M. Muneta, Gregorio Romero and Juan D. Sanz-Bobi
Materials 2021, 14(21), 6645; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14216645 - 04 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2261
Abstract
Corrugated cardboard has waved cores with small flutes that prevent the use of detailed numerical models of whole structures. Many homogenization methods in the literature overcome this drawback by defining equivalent homogeneous plates with the same mechanical behaviour at a macro-mechanical scale. However, [...] Read more.
Corrugated cardboard has waved cores with small flutes that prevent the use of detailed numerical models of whole structures. Many homogenization methods in the literature overcome this drawback by defining equivalent homogeneous plates with the same mechanical behaviour at a macro-mechanical scale. However, few homogenization works have considered complete structures, focusing mainly on beams or plates. For the first time, this study explores the application of homogenization approaches to larger structures as an aid in their design process. We also considered triple-wall boards rather than single- and double-wall configurations commonly addressed in the literature. To this end, we adapted the homogenization methods proposed by Talbi and Duong to analyze thin-walled stools made of triple-wall corrugated cardboard. Using a progressive design process, we performed an efficient stool design by removing material zones with lower stresses, with 35% less material, 35% lower vertical deflections, and 66% lower stresses than the initial design. Unlike other corrugated cardboard stools, this design comprises just one folded piece instead of three, thus saving storage space. These results demonstrate the utility of homogenization techniques as an aid in the design process of whole structures made of corrugated cardboard. Further research will consider buckling analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Corrugated and Composite Materials)
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15 pages, 2174 KiB  
Article
Investigation of the Effect of Pallet Top-Deck Stiffness on Corrugated Box Compression Strength as a Function of Multiple Unit Load Design Variables
by Saewhan Kim, Laszlo Horvath, Jennifer D. Russell and Jonghun Park
Materials 2021, 14(21), 6613; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14216613 - 03 Nov 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2087
Abstract
Unit loads consisting of a pallet, packages, and a product securement system are the dominant way of shipping products across the United States. The most common packaging types used in unit loads are corrugated boxes. Due to the great stresses created during unit [...] Read more.
Unit loads consisting of a pallet, packages, and a product securement system are the dominant way of shipping products across the United States. The most common packaging types used in unit loads are corrugated boxes. Due to the great stresses created during unit load stacking, accurately predicting the compression strength of corrugated boxes is critical to preventing unit load failure. Although many variables affect the compression strength of corrugated boxes, recently, it was found that changing the pallet’s top deck stiffness can significantly affect compression strength. However, there is still a lack of understanding of how these different factors influence this phenomenon. This study investigated the effect of pallet’s top-deck stiffness on corrugated box compression strength as a function of initial top deck thickness, pallet wood species, box size, and board grade. The amount of increase in top deck thickness needed to lower the board grade of corrugated boxes by one level from the initial unit load scenario was determined using PDS™. The benefits of increasing top deck thickness diminish as the initial top deck thickness increases due to less severe pallet deflection from the start. The benefits were more pronounced as higher board grade boxes were initially used, and as smaller-sized boxes were used due to the heavier weights of these unit loads. Therefore, supposing that a company uses lower stiffness pallets or heavy corrugated boxes for their unit loads, this study suggests that they will find more opportunities to optimize their unit loads by increasing their pallet’s top deck thickness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Corrugated and Composite Materials)
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18 pages, 6804 KiB  
Article
New Edge Crush Test Configuration Enhanced with Full-Field Strain Measurements
by Tomasz Garbowski, Anna Knitter-Piątkowska and Aleksander Marek
Materials 2021, 14(19), 5768; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14195768 - 02 Oct 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 2144
Abstract
The standard edge crush test (ECT) allows the determination of the crushing strength of the corrugated cardboard. Unfortunately, this test cannot be used to estimate the compressive stiffness, which is an equally important parameter. This is because any attempt to determine this parameter [...] Read more.
The standard edge crush test (ECT) allows the determination of the crushing strength of the corrugated cardboard. Unfortunately, this test cannot be used to estimate the compressive stiffness, which is an equally important parameter. This is because any attempt to determine this parameter using current lab equipment quickly ends in a fiasco. The biggest obstacle is obtaining a reliable measurement of displacements and strains in the corrugated cardboard sample. In this paper, we present a method that not only allows for the reliable identification of the stiffness in the loaded direction of orthotropy in the corrugated board sample, but also the full orthotropic material stiffness matrix. The proposed method uses two samples: (a) traditional, cut crosswise to the wave direction of the corrugated core, and (b) cut at an angle of 45°. Additionally, in both cases, an optical system with digital image correlation (DIC) was used to measure the displacements and strains on the outer surfaces of samples. The use of a non-contact measuring system allowed us to avoid using the measurement of displacements from the crosshead, which is burdened with a large error. Apart from the new experimental configuration, the article also proposes a simple algorithm to quickly characterize all sought stiffness parameters. The obtained results are finally compared with the results obtained in the homogenization procedure of the cross-section of the corrugated board. The results were consistent in both cases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Corrugated and Composite Materials)
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18 pages, 3934 KiB  
Article
Estimation of the Compressive Strength of Corrugated Board Boxes with Shifted Creases on the Flaps
by Damian Mrówczyński, Tomasz Garbowski and Anna Knitter-Piątkowska
Materials 2021, 14(18), 5181; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14185181 - 09 Sep 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3309
Abstract
In the modern world, all manufacturers strive for the optimal design of their products. This general trend is recently also observed in the corrugated board packaging industry. Colorful prints on displays, perforations in shelf-ready-packaging and various types of ventilation holes in trays, although [...] Read more.
In the modern world, all manufacturers strive for the optimal design of their products. This general trend is recently also observed in the corrugated board packaging industry. Colorful prints on displays, perforations in shelf-ready-packaging and various types of ventilation holes in trays, although extremely important for ergonomic or functional reasons, weaken the strength of the box. To meet the requirements of customers and recipients, packaging manufacturers outdo each other with new ideas for the construction of their products. Often the aesthetic qualities of the product become more important than the attention to maintaining the standards of the load capacity of the packaging (which, apart from their attention-grabbing functions, are also intended to protect transported products). A particular flaps design (both top and bottom) and its influence on the strength of the box are investigated in this study. An updated analytical–numerical approach is used here to predict the strength of packaging with various flap offsets. Experimental results indicated a significant decrease in the static load-bearing capacity of packaging in the case of shifted flap creases. The simulation model proposed in our previous work has been modified and updated to take into account this effect. The results obtained by the model presented in this paper are in satisfactory agreement with the experimental data. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Corrugated and Composite Materials)
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18 pages, 6289 KiB  
Article
On Wrinkling in Sandwich Panels with an Orthotropic Core
by Zbigniew Pozorski, Jolanta Pozorska, Ireneusz Kreja and Łukasz Smakosz
Materials 2021, 14(17), 5043; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14175043 - 03 Sep 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1747
Abstract
This paper deals with the local loss of stability (wrinkling) problem of a thin facing of a sandwich panel. Classical solutions to the problem of a facing instability resting on a homogeneous and isotropic substructure (a core) are compared. The relations between strain [...] Read more.
This paper deals with the local loss of stability (wrinkling) problem of a thin facing of a sandwich panel. Classical solutions to the problem of a facing instability resting on a homogeneous and isotropic substructure (a core) are compared. The relations between strain energy components associated with different forms of core deformations are discussed. Next, a new solution for the orthotropic core is presented in detail, which is consistent with the classic solution for the isotropic core. Selected numerical examples confirm the correctness of the analytical formulas. In the last part, parametric analyses are carried out to illustrate the sensitivity of wrinkling stress to a change in the material parameters of the core. These analyses illustrate the possibility of using the equations derived in the article for the variability of Poisson’s ratio from −1 to 1 and for material parameters strongly deviating from isotropy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Corrugated and Composite Materials)
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20 pages, 9966 KiB  
Article
Numerical Homogenization of Multi-Layered Corrugated Cardboard with Creasing or Perforation
by Tomasz Garbowski, Anna Knitter-Piątkowska and Damian Mrówczyński
Materials 2021, 14(14), 3786; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14143786 - 06 Jul 2021
Cited by 24 | Viewed by 2269
Abstract
The corrugated board packaging industry is increasingly using advanced numerical tools to design and estimate the load capacity of its products. This is why numerical analyses are becoming a common standard in this branch of manufacturing. Such trends cause either the use of [...] Read more.
The corrugated board packaging industry is increasingly using advanced numerical tools to design and estimate the load capacity of its products. This is why numerical analyses are becoming a common standard in this branch of manufacturing. Such trends cause either the use of advanced computational models that take into account the full 3D geometry of the flat and wavy layers of corrugated board, or the use of homogenization techniques to simplify the numerical model. The article presents theoretical considerations that extend the numerical homogenization technique already presented in our previous work. The proposed here homogenization procedure also takes into account the creasing and/or perforation of corrugated board (i.e., processes that undoubtedly weaken the stiffness and strength of the corrugated board locally). However, it is not always easy to estimate how exactly these processes affect the bending or torsional stiffness. What is known for sure is that the degradation of stiffness depends, among other things, on the type of cut, its shape, the depth of creasing as well as their position or direction in relation to the corrugation direction. The method proposed here can be successfully applied to model smeared degradation in a finite element or to define degraded interface stiffnesses on a crease line or a perforation line. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Corrugated and Composite Materials)
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22 pages, 7327 KiB  
Article
Edgewise Compressive Behavior of Composite Structural Insulated Panels with Magnesium Oxide Board Facings
by Łukasz Smakosz, Ireneusz Kreja and Zbigniew Pozorski
Materials 2021, 14(11), 3030; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14113030 - 02 Jun 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2308
Abstract
Edgewise compression response of a composite structural insulated panel (CSIP) with magnesium oxide board facings was investigated. The discussed CSIP is a novel multifunctional sandwich panel introduced to the housing industry as a part of the wall, floor, and roof assemblies. The study [...] Read more.
Edgewise compression response of a composite structural insulated panel (CSIP) with magnesium oxide board facings was investigated. The discussed CSIP is a novel multifunctional sandwich panel introduced to the housing industry as a part of the wall, floor, and roof assemblies. The study aims to propose a computational tool for reliable prediction of failure modes of CSIPs subjected to concentric and eccentric axial loads. An advanced numerical model was proposed that includes geometrical and material nonlinearity as well as incorporates the material bimodularity effect to achieve accurate and versatile failure mode prediction capability. Laboratory tests on small-scale CSIP samples of three different slenderness ratios and full-scale panels loaded with three different eccentricity values were carried out, and the test data were compared with numerical results for validation. The finite element (FE) model successfully captured CSIP’s inelastic response in uniaxial compression and when flexural action was introduced by eccentric loads or buckling and predicted all failure modes correctly. The comprehensive validation showed that the proposed approach could be considered a robust and versatile aid in CSIP design. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Corrugated and Composite Materials)
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16 pages, 7371 KiB  
Article
Full-Field Measurements in the Edge Crush Test of a Corrugated Board—Analytical and Numerical Predictive Models
by Tomasz Garbowski, Jakub Krzysztof Grabski and Aleksander Marek
Materials 2021, 14(11), 2840; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14112840 - 26 May 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3021
Abstract
This article focuses on the derivation of simplified predictive models for the identification of the overall compressive stiffness and strength of corrugated cardboards. As a representative example an unsymmetrical 5-ply sample (with E and B flute) was used in this study. In order [...] Read more.
This article focuses on the derivation of simplified predictive models for the identification of the overall compressive stiffness and strength of corrugated cardboards. As a representative example an unsymmetrical 5-ply sample (with E and B flute) was used in this study. In order to exclude unreliable displacement measurement in the standard edge crush test, virtual strain gauges were used. Video extensometry was employed to collect measurements from the outer surfaces of the sample on both sides. Additional data allowed real force-displacement curves to be obtained, which were used in the validation procedure. To emulate the experimental results, besides a simple analytical model, a 3D numerical model fully reflecting the geometry of the corrugated board, based on the finite elements method was also built. In both cases good agreement between the experimental results and the analytical and numerical calculations was observed. This proved that the proposed analytical model can be successfully used to determine the overall stiffness and compressive strength of corrugated board, provided that the geometry and properties of all the layers of the board are known. The simple model presented in this work enables quick and reliable design and prototyping of new assemblies without the need to manufacture them. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Corrugated and Composite Materials)
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14 pages, 2845 KiB  
Article
Determination of Transverse Shear Stiffness of Sandwich Panels with a Corrugated Core by Numerical Homogenization
by Tomasz Garbowski and Tomasz Gajewski
Materials 2021, 14(8), 1976; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14081976 - 15 Apr 2021
Cited by 48 | Viewed by 3410
Abstract
Knowing the material properties of individual layers of the corrugated plate structures and the geometry of its cross-section, the effective material parameters of the equivalent plate can be calculated. This can be problematic, especially if the transverse shear stiffness is also necessary for [...] Read more.
Knowing the material properties of individual layers of the corrugated plate structures and the geometry of its cross-section, the effective material parameters of the equivalent plate can be calculated. This can be problematic, especially if the transverse shear stiffness is also necessary for the correct description of the equivalent plate performance. In this work, the method proposed by Biancolini is extended to include the possibility of determining, apart from the tensile and flexural stiffnesses, also the transverse shear stiffness of the homogenized corrugated board. The method is based on the strain energy equivalence between the full numerical 3D model of the corrugated board and its Reissner-Mindlin flat plate representation. Shell finite elements were used in this study to accurately reflect the geometry of the corrugated board. In the method presented here, the finite element method is only used to compose the initial global stiffness matrix, which is then condensed and directly used in the homogenization procedure. The stability of the proposed method was tested for different variants of the selected representative volume elements. The obtained results are consistent with other technique already presented in the literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Corrugated and Composite Materials)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

21 pages, 4428 KiB  
Review
Status and Challenges in Homogenization Methods for Lattice Materials
by Jacobs Somnic and Bruce W. Jo
Materials 2022, 15(2), 605; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15020605 - 14 Jan 2022
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3175
Abstract
Lattice structures have shown great potential in that mechanical properties are customizable without changing the material itself. Lattice materials could be light and highly stiff as well. With this flexibility of designing structures without raw material processing, lattice structures have been widely used [...] Read more.
Lattice structures have shown great potential in that mechanical properties are customizable without changing the material itself. Lattice materials could be light and highly stiff as well. With this flexibility of designing structures without raw material processing, lattice structures have been widely used in various applications such as smart and functional structures in aerospace and computational mechanics. Conventional methodologies for understanding behaviors of lattice materials take numerical approaches such as FEA (finite element analysis) and high-fidelity computational tools including ANSYS and ABAQUS. However, they demand a high computational load in each geometry run. Among many other methodologies, homogenization is another numerical approach but that enables to model behaviors of bulk lattice materials by analyzing either a small portion of them using numerical regression for rapid processing. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive survey of representative homogenization methodologies and their status and challenges in lattice materials with their fundamentals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Mechanics of Corrugated and Composite Materials)
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