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Dental Implant Biomaterials: In Vitro and In Vivo Simulations and Applications

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 April 2023) | Viewed by 41204

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Special Issue Editors

Dr. Gianmario Schierano

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Guest Editor

Surgical Sciences Department, University of Turin, Torino, Italy
Interests: dental implant; implantprostheses; prostheses; biological osseointegration process; implant and oral surgery

Dr. Giuliana Muzio

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Guest Editor

Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Universita degli Studi di Torino, 10124 Torino, Italy
Interests: tissue regenerations; biocompatibility and bioactivity of materials for medical devices; molecular aspects of osseointegration of dental implants; chemical and physical stimulation of implant integration; nanoparticles for theranostics in cancer; oncology
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In all fields of regenerative medicine, and in particular in dental implantology, the success rate depends on several parameters, including the chemical, physical, mechanical and biological properties of the materials. For the optimization of these characteristics, both in vitro and in vivo simulations represent the gold-standard protocols to characterize the biocompatibility, biomechanics, and bioactivity of new biomaterials.

In vitro studies allow one to investigate biomechanical aspects, new superficial implant modifications, biocompatibility, and molecular mechanisms triggered by implant placement and which lead to the specific response of the tissue (bioactivity); in vivo simulations can also characterize molecular (such as growth factors and extracellular matrix proteins) and histological events occurring at the interface between tissues and material and the systemic effects evoked by the presence of the dental implant. The characterization of biomolecular pathways activated by different types of implants or exogenous modifications is fundamental to improving the design of biomaterials and the osseointegration process.

To this end, the Special Issue “Dental Implant Biomaterials: In Vitro and In Vivo Simulations and Applications” aims to collect the latest knowledge on dental implant biomaterials obtained through in vitro and in vivo studies.

In the light of the above observations, studies of biological and biomechanical responses to materials related to dental implants are welcome in this Special Issue.

Dr. Gianmario Schierano
Dr. Giuliana Muzio
Guest Editors

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Keywords

dental implant materials
in vitro and in vivo models
biological osseointegration process
cellular interaction in bone remodeling
histological and histomorphometrical aspects
biomechanical aspects

Published Papers (14 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 9819 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Finite Element Stress Analysis of a Concical Triangular Connection in Implants: A New Proposal

by Romy Angeles Maslucan and John Alexis Dominguez

Materials 2022, 15(10), 3680; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15103680 - 20 May 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1639

Abstract

Conical implant–abutment connections are popular for their stability; however, in other conditions, such as excessive force, implants and abutments can absorb all the stress. Some connections with three points of support can resist more than conical connections. In recent years, different studies has shown that the design of a connection affects its stability. The aim of this study was to analyze and compare the stresses in finite elements (FEs) in a newly proposed conical triangular connection in implants with hexagonal and conical connections. A nonlinear 3D FE parametric model was developed using SOLIDWORKS 2017^®. All the connections, i.e., external and internal hexagons, morse taper, conical connection, and the new conical triangular proposal were compared when axial forces of 150, 250, and 350 N were applied to the occlusal. The maximum stress was found in the external hexagon. The maximum stress was concentrated at the level of the neck of the abutment, implant, and bone, except for the morse taper; at the level of the crown and abutment, the lowest stress occurred in the new proposal. Conclusions: The new conical triangular (CT) connection and the conical connection (CC) generate similar stress in the implant, abutment, and crown. However, the CT connection improves the CC by reducing stress at the bone level, adding an advantage to having three retention points. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Biomaterials: In Vitro and In Vivo Simulations and Applications)

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13 pages, 4997 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bone Regeneration of Critical-Size Calvarial Defects in Rats Using Highly Pressed Nano-Apatite/Collagen Composites

by Wataru Hatakeyama, Masayuki Taira, Tomofumi Sawada, Miki Hoshi, Yuki Hachinohe, Hirotaka Sato, Kyoko Takafuji, Hidemichi Kihara, Shinji Takemoto and Hisatomo Kondo

Materials 2022, 15(9), 3376; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15093376 - 08 May 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2057

Abstract

Osteo-conductive bone substitute materials are required in dentistry. In this study, highly pressed nano-hydroxyapatite/collagen (P-nHAP/COL) composites were formed by a hydraulic press. Critical-size bone defects (Φ = 6 mm) were made in the cranial bones of 10-week-old Wistar rats, in which P-nHAP/COL and pressed collagen (P-COL) specimens were implanted. Defect-only samples (DEF) were also prepared. After the rats had been nourished for 3 days, 4 weeks, or 8 weeks, ossification of the cranial defects of the rats was evaluated by micro-computed tomography (micro-CT) (n = 6 each). Animals were sacrificed at 8 weeks, followed by histological examination. On micro-CT, the opacity of the defect significantly increased with time after P-nHAP/COL implantation (between 3 days and 8 weeks, p < 0.05) due to active bone regeneration. In contrast, with P-COL and DEF, the opacity increased only slightly with time after implantation, indicating sluggish bone regeneration. Histological inspections of the defect zone implanted with P-nHAP/COL indicated the adherence of multinucleated giant cells (osteoclasts) to the implant with phagocytosis and fragmentation of P-nHAP/COL, whereas active bone formation occurred nearby. Fluorescent double staining indicated dynamic bone-formation activities. P-nHAP/COL is strongly osteo-conductive and could serve as a useful novel bone substitute material for future dental implant treatments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Biomaterials: In Vitro and In Vivo Simulations and Applications)

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12 pages, 1950 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of a Pure Magnesium Membrane Degradation Process and Its Functionality When Used in a Guided Bone Regeneration Model in Beagle Dogs

by Patrick Rider, Željka Perić Kačarević, Akiva Elad, Daniel Rothamel, Gerrit Sauer, Fabien Bornert, Peter Windisch, Dávid Hangyási, Balint Molnar, Bernhard Hesse and Frank Witte

Materials 2022, 15(9), 3106; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15093106 - 25 Apr 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2168

Abstract

For the surgical technique of guided bone regeneration (GBR), the choice of available barrier membranes has until recently not included an option that is mechanically strong, durable, synthetic and resorbable. The most commonly used resorbable membranes are made from collagen, which are restricted in their mechanical strength. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the degradation and regeneration potential of a magnesium membrane compared to a collagen membrane. In eighteen beagle dogs, experimental bone defects were filled with bovine xenograft and covered with either a magnesium membrane or collagen membrane. The health status of the animals was regularly monitored and recorded. Following sacrifice, the hemimandibles were prepared for micro-CT (μ-CT) analysis. Complications during healing were observed in both groups, but ultimately, the regenerative outcome was similar between groups. The μ-CT parameters showed comparable results in both groups in terms of new bone formation at all four time points. In addition, the μ-CT analysis showed that the greatest degradation of the magnesium membranes occurred between 1 and 8 weeks and continued until week 16. The proportion of new bone within the defect site was similar for both treatment groups, indicating the potential for the magnesium membrane to be used as a viable alternative to collagen membranes. Overall, the new magnesium membrane is a functional and safe membrane for the treatment of defects according to the principles of GBR. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Biomaterials: In Vitro and In Vivo Simulations and Applications)

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13 pages, 5148 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Peri-Implant Repair Using a Modified Implant Macrogeometry in Diabetic Rats: Biomechanical and Molecular Analyses of Bone-Related Markers

by Hugo Robertson Sant’Anna, Marcio Zaffalon Casati, Mounir Colares Mussi, Fabiano Ribeiro Cirano, Suzana Peres Pimentel, Fernanda Vieira Ribeiro and Mônica Grazieli Corrêa

Materials 2022, 15(6), 2317; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15062317 - 21 Mar 2022

Viewed by 1628

Abstract

DM has a high prevalence worldwide and exerts a negative influence on bone repair around dental implants. Modifications of the microgeometry of implants have been related to positive results in bone repair. This study assessed, for the first time, the influence of an implant with modified macrodesign based on the presence of a healing chamber in the pattern of peri-implant repair under diabetic conditions. Thirty Wistar rats were assigned to receive one titanium implant in each tibia (Control Implant (conventional macrogeometry) or Test Implant (modified macrogeometry)) according to the following groups: Non-DM + Control Implant; Non-DM + Test Implant; DM + Control Implant; DM + Test Implant. One month from the surgeries, the implants were removed for counter-torque, and the bone tissue surrounding the implants was stored for the mRNA quantification of bone-related markers. Implants located on DM animals presented lower counter-torque values in comparison with Non-DM ones, independently of macrodesign (p < 0.05). Besides, higher biomechanical retention levels were observed in implants with modified macrogeometry than in the controls in both Non-DM and DM groups (p < 0.05). Moreover, the modified macrogeometry upregulated OPN mRNA in comparison with the control group in Non-DM and DM rats (p < 0.05). Peri-implant bone repair may profit from the use of implants with modified macrogeometry in the presence of diabetes mellitus, as they offer higher biomechanical retention and positive modulation of important bone markers in peri-implant bone tissue. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Biomaterials: In Vitro and In Vivo Simulations and Applications)

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13 pages, 3033 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Effect of Implant Length and Diameter on Stress Distribution around Single Implant Placement in 3D Posterior Mandibular FE Model Directly Constructed Form In Vivo CT

by Akikazu Shinya, Yoshiki Ishida, Daisuke Miura and Akiyoshi Shinya

Materials 2021, 14(23), 7344; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14237344 - 30 Nov 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1401

Abstract

A three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model of the mandibular bone was created from 3D X-ray CT scan images of a live human subject. Simulating the clinical situation of implant therapy at the mandibular first molar, virtual extraction of the tooth was performed at the 3D FE mandibular model, and 12 different implant diameters and lengths were virtually inserted in order to carry out a mechanical analysis. (1) High stress concentration was found at the surfaces of the buccal and lingual peri-implant bone adjacent to the sides of the neck in all the implants. (2) The greatest stress value was approximately 6.0 MPa with implant diameter of 3.8 mm, approx. 4.5 MPa with implant diameter of 4.3 mm, and approx. 3.2 MPa with implant diameter of 6.0 mm. (3) The stress on the peri-implant bone was found to decrease with increasing length and mainly in diameter of the implant. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Biomaterials: In Vitro and In Vivo Simulations and Applications)

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14 pages, 6270 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Confirmation of Calcium Phosphate Cement Biodegradation after Jawbone Augmentation around Dental Implants Using Three-Dimensional Visualization and Segmentation Software

by Qusai Alkhasawnah, Sera Elmas, Keywan Sohrabi, Sameh Attia, Sascha Heinemann, Thaqif El Khassawna and Christian Heiss

Materials 2021, 14(22), 7084; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14227084 - 22 Nov 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1859

Abstract

The use of autologous bone graft for oral rehabilitation of bone atrophy is considered the gold standard. However, the available grafts do not allow a fast loading of dental implants, as they require a long healing time before full functionality. Innovative bioactive materials provide an easy-to-use solution to this problem. The current study shows the feasibility of calcium phosphate cement paste (Paste-CPC) in the sinus. Long implants were placed simultaneously with the cement paste, and provisional prosthetics were also mounted in the same sessions. Final prosthetics and the full loading took place within the same week. Furthermore, the study shows for the first time the possibility to monitor not only healing progression using Cone Beam Computer tomography (CBCT) but also material retention, over two years, on a case study example. The segmented images showed a 30% reduction of the cement size and an increased mineralized tissue in the sinus. Mechanical testing was performed qualitatively using reverse torque after insertion and cement solidification to indicate clinical feasibility. Both functional and esthetic satisfaction remain unchanged after one year. This flowable paste encourages the augmentation procedure with less invasive measure through socket of removed implants. However, this limitation can be addressed in future studies. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Biomaterials: In Vitro and In Vivo Simulations and Applications)

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14 pages, 1961 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biomolecular, Histological, Clinical, and Radiological Analyses of Dental Implant Bone Sites Prepared Using Magnetic Mallet Technology: A Pilot Study in Animals

by Gianmario Schierano, Domenico Baldi, Bruno Peirone, Mitzy Mauthe von Degerfeld, Roberto Navone, Alberto Bragoni, Jacopo Colombo, Riccardo Autelli and Giuliana Muzio

Materials 2021, 14(22), 6945; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14226945 - 17 Nov 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 13337

Abstract

Background. A new instrumentation exploiting magneto-dynamic technology (mallet) proposed for implant site preparation was investigated. Methods. In the tibias of three minipigs, two sites were prepared by mallet and two by drill technique. Primary stability (ISQ) was detected after implant positioning (T0) and at 14 days (T14). X-rays and computed tomography were performed. At T14, bone samples were utilized for histological and biomolecular analyses. Results. In mallet sites, histological evaluations evidenced a significant increase in the newly formed bone, osteoblast number, and a smaller quantity of fibrous tissue. These results agree with the significant BMP-4 augmentation and the positive trend in other osteogenic factors (biological and radiological investigations). Major, albeit IL-10-controlled, inflammation was present. For both techniques, at T14 a significant ISQ increase was evidenced, but no significant difference was observed at T0 and T14 between the mallet and drill techniques. In mallet sites, lateral bone condensation was observed on computed tomography. Conclusions. Using biological, histological, clinical, and radiological analyses, this study first shows that the mallet technique is effective for implant site preparation. Based on its ability to cause osseocondensation and improve newly formed bone, mallet technology should be chosen in all clinical cases of poor bone quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Biomaterials: In Vitro and In Vivo Simulations and Applications)

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15 pages, 8797 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Histologic and Histomorphometric Evaluation of a New Bioactive Liquid BBL on Implant Surface: A Preclinical Study in Foxhound Dogs

by Eduard Ferrés-Amat, Ashraf Al Madhoun, Elvira Ferrés-Amat, Saddam Al Demour, Mera A. Ababneh, Eduard Ferrés-Padró, Carles Marti, Neus Carrio, Miguel Barajas and Maher Atari

Materials 2021, 14(20), 6217; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14206217 - 19 Oct 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2215

Abstract

Background: Bioactive chemical surface modifications improve the wettability and osseointegration properties of titanium implants in both animals and humans. The objective of this animal study was to investigate and compare the bioreactivity characteristics of titanium implants (BLT) pre-treated with a novel bone bioactive liquid (BBL) and the commercially available BLT-SLA active. Methods: Forty BLT-SLA titanium implants were placed in in four foxhound dogs. Animals were divided into two groups (n = 20): test (BLT-SLA pre-treated with BBL) and control (BLT-SLA active) implants. The implants were inserted in the post extraction sockets. After 8 and 12 weeks, the animals were sacrificed, and mandibles were extracted, containing the implants and the surrounding soft and hard tissues. Bone-to-implant contact (BIC), inter-thread bone area percentage (ITBA), soft tissue, and crestal bone loss were evaluated by histology and histomorphometry. Results: All animals were healthy with no implant loss or inflammation symptoms. All implants were clinically and histologically osseo-integrated. Relative to control groups, test implants demonstrated a significant 1.5- and 1.7-fold increase in BIC and ITBA values, respectively, at both assessment intervals. Crestal bone loss was also significantly reduced in the test group, as compared with controls, at week 8 in both the buccal crests (0.47 ± 0.32 vs 0.98 ± 0.51 mm, p < 0.05) and lingual crests (0.39* ± 0.3 vs. 0.89 ± 0.41 mm, p < 0.05). At week 12, a pronounced crestal bone loss improvement was observed in the test group (buccal, 0.41 ± 0.29 mm and lingual, 0.54 ± 0.23 mm). Tissue thickness showed comparable values at both the buccal and lingual regions and was significantly improved in the studied groups (0.82–0.92 mm vs. 33–48 mm in the control group). Conclusions: Relative to the commercially available BLT-SLA active implants, BLT-SLA pre-treated with BBL showed improved histological and histomorphometric characteristics indicating a reduced titanium surface roughness and improved wettability, promoting healing and soft and hard tissue regeneration at the implant site. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Biomaterials: In Vitro and In Vivo Simulations and Applications)

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13 pages, 2454 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Dental Implants with a Calcium Ions-Modified Surface and Platelet Concentrates for the Rehabilitation of Medically Compromised Patients: A Retrospective Study with 5-Year Follow-Up

by Marco Mozzati, Giorgia Gallesio, Giulio Menicucci, Carlo Manzella, Margherita Tumedei and Massimo Del Fabbro

Materials 2021, 14(11), 2718; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14112718 - 21 May 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2019

Abstract

Background: Platelet concentrates are biological, autologous products obtained from the patient’s whole blood, consisting of a supraphysiological concentration of platelets and growth factors, that have proved beneficial in different applications in the medical and dental fields. They are used in several medical and dental applications to enhance tissue healing. Previous evidence shows that platelet concentrates may be beneficial in patients with compromised systemic conditions, in which the healing process is impaired. Aim: To evaluate the 5-year clinical outcome of implant treatment using acid-etched implants with calcium ions-modified surface in association with plasma rich in growth factors, in patients with systemic diseases of a different nature. Methods: Charts of 99 medically compromised patients, who had received a total of 224 dental implants from January 2013 to June 2013, were retrospectively evaluated. Patients were divided into four groups, according to their condition: diabetes (n = 39 patients), osteoporosis (n = 36), lupus erythematosus systemic (n = 5), rheumatoid arthritis (n = 19). The main outcomes were implant survival, marginal bone level (MBL) change and complications throughout follow-up. Results: Mean follow-up was 63.06 ± 1.90 months (range 60.1 to 66.4 months). In total, eight implants failed in 6 diabetic patients and 4 in 3 patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Overall 5-year implant survival was 94.6%. In total, 30 complications occurred in 24 patients, mostly transient, and no severe adverse event occurred. Overall MBL change was 0.45 ± 0.12 mm, with no significant differences among groups. Conclusions: In the present sample of medically compromised patients, rehabilitation with calcium ions-modified surface implants associated with plasma rich in growth factors proved to be a safe and effective treatment. The satisfactory results achieved after 5-year follow-up are comparable to those historically reported for healthy patients. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Biomaterials: In Vitro and In Vivo Simulations and Applications)

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12 pages, 3493 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Microscopic Characterization of Bioactivate Implant Surfaces: Increasing Wettability Using Salts and Dry Technology

by Francesco Gianfreda, Donato Antonacci, Carlo Raffone, Maurizio Muzzi, Valeria Pistilli and Patrizio Bollero

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2608; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14102608 - 17 May 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1877

Abstract

The surface topography of dental implants plays an important role in cell-surface interaction promoting cell adhesion, proliferation and differentiation influencing osseointegration. A hydrophilic implant leads to the absorption of water molecules and subsequently promotes the adhesion of cells to the implant binding protein. Dried salts on the implant surfaces allow one to store the implant surfaces in a dry environment while preserving their hydrophilic characteristics. This process has been identified as “dry technology”. The aim of the present study is to describe from a micrometric and nanometric point of view the characteristics of this new bioactivated surface obtained using salts dried on the surface. Topographic analysis, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and contact angle characterization were performed on the samples of a sandblasted and dual acid-etched surface (ABT), a nanosurface (Nano) deriving from the former but with the adding of salts air dried and a nanosurface with salts dissolved with distilled water (Nano H₂O). The analysis revealed promising results for nanostructured surfaces with increased wettability and a more articulated surface nanotopography than the traditional ABT surface. In conclusion, this study validates a new promising ultra-hydrophilic nano surface obtained by sandblasting, double acid etching and surface salt deposition using dry technology. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Biomaterials: In Vitro and In Vivo Simulations and Applications)

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17 pages, 15253 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison of Biomechanical Properties of Implant-Retained Overdenture Based on Precision Attachment Type

by Małgorzata Idzior-Haufa, Agnieszka A. Pilarska, Wiesław Hędzelek, Piotr Boniecki, Krzysztof Pilarski and Barbara Dorocka-Bobkowska

Materials 2021, 14(10), 2598; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14102598 - 17 May 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1954

Abstract

This paper aims to compare, in vitro, the biomechanical properties of an overdenture retained by two bar-retained implants and an overdenture retained by two bar-retained implants with ball attachments. An edentulous mandible model was prepared for the study based on the FRASACO mold with two implants. In the first system, the “rider” type (PRECI-HORIX, CEKA) retention structure and the complete mandibular denture with the matrix were made. In the second system, the “rider” type retention suprastructure was also used. In the distal part, (CEKA) clips were placed symmetrically, and a complete mandibular denture, together with the matrix on the bar, and the clip patrices were made. A numerical model was developed for each system where all elements were positioned and related to geometric relations, as in reality. The FEA analysis (finite element analysis) was carried out for seven types of loads: with vertical forces of 20, 50, and 100 N and oblique forces of 20 and 50 N acting on individual teeth of the denture, namely central incisor, canine, and first molar. Displacements, stresses, and deformations within the systems were investigated. Maximum denture displacement in the first system was 0.7 mm. Maximum bar stress amounted to 27.528 MPa, and implant stress to 23.16 MPa. Maximum denture displacement in the second system was 0.6 mm. Maximum bar stress amounted to 578.6 MPa, that of clips was 136.99 MPa, and that of implants was 51.418 MPa. Clips cause smaller displacement of the overdenture when it is loaded but generate higher stress within the precision elements and implants compared to a denture retained only by a bar. Regardless of the shape of the precision element, small deformations occur that mainly affect the mucosa and the matrix. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Biomaterials: In Vitro and In Vivo Simulations and Applications)

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18 pages, 3956 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Role of rhBMP-7, Fibronectin, And Type I Collagen in Dental Implant Osseointegration Process: An Initial Pilot Study on Minipig Animals

by Gianmario Schierano, Rosa Angela Canuto, Mitzy Mauthe von Degerfeld, Roberto Navone, Bruno Peirone, Giulio Preti and Giuliana Muzio

Materials 2021, 14(9), 2185; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14092185 - 24 Apr 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2084

Abstract

Background: The biological factors involved in dental implant osseointegration need to be investigated to improve implant success. Methods: Twenty-four implants were inserted into the tibias of six minipigs. Bone samples were obtained at 7, 14, and 56 days. Biomolecular analyses evaluated mRNA of BMP-4, -7, Transforming Growth Factor-β2, Interleukin-1β, and Osteocalcin in sites treated with rhBMP-7, Type 1 Collagen, or Fibronectin (FN). Inflammation and osteogenesis were evaluated by histological analyses. Results: At 7 and 14 days, BMP-4 and BMP-7 increased in the sites prepared with rhBMP-7 and FN. BMP-7 remained greater at 56 days in rhBMP-7 and FN sites. BPM-4 at 7 and 14 days increased in Type 1 Collagen sites; BMP-7 increased from day 14. FN increased the TGF-β2 at all experimental times, whilst the rhBMP-7 only did so up to 7 days. IL-1β increased only in collagen-treated sites from 14 days. Osteocalcin was high in FN-treated sites. Neutrophilic granulocytes characterized the inflammatory infiltrate at 7 days, and mononuclear cells at 14 and 56 days. Conclusions: This initial pilot study, in a novel way, evidenced that Type 1 Collagen induced inflammation and did not stimulate bone production; conversely FN or rhBMP-7 showed neo-osteogenetic and anti-inflammatory properties when directly added into implant bone site. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Biomaterials: In Vitro and In Vivo Simulations and Applications)

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Review

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22 pages, 2161 KiB

Open AccessReview

Effect of Platelet Concentrates on Marginal Bone Loss of Immediate Implant Procedures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

by José González-Serrano, Carmen Vallina, Carlos González-Serrano, Andrés Sánchez-Monescillo, Jesús Torres, Gonzalo Hernández and Rosa María López-Pintor

Materials 2021, 14(16), 4582; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14164582 - 15 Aug 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1902

Abstract

Background: To evaluate marginal bone loss (MBL) in immediate implant procedures (IIP) placed in conjunction with platelet concentrates (PCs) compared to IIP without PCs. Methods: A search was performed in four databases. Clinical trials evaluating MBL of IIP placed with and without PCs were included. The random effects model was conducted for meta-analysis. Results: Eight clinical trials that evaluated MBL in millimeters were included. A total of 148 patients and 232 immediate implants were evaluated. The meta-analysis showed a statistically significant reduction on MBL of IIP placed with PCs when compared to the non-PCs group at 6 months (p < 0.00001) and 12 months (p < 0.00001) follow-ups. No statistically significant differences were observed on MBL of IIP when compared PCs + bone graft group vs. only bone grafting at 6 months (p = 0.51), and a significant higher MBL of IIP placed with PCs + bone graft when compared to only bone grafting at 12 months was found (p = 0.03). Conclusions: MBL of IIP at 6 and 12 months follow-ups is lower when PCs are applied in comparison to not placing PCs, which may lead to more predictable implant treatments in the medium term. However, MBL seems not to diminish when PCs + bone graft are applied when compared to only bone grafting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Biomaterials: In Vitro and In Vivo Simulations and Applications)

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18 pages, 745 KiB

Open AccessReview

Framework Materials for Full-Arch Implant-Supported Rehabilitations: A Systematic Review of Clinical Studies

by Francesca Delucchi, Emanuele De Giovanni, Paolo Pesce, Francesco Bagnasco, Francesco Pera, Domenico Baldi and Maria Menini

Materials 2021, 14(12), 3251; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14123251 - 12 Jun 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3419

Abstract

The purpose of this systematic review was to investigate the clinical outcomes of frameworks made of different materials in patients with implant-supported full-arch prostheses. A literature search was conducted on MEDLINE, Scopus and Cochrane Library, until the 1st of March 2021, with the following search terms: framework or substructure combined with “dental implants”. The outcomes evaluated were: implant and prosthesis survival, bone resorption, biological and technical complications. The Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions was employed to assess the risk of bias in randomized clinical trials. The Newcastle–Ottawa quality assessment scale was used for non-randomized studies. In total, 924 records were evaluated for title and abstract, and 11 studies were included in the review: 4 clinical randomized trials and 7 cohort studies. The framework materials investigated were: gold alloy, titanium, silver-palladium alloy, zirconia and polymers including acrylic resin and carbon-fiber-reinforced composites. High implant and prosthetic cumulative survival rates were recorded by all included studies. Various materials and different fabrication techniques are now available as alternatives to traditional cast metal frameworks, for full-arch implant-supported rehabilitations. Further long-term studies are needed to validate the use of these materials and clarify their specific clinical indications and manufacturing protocols to optimize their clinical outcomes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dental Implant Biomaterials: In Vitro and In Vivo Simulations and Applications)

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