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Dynamic Behaviour of Metallic Materials

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Physics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 February 2022) | Viewed by 14828

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Prof. Dr. Alexis Rusinek

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LEM3 - Laboratory of Microstructure Studies and Mechanics of Materials, UMR-CNRS 7239, Lorraine University, 7 rue Félix Savart, BP 15082, CEDEX 03, 57073 Metz, France
Interests: dynamic behaviour of materials; constitutive relations; elastic wave propagation; fracture; experiments; simulations
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Marcos Rodríguez Millán

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Department of Mechanical Engineering, University Carlos III of Madrid, Avda. de la Universidad 30, 28911 Leganés, MD, Spain
Interests: ballistic; impact; simulations; aramid; UHMWPE; combat helmet; armor; composites; metals
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The aim of this Special Issue is to publish scientific papers related to the dynamic behaviour of materials, from their characterisation to their application in industrial problems such as impact, explosion or high-speed machining. This Special Issue focuses on experimental and numerical work in terms of the dynamic compartmentalization of metallic materials.

Metal materials are subjected to dynamic problems involving high strain rates, high strains, high temperatures, impacts or high pressures. This Special Issue involves dynamic characterization or dynamic industrial processes. In addition to the behaviour of the material, works and documents related to fractures and damage under the extreme conditions described above will be considered.

I look forward to receiving many proposals for a special high-impact issue on the "Dynamic Behaviour of Materials and Structures". I am sure that this Special Issue will be useful for people working in this specific field, and also for doctoral students. It will cover experiments, modelling and computing.

Prof. Dr. Alexis Rusinek
Prof. Dr. Marcos Rodríguez Millán
Guest Editors

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Keywords

constitutive relations
mechanical properties
split Hopkinson pressure bars
explosive and projectile loading
testing methods
strain rate sensitivity
computing and simulation
elastic waves propagation
dynamic fracture and damage
metals
machining

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

26 pages, 34422 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Static and Dynamic Properties of Al-Mg Alloys Subjected to Hydrostatic Extrusion

by Wojciech Jurczak, Tomasz Trzepieciński, Andrzej Kubit and Wojciech Bochnowski

Materials 2022, 15(3), 1066; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15031066 - 29 Jan 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2042

Abstract

The aim of this study is to determine the influence of the amount of magnesium in Al-Mg alloys and strain rate on the grain refinement and mechanical properties of the material as determined in a dynamic tensile test. Hydrostatic extrusion was used to process the material. This method is not commonly used to impose severe plastic deformation of Al-Mg alloys. The article presents the results of static and dynamic strength tests on aluminium alloys subjected to plastic deformation in the hydrostatic extrusion process. Technically pure aluminium Al99.5 and three aluminium alloys with different magnesium content, Al-1Mg, Al-3Mg and Al-7.5Mg, were used in the tests. The samples were subjected to static tests using the uniaxial tensile test machine and dynamic tests using a rotary hammer. Compared to pure aluminium, increasing the magnesium content in Al-based alloys strengthened them in hydrostatic extrusion (logarithmic strain ε = 0.86) and caused an increase in the static ultimate tensile stress R_m, relative strain ε_r and the value of the yield stress. For strengthened aluminium alloys, an increase in the strain rate from 750 to 1750 s⁻¹ caused an increase in the dynamic ultimate tensile stress from 1.2 to 1.9 times in relation to the static ultimate tensile stress. The increase in magnesium content results in the formation of a larger strengthening phase, influences a different state of stress during dynamic loading and leads to a change in the orientation of the fracture surface. It was also found that an increase in magnesium content is associated with an increased number of voids, which is also directly proportional to the strain rate in the dynamic rotary hammer test. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behaviour of Metallic Materials)

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15 pages, 5832 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mechanical Properties of Brass under Impact and Perforation Tests for a Wide Range of Temperatures: Experimental and Numerical Approach

by Maciej Klosak, Tomasz Jankowiak, Alexis Rusinek, Amine Bendarma, Piotr W. Sielicki and Tomasz Lodygowski

Materials 2020, 13(24), 5821; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13245821 - 21 Dec 2020

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2277

Abstract

The originally performed perforation experiments were extended by compression and tensile dynamic tests reported in this work in order to fully characterize the material tested. Then a numerical model was presented to carry out numerical simulations. The tested material was the common brass alloy. The aim of this numerical study was to observe the behavior of the sample material and to define failure modes under dynamic conditions of impact loading in comparison with the experimental findings. The specimens were rectangular plates perforated within a large range of initial impact velocities V₀ from 40 to 120 m/s and in different initial temperatures T₀. The temperature range for experiments was T₀ = 293 K to 533 K, whereas the numerical analysis covered a wider range of temperatures reaching 923 K. The thermoelasto-viscoplastic behavior of brass alloy was described using the Johnson–Cook constitutive relation. The ductile damage initiation criterion was used with plastic equivalent strain. Both experimental and numerical studies allowed to conclude that the ballistic properties of the structure and the ballistic strength of the sheet plates change with the initial temperature. The results in terms of the ballistic curve V_R (residual velocity) versus V₀ (initial velocity) showed the temperature effect on the residual kinetic energy and thus on the energy absorbed by the plate. Concerning the failure pattern, the number of petals N was varied depending on the initial impact velocity V₀ and initial temperature T₀. Preliminary results with regard to temperature increase were recorded. They were obtained using an infrared high-speed camera and were subsequently compared with numerical results. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behaviour of Metallic Materials)

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16 pages, 37575 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Wetting Kinetics and Microstructure Analysis of BNi2 Filler Metal over Selective Laser Melted Ti-6Al-4V Substrate

by Jiankun Liu, Guanpeng Liu, Hua Ouyang, Yulong Li, Ming Yan and Michael Pecht

Materials 2020, 13(20), 4666; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13204666 - 20 Oct 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2193

Abstract

The wetting kinetics of nickel-based filler metal (BNi2) over selective laser-melted Ti-6Al-4V (SLMed TC4) titanium alloy in a protective argon atmosphere is experimentally investigated using a real-time in situ hot stage equipped with an optical microscope. The spreading processes at different temperatures are similar, and the overall wetting/spreading process can be roughly divided into three stages: (i) an initial stage, (ii) a rapid spreading stage, and (iii) an asymptotic stage. Moreover, the wetting kinetics of the BNi2/SLMed TC4 system can be expressed by empirical power exponential function Rⁿ~t with n = ~1. In the process of spreading, Ti-based solid solution (Ti(ss)) and intermetallic compound (Ti₂Ni and TiB₂) were formed at the interface within the reaction domain, and the phase transition of α’ martensitic to α-Ti and β-Ti also took place. The influence of elevated temperature on the spreading and wetting kinetics of the BNi2/SLMed TC4 system was studied, and the results show that the increase of temperature has a slightly promoting effect on the spreading, but a limited impact on the value of n. In addition, the spreading and wetting kinetics of BNi2/SLMed TC4 system are similar to those of BNi2 on conventional forged TC4 substrate. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behaviour of Metallic Materials)

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20 pages, 8433 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Study of the Thermo-Viscoplastic Behavior of NICRO 12.1 for Perforation Tests

by Eva Alonso-Elías, Alexis Rusinek, Ignacio Rubio-Díaz, Richard Bernier, Marcos Rodríguez-Millán and María Henar Miguelez

Materials 2020, 13(19), 4311; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13194311 - 27 Sep 2020

Viewed by 1991

Abstract

Dynamic impact tests using thin metal plates for ballistic characterization have received significant attention in recent years. The Johnson–Cook (J–C) model is extensively used in numerical modeling of impact and penetration in metals. The AISI (American Iron and Steel Institute) 301 steel family presents good impact behavior, excellent formability, and high corrosion resistance. Thus, NICRO (Nickel and Hard Chrome Plated Steel) 12.1 (part of the AISI 301 steel family) was chosen in this work, although parameters of the J–C model or impact results were not found in the literature. In this work, NICRO 12.1 steel plates, were characterized in ballistics with an initial impact velocity up to 200 m/s and three shape nose projectiles. The Johnson–Cook parameters for the NICRO 12.1 steel were calculated for a large range of temperatures and strain rates. Impact tests were carried out using three projectiles: conical, hemispherical, and blunt. The ballistic curves, failure mode, and maximum deformation obtained with each projectile, experimentally and numerically, were compared, and a good correlation was obtained. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behaviour of Metallic Materials)

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19 pages, 13406 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Characterization of the Mechanical Behavior of a Lead Alloy, from Quasi-Static to Dynamic Loading for a Wide Range of Temperatures

by Yann Coget, Yaël Demarty and Alexis Rusinek

Materials 2020, 13(10), 2357; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13102357 - 20 May 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2110

Abstract

The current needs in terms of ballistic protection for armed forces require an almost constant improvement in performance to face the constantly evolving threats and scenarios. Ballistic tests are conventionally carried out in order to assess and validate the levels of protection. The challenge is to be able to set up a digital protocol and only carry out final validation tests. Indeed, the advantage of digital simulation lies in the possibility of being able to evaluate a wide variety of configurations. In order to obtain reliable results, it is necessary to use sufficiently precise material behavior models to transcribe the phenomena observed during the impact. Our study focuses on the behavior of a small caliber ammunition with a ductile core impacting personal protection. More particularly on the mechanical behavior of the lead alloy core. Thus, compression tests have been carried out on a wide range of deformation rates, from quasi-static behavior to dynamic regime, at different temperatures. The study in dynamic conditions was carried out using split Hopkinson pressure bars. Due to the material properties, the experimental device had to be adapted in order to optimize the propagation of the waves allowing to measure signals (elastic waves). These tests demonstrate the dependency of the stress with strain rate and temperature. Dynamic restoration and recrystallization phenomena, characteristic of a material deformed in its hot working area, have also been identified. The associated oscillations due to Pochhammer–Chree effect, observable on the stress–strain curves, constitute the major problem for the implementation of behavioral models. Finally, a constitutive model sensitive to strain rate and temperature is investigated for ballistic purposes. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behaviour of Metallic Materials)

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24 pages, 20194 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Constitutive Models for Dynamic Strain Aging in Metals: Strain Rate and Temperature Dependences on the Flow Stress

by Yooseob Song, Daniel Garcia-Gonzalez and Alexis Rusinek

Materials 2020, 13(7), 1794; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13071794 - 10 Apr 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 3397

Abstract

A new constitutive model for Q235B structural steel is proposed, incorporating the effect of dynamic strain aging. Dynamic strain aging hugely affects the microstructural behavior of metallic compounds, in turn leading to significant alterations in their macroscopic mechanical response. Therefore, a constitutive model must incorporate the effect of dynamic strain aging to accurately predict thermo-mechanical deformation processes. The proposed model assumes the overall response of the material as a combination of three contributions: athermal, thermally activated, and dynamic strain aging stress components. The dynamic strain aging is approached by two alternative mathematical expressions: (i) model I: rate-independent model; (ii) model II: rate-dependent model. The proposed model is finally used to study the mechanical response of Q235B steel for a wide range of loading conditions, from quasi-static loading (

\dot{ε} = 0.001 s^{- 1}

and

\dot{ε} = 0.02 s^{- 1}

) to dynamic loading (

\dot{ε} = 800 s^{- 1}

and

\dot{ε} = 7000 s^{- 1}

), and across a broad range of temperatures (

93 K - 1173 K

). The results from this work highlight the importance of considering strain-rate dependences (model II) to provide reliable predictions under dynamic loading scenarios. In this regard, rate-independent approaches (model I) are rather limited to quasi-static loading. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Dynamic Behaviour of Metallic Materials)

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