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Erosion Resistance of Materials

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Corrosion".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 November 2022) | Viewed by 12286

Special Issue Editor

The Szewalski Institute of Fluid-Flow Machinery, Polish Academy of Sciences, Fiszera 14, 80-231 Gdansk, Poland
Interests: material degradation; fracture, erosion processes; cavitation erosion; slurry erosion
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Material degradation caused by erosion processes concerns many elements and machines. This occurs in water turbines and pumps, steam turbines, as well as wind turbines, i.e., machines working in the so-called renewable energy. Devices from the automotive and even aviation industries are also exposed to such destruction processes. Thus, they relate to key industries. Knowledge about the degradation process, as well as methods of reducing the speed of such degradation and modeling of erosive processes are important for the efficiency of production and development of these types of industry. They are also important for the protection of the environment due to the reduction in repair frequency. The aim of the Special Issue is to present knowledge about the mentioned aspects.

Dr. Alicja Krystyna Krella
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

  • cavitation erosion
  • solid particle erosion
  • wear
  • solid materials
  • steels
  • coatings
  • ceramics
  • composites
  • fracture

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 7260 KiB  
Article
Particle-Based Numerical Simulation Study of Solid Particle Erosion of Ductile Materials Leading to an Erosion Model, Including the Particle Shape Effect
by Shoya Mohseni-Mofidi, Eric Drescher, Harald Kruggel-Emden, Matthias Teschner and Claas Bierwisch
Materials 2022, 15(1), 286; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15010286 - 31 Dec 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2283
Abstract
Solid particle erosion inevitably occurs if a gas–solid or liquid–solid mixture is in contact with a surface, e.g., in pneumatic conveyors. Having a good understanding of this complex phenomenon enables one to reduce the maintenance costs in several industrial applications by designing components [...] Read more.
Solid particle erosion inevitably occurs if a gas–solid or liquid–solid mixture is in contact with a surface, e.g., in pneumatic conveyors. Having a good understanding of this complex phenomenon enables one to reduce the maintenance costs in several industrial applications by designing components that have longer lifetimes. In this paper, we propose a methodology to numerically investigate erosion behavior of ductile materials. We employ smoothed particle hydrodynamics that can easily deal with large deformations and fractures as a truly meshless method. In addition, a new contact model was developed in order to robustly handle contacts around sharp corners of the solid particles. The numerical predictions of erosion are compared with experiments for stainless steel AISI 304, showing that we are able to properly predict the erosion behavior as a function of impact angle. We present a powerful tool to conveniently study the effect of important parameters, such as solid particle shapes, which are not simple to study in experiments. Using the methodology, we study the effect of a solid particle shape and conclude that, in addition to angularity, aspect ratio also plays an important role by increasing the probability of the solid particles to rotate after impact. Finally, we are able to extend a widely used erosion model by a term that considers a solid particle shape. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Erosion Resistance of Materials)
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19 pages, 12589 KiB  
Article
Numerical Investigation of Degradation of 316L Steel Caused by Cavitation
by Artur Maurin
Materials 2021, 14(11), 3131; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14113131 - 07 Jun 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2052
Abstract
The degradation process of 316L stainless steel caused by cavitation was investigated by means of finite element analysis. The damage characteristics of metal specimens subjected to the cavitation bubble collapse process were recreated by simulation with a micro-jet water hammer. The simulation results [...] Read more.
The degradation process of 316L stainless steel caused by cavitation was investigated by means of finite element analysis. The damage characteristics of metal specimens subjected to the cavitation bubble collapse process were recreated by simulation with a micro-jet water hammer. The simulation results were compared with the cavitation pits created in the experimental tests. In the experiment, different inlet and outlet pressures in a test chamber with a system of barricade exciters differentiated the erosion process results. Hydrodynamic cavitation caused uneven distribution of the erosion over the specimens’ surface, which has been validated by roughness measurements, enabling localisation and identification of the shape and topography of the impact pits. The erosion rate of the steel specimens was high at the beginning of the test and decreased over time, indicating the phase transformation and/or the strain-hardening of the surface layer. A numerical simulation showed that the impact of the water micro-jet with a velocity of 100 m/s exceeds the tensile strength of 316L steel, and produces an impact pit. The subsequent micro-jet impact on the same zone deepens the pit depth only to a certain extent due to elastoplastic surface hardening. The correlation between post-impact pit geometry and impact velocity was investigated. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Erosion Resistance of Materials)
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14 pages, 5386 KiB  
Article
Damage Development on the Surface of Nickel Coating in the Initial Period of Erosion
by Dominika E. Zakrzewska, Marta H. Buszko, Alicja K. Krella, Anna Komenda, Grzegorz Mordarski and Robert P. Socha
Materials 2021, 14(11), 3123; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14113123 - 07 Jun 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2311
Abstract
The common occurrence of the phenomenon of cavitation in many industries and the multitude of factors affecting the resistance to cavitation erosion of used materials contribute to the search for methods and appropriate parameters of coating application that are able to minimize the [...] Read more.
The common occurrence of the phenomenon of cavitation in many industries and the multitude of factors affecting the resistance to cavitation erosion of used materials contribute to the search for methods and appropriate parameters of coating application that are able to minimize the effects of erosion. To determine the validity of the developed application parameters and the method used, cavitation studies and microscopic observations of the development of erosion during the cavitation test were carried out. There was a clear lack of incubation time and a linear increase in losses after 60 min of the test. Moreover, the damage observed during the test overlapped, widening the area of erosion and thus leading to damage to the integrity of the coating. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Erosion Resistance of Materials)
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16 pages, 5136 KiB  
Article
Effect of Nitrogen Ion Implantation on the Cavitation Erosion Resistance and Cobalt-Based Solid Solution Phase Transformations of HIPed Stellite 6
by Mirosław Szala, Dariusz Chocyk, Anna Skic, Mariusz Kamiński, Wojciech Macek and Marcin Turek
Materials 2021, 14(9), 2324; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14092324 - 29 Apr 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 2687
Abstract
From the wide range of engineering materials traditional Stellite 6 (cobalt alloy) exhibits excellent resistance to cavitation erosion (CE). Nonetheless, the influence of ion implantation of cobalt alloys on the CE behaviour has not been completely clarified by the literature. Thus, this work [...] Read more.
From the wide range of engineering materials traditional Stellite 6 (cobalt alloy) exhibits excellent resistance to cavitation erosion (CE). Nonetheless, the influence of ion implantation of cobalt alloys on the CE behaviour has not been completely clarified by the literature. Thus, this work investigates the effect of nitrogen ion implantation (NII) of HIPed Stellite 6 on the improvement of resistance to CE. Finally, the cobalt-rich matrix phase transformations due to both NII and cavitation load were studied. The CE resistance of stellites ion-implanted by 120 keV N+ ions two fluences: 5 × 1016 cm−2 and 1 × 1017 cm−2 were comparatively analysed with the unimplanted stellite and AISI 304 stainless steel. CE tests were conducted according to ASTM G32 with stationary specimen method. Erosion rate curves and mean depth of erosion confirm that the nitrogen-implanted HIPed Stellite 6 two times exceeds the resistance to CE than unimplanted stellite, and has almost ten times higher CE reference than stainless steel. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) confirms that NII of HIPed Stellite 6 favours transformation of the ε(hcp) to γ(fcc) structure. Unimplanted stellite ε-rich matrix is less prone to plastic deformation than γ and consequently, increase of γ phase effectively holds carbides in cobalt matrix and prevents Cr7C3 debonding. This phenomenon elongates three times the CE incubation stage, slows erosion rate and mitigates the material loss. Metastable γ structure formed by ion implantation consumes the cavitation load for work-hardening and γ → ε martensitic transformation. In further CE stages, phases transform as for unimplanted alloy namely, the cavitation-inducted recovery process, removal of strain, dislocations resulting in increase of γ phase. The CE mechanism was investigated using a surface profilometer, atomic force microscopy, SEM-EDS and XRD. HIPed Stellite 6 wear behaviour relies on the plastic deformation of cobalt matrix, starting at Cr7C3/matrix interfaces. Once the Cr7C3 particles lose from the matrix restrain, they debond from matrix and are removed from the material. Carbides detachment creates cavitation pits which initiate cracks propagation through cobalt matrix, that leads to loss of matrix phase and as a result the CE proceeds with a detachment of massive chunk of materials. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Erosion Resistance of Materials)
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22 pages, 9115 KiB  
Article
Effect of Thermal Treatment and Erosion Aggressiveness on Resistance of S235JR Steel to Cavitation and Slurry
by Alicja K. Krella, Dominika E. Zakrzewska, Marta H. Buszko and Artur Marchewicz
Materials 2021, 14(6), 1456; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14061456 - 16 Mar 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1452
Abstract
S235JR steel is used in many applications, but its resistance to the erosion processes has been poorly studied. To investigate this resistance, cavitation, and slurry erosion tests were conducted. These tests were carried out at different erosion intensities, i.e., different flow rates in [...] Read more.
S235JR steel is used in many applications, but its resistance to the erosion processes has been poorly studied. To investigate this resistance, cavitation, and slurry erosion tests were conducted. These tests were carried out at different erosion intensities, i.e., different flow rates in the cavitation tunnel with a system of barricades and different rotational speeds in the slurry pot. The steel was tested as-received and after thermal treatment at 930 °C, which lowered the hardness of the steel. To better understand the degradation processes, in addition to mass loss measurements, surface roughness and hardness were measured. Along with increasing erosion intensity, the mass loss increased as well. However, the nature of the increase in mass loss, as well as the effect of steel hardness on this mass loss, was different for each of the erosion processes. In the cavitation erosion tests, the mass loss increased linearly with the increase in flow velocity, while in the slurry tests this relationship was polynomial, indicating a strong increase in mass losses with an increase in rotational speed. Cavitation erosion resulted in stronger and deeper strain hardening than slurry. Surface damage from cavitation erosion tests was mainly deep pits, voids, and cracks during the slurry tests, while flaking was the most significant damage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Erosion Resistance of Materials)
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