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Design and Micromechanical Behavior of Orthopaedic Devices for Bone Repair and Regeneration

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 June 2023) | Viewed by 7439

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Paulo R. Fernandes

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Guest Editor

IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
Interests: biomechanics; implant design; bone mechanics; tissue engineering

Dr. André P. G. Castro

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Guest Editor

1. IDMEC, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, 1049-001 Lisbon, Portugal
2. ESTSetúbal, Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, 2914-761 Setúbal, Portugal
Interests: biomechanics; biomedical engineering; tissue engineering
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Although bone has the capacity of self-regenerating, there are a number of bone defects and fractures for which the support of an artificial device is required for complete bone regeneration. These orthopedic devices can be permanent, such as those for joint replacement, or temporary, such as some fixation plates and biodegradable bone scaffolds. The design and material of such devices must be carefully defined, in order to respond to their biomechanical demands. Therefore, the development of devices with controlled micromechanical behavior is essential to avoid device failure and lead to successful bone repair and regeneration.

This Special Issue aims to collect the most recent developments on the design of bone implant devices with controlled structure and material, focusing on their design, fabrication, and physical and biomechanical characterization.

Prof. Paulo R. Fernandes
Prof. André P.G. Castro
Guest Editors

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Keywords

bone implants
bone scaffolds
micromechanical characterization
implant design
bone repair
bone regeneration
implant–bone interface

Published Papers (4 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 1889 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Wall Shear Stress Analysis and Optimization in Tissue Engineering TPMS Scaffolds

by Tiago H. V. Pires, John W. C. Dunlop, André P. G. Castro and Paulo R. Fernandes

Materials 2022, 15(20), 7375; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15207375 - 21 Oct 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1460

Abstract

When designing scaffolds for bone tissue engineering (BTE), the wall shear stress (WSS), due to the fluid flow inside the scaffold, is an important factor to consider as it influences the cellular process involved in new tissue formation. The present work analyzed the average WSS in Schwartz diamond (SD) and gyroid (SG) scaffolds with different surface topologies and mesh elements using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analysis. It was found that scaffold meshes with a smooth surface topology with tetrahedral elements had WSS levels 35% higher than the equivalent scaffold with a non-smooth surface topology with hexahedral elements. The present work also investigated the possibility of implementing the optimization algorithm simulated annealing to aid in the design of BTE scaffolds with a specific average WSS, with the outputs showing that the algorithm was able to reach WSS levels in the vicinity of 5 mPa (physiological range) within the established limit of 100 iterations. This proved the efficacy of combining CFD and optimization methods in the design of BTE scaffolds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Micromechanical Behavior of Orthopaedic Devices for Bone Repair and Regeneration)

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12 pages, 2824 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Analysis of the Risk of Wear on Cemented and Uncemented Polyethylene Liners According to Different Variables in Hip Arthroplasty

by Basilio De la Torre, Loreto Barrios, Juan De la Torre-Mosquera, Julia Bujan, Miguel A. Ortega and Carlos González-Bravo

Materials 2021, 14(23), 7243; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14237243 - 27 Nov 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1781

Abstract

Wear debris in total hip arthroplasty is one of the main causes of loosening and failure, and the optimal acetabular fixation for primary total hip arthroplasty is still controversial because there is no significant difference between cemented and uncemented types for long-term clinical and functional outcome. To assess and predict, from a theoretical viewpoint, the risk of wear with two types of polyethylene liners, cemented and uncemented, a simulation using the finite element (FE) method was carried out. The risk of wear was analyzed according to different variables: the polyethylene acetabular component’s position with respect to the center of rotation of the hip; the thickness of the polyethylene insert; the material of the femoral head; and the relationship of the cervical–diaphyseal morphology of the proximal end of the femur to the restoration of the femoral offset. In all 72 simulations studied, a difference was observed in favour of a cemented solution with respect to the risk of wear. With regard to the other variables, the acetabular fixation, the thickness of the polyethylene, and the acetabular component positioning were statistically significant. The highest values for the risk of wear corresponded to a smaller thickness (5.3 mm), and super-lateral positioning at 25 mm reached the highest value of the von Mises stress. According to our results, for the reconstruction of the acetabular side, a cemented insert with a thickness of at least 5 mm should be used at the center of rotation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Micromechanical Behavior of Orthopaedic Devices for Bone Repair and Regeneration)

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11 pages, 4456 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Experimental and Numerical Simulations of 3D-Printed Polycaprolactone Scaffolds for Bone Tissue Engineering Applications

by Zhanyan Xu, Abdalla M. Omar and Paulo Bartolo

Materials 2021, 14(13), 3546; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14133546 - 25 Jun 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2057

Abstract

Ideal bone scaffolds for tissue engineering should be highly porous allowing cell attachment, spreading, and differentiation and presenting appropriate biomechanical properties. These antagonistic characteristics usually require extensive experimental work to achieve optimised balanced properties. This paper presents a simulation approach to determine the mechanical behaviour of bone scaffolds allowing the compressive modulus and the deformation mechanisms to be predicted. Polycaprolactone scaffolds with regular square pores and different porosities were considered. Scaffolds were also printed using an extrusion-based additive manufacturing and assessed under compressive loads. Similar designs were used for both simulation and fabrication steps. A good correlation between numerical and experimental results was obtained, highlighting the suitability of the simulation tool for the mechanical design of 3D-printed bone scaffolds. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Micromechanical Behavior of Orthopaedic Devices for Bone Repair and Regeneration)

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Review

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18 pages, 9723 KiB

Open AccessReview

A Critical Review of the Design, Manufacture, and Evaluation of Bone Joint Replacements for Bone Repair

by Yi Huo, Yongtao Lyu, Sergei Bosiakov and Feng Han

Materials 2022, 15(1), 153; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15010153 - 26 Dec 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2635

Abstract

With the change of people’s living habits, bone trauma has become a common clinical disease. A large number of bone joint replacements is performed every year around the world. Bone joint replacement is a major approach for restoring the functionalities of human joints caused by bone traumas or some chronic bone diseases. However, the current bone joint replacement products still cannot meet the increasing demands and there is still room to increase the performance of the current products. The structural design of the implant is crucial because the performance of the implant relies heavily on its geometry and microarchitecture. Bionic design learning from the natural structure is widely used. With the progress of technology, machine learning can be used to optimize the structure of bone implants, which may become the focus of research in the future. In addition, the optimization of the microstructure of bone implants also has an important impact on its performance. The widely used design algorithm for the optimization of bone joint replacements is reviewed in the present study. Regarding the manufacturing of the implant, the emerging additive manufacturing technique provides more room for the design of complex microstructures. The additive manufacturing technique has enabled the production of bone joint replacements with more complex internal structures, which makes the design process more convenient. Numerical modeling plays an important role in the evaluation of the performance of an implant. For example, theoretical and numerical analysis can be carried out by establishing a musculoskeletal model to prepare for the practical use of bone implants. Besides, the in vitro and in vivo testing can provide mechanical properties of bone implants that are more in line with the implant recipient’s situation. In the present study, the progress of the design, manufacture, and evaluation of the orthopedic implant, especially the joint replacement, is critically reviewed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Design and Micromechanical Behavior of Orthopaedic Devices for Bone Repair and Regeneration)

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