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Performance-Related Material Properties of Asphalt Mixture Components
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Performance-Related Material Properties of Asphalt Mixture Components

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Construction and Building Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 January 2023) | Viewed by 24763

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Meng Ling

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing, China
Interests: asphalt pavements; oxidative aging; fracture mechanics; numerical modeling; artificial neural networks
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yao Zhang

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
College of Civil Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
Interests: pavement structure and performance; multi-scale mechanical response of asphalt pavement; pavement recycling technology; advanced pavement materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Haibo Ding

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Civil Engineering, Jiulidi Campus, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu, China
Interests: pavement cracking; thermoreversible aging; wax in asphalt; performance characterization
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Yu Chen

E-Mail
Guest Editor
School of Transportation and Logistics Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan, China
Interests: asphalt pavement; jointed concrete pavement; long-term pavement performance; mechanistic-empirical model; machine learning
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Each component of asphalt mixture (e.g., asphalt binder, aggregate, recycled materials and additives) directly affects the performance of asphalt mixture and asphalt pavement, such as fracture, permanent deformation, aging and moisture. Different damage modes are induced by different mechanisms and/or under different environmental conditions, and the contribution of each component to resist different types of damage is different. Therefore, it is vital to accurately evaluate the effects of the fundamental properties of asphalt mixture components and the component interactions that are related to damage performance, which are critical to develop performance models for asphalt mixture. The assessment of material properties becomes essential when recycled materials and/or additives are involved.  

The Special Issue “Performance-Related Material Properties of Asphalt Mixture Components” aims to publish original research articles to determine the fundamental properties of asphalt mixture components that are related to the distress/performance of asphalt mixtures and asphalt pavements.

Topics include, but are not limited to:

  1. Influence of viscoelastic properties of asphalt mixture components on performance;
  2. Influence of morphological properties of asphalt mixture components on performance;
  3. Influence of chemical properties of asphalt binder on the durability of asphalt pavement;
  4. Evaluation of asphalt binder and aggregate interaction;
  5. Numerical modeling of asphalt mixture components and their interactions;
  6. Environmental effects on asphalt mixture components and performance;
  7. Performance of asphalt mixtures with recycled materials.

It is our pleasure to invite you to submit a manuscript to this Special Issue.

Dr. Meng Ling
Dr. Yao Zhang
Dr. Haibo Ding
Dr. Yu Chen
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • asphalt binder
  • aggregate
  • recycled materials
  • distress
  • material properties
  • numerical modelling

Published Papers (16 papers)

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Research

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21 pages, 6316 KiB  
Article
Pavement Performance Investigation of Asphalt Mixtures with Plastic and Basalt Fiber Composite (PB) Modifier and Their Applications in Urban Bus Lanes Using Statics Analysis
by Xueyang Jiu, Peng Xiao, Bo Li, Yu Wang and Aihong Kang
Materials 2023, 16(2), 770; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma16020770 - 12 Jan 2023
Viewed by 1097
Abstract
A new type of plastic and basalt fiber composite (PB) modifier, which is composed of waste plastic and basalt fiber using a specific process, was used for bus lanes to address severe high-temperature deformation diseases due to the heavy loads of buses. The [...] Read more.
A new type of plastic and basalt fiber composite (PB) modifier, which is composed of waste plastic and basalt fiber using a specific process, was used for bus lanes to address severe high-temperature deformation diseases due to the heavy loads of buses. The dense gradations of asphalt mixture with a nominal maximum aggregate size of 13.2 mm (AC-13) and 19 mm (AC-20) were selected to fabricate asphalt mixtures. The impact of the modifier PB on the high-temperature rutting resistance, low-temperature crack resistance, and water damage resistance was investigated experimentally. The experimental results showed that adding the modifier PB could enhance the rutting resistance and water damage resistance of asphalt mixtures significantly while maintaining the low-temperature crack resistance. Then, PB-modified asphalt mixtures of AC-13 and AC-20 were employed into a typical pavement structure of a bus lane in Yangzhou city, China, and three types of designed pavement structures were proposed. On this basis, statics analyses of all of the designed structures were performed using the finite element method. The statics analyses revealed that, compared with the standard axle load, the actual over-loaded axle made the pavement structure of the bus lane suffer a 30% higher stress and vertical deformation, leading to accelerated rutting damage on the bus lanes. The addition of the modifier PB could make the pavement structure stronger and compensate for the negative effect caused by the heavy axle load. These findings can be used as a reference for the pavement design of urban bus lanes. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance-Related Material Properties of Asphalt Mixture Components)
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13 pages, 5043 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Aging Impact on Wax Crystallization in Selected Asphalt Binders
by Wenqi Wang, Ali Rahman, Haibo Ding and Yanjun Qiu
Materials 2022, 15(22), 8248; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15228248 - 21 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1339
Abstract
For a better understanding of the changing trend in crystalline components of asphalt binders, asphalt binders originating from the SHRP Materials Reference Library with different oxidation degrees (unaged, 20 h PAV, and 60 h PAV) were prepared. The native asphalt binders and their [...] Read more.
For a better understanding of the changing trend in crystalline components of asphalt binders, asphalt binders originating from the SHRP Materials Reference Library with different oxidation degrees (unaged, 20 h PAV, and 60 h PAV) were prepared. The native asphalt binders and their oxidized residues were characterized by liquid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and high-temperature gas chromatography (HTGC). The results showed that, compared with other carbon types, the content of internal methylene carbons of long paraffinic chains between different SHRP binders was quite different. The NMR average length of a long paraffinic internal methylene chain showed a good correlation with the wax content obtained at −20 °C using the methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) precipitation method and also the recently developed variable-temperature Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (VT-FTIR) method. In most cases, the average length of straight internal methylene carbons of a long paraffinic chain terminated by a methyl group increased with the oxidation of the asphalt binder. However, the difference caused by oxidation was significantly smaller than the difference caused by the source of the asphalt binder. In general, oxidation will make the n-alkanes distributed in asphalt binder fall within a narrower range. The carbon number of n-alkanes in the asphalt binder generally grew with oxidation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance-Related Material Properties of Asphalt Mixture Components)
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25 pages, 7898 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Rejuvenating Fiber Asphalt Mixtures’ Performance and Economic Aspects in High-Temperature Moisture Susceptibility
by Yao Zhang, Ye Wang, Aihong Kang, Zhengguang Wu, Bo Li, Chen Zhang and Zhe Wu
Materials 2022, 15(21), 7728; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15217728 - 02 Nov 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1188
Abstract
Non-renewable resources such as natural stone and asphalt are in short supply. Recycling technology, with its lower cost, has been used as the primary approach to asphalt pavement maintenance engineering. The inclusion of reclaimed asphalt pavement materials in producing new asphalt pavements may [...] Read more.
Non-renewable resources such as natural stone and asphalt are in short supply. Recycling technology, with its lower cost, has been used as the primary approach to asphalt pavement maintenance engineering. The inclusion of reclaimed asphalt pavement materials in producing new asphalt pavements may increase the risk of cracking. The strength and toughness of the asphalt mixture can be reduced. In this study, Hamburg wheel tracking tests (HWTT) were performed on rejuvenated asphalt mixtures with distinct maintenance processes. Different kinds of fibers have been used as additives to reinforce the rejuvenated asphalt mixtures. The HWTT rutting curve was identified as having three stages, including the post-compaction stage, the creep stage, and the stripping stage. The three-stage rutting curve model was used to determine the intersection point between the creep stage and stripping stage. The other two feature points (i.e., the post-compaction point and the stripping inflection point) were redefined with a new calculation method. Then, the rutting effect and stripping effect were separated with these feature points. The performance and economic benefits of fiber-reinforced rejuvenated asphalt mixtures were investigated through grey correlation analysis under the three maintenance processes. The feature points of the HWTT curve and the cost of the corresponding maintenance process were selected as the impact factors. Finally, the optimal scheme was developed by analyzing the influence of each factor on both performance and economic benefits. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance-Related Material Properties of Asphalt Mixture Components)
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17 pages, 4651 KiB  
Article
Long-Term Performance Evolution of RIOHTrack Pavement Surface Layer Based on DMA Method
by Zhimin Ma, Xudong Wang, Yanzhu Wang, Xingye Zhou and Yang Wu
Materials 2022, 15(18), 6461; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15186461 - 17 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1022
Abstract
Asphalt mixture is a typical viscoelastic material, and its road performance will change with the action of environment and load during actual service. This study conducted experimental research on the surface course asphalt mixture of three categories and six typical structures of RIOHTrack [...] Read more.
Asphalt mixture is a typical viscoelastic material, and its road performance will change with the action of environment and load during actual service. This study conducted experimental research on the surface course asphalt mixture of three categories and six typical structures of RIOHTrack based on the Dynamic Mechanical Analysis method. Moreover, this study explored the performance evolution law of asphalt mixture under the coupling action of load and environment in the process of loading from 0 million to 54 million standard axle times. Results demonstrated that the phase transition characteristic temperature of the surface course materials of the three types of typical structures showed a trend of first increasing and then decreasing with the accumulation of load and environmental effects, indicating the presence of two stages of the dual coupling effect of environmental aging and load rolling on the asphalt mixture during service. In addition, the results suggested that the phase transition characteristic temperature, modulus, and phase angle of the surface layer materials have obvious material differences and structure dependencies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance-Related Material Properties of Asphalt Mixture Components)
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13 pages, 13010 KiB  
Article
Pyrolysis Combustion Characteristics of Epoxy Asphalt Based on TG-MS and Cone Calorimeter Test
by Xiaolong Li, Junan Shen, Tianqing Ling and Qingbin Mei
Materials 2022, 15(14), 4973; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15144973 - 17 Jul 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1064
Abstract
To examine the pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of epoxy asphalt, the heat and smoke release characteristics were analyzed via TG-MS and cone calorimeter tests, and the surface morphology of residual carbon after pyrolysis and combustion was observed via scanning electron microscopy. The results [...] Read more.
To examine the pyrolysis and combustion characteristics of epoxy asphalt, the heat and smoke release characteristics were analyzed via TG-MS and cone calorimeter tests, and the surface morphology of residual carbon after pyrolysis and combustion was observed via scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the smoke produce rate of epoxy asphalt was high in the early stage, and then sharply decreased. Moreover, the total smoke produced was close to that of base asphalt, and the surface of residual carbon presented an irregular network structure, which was rough and loose, and had few holes, however most of them existed in the form of embedded nonpenetration. The heat and smoke release characteristics of epoxy asphalt showed that it is not a simple fusion of base asphalt and epoxy resin. Instead, they promote, interact with, and affect each other, and the influence of epoxy resin was greater than that of base asphalt. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance-Related Material Properties of Asphalt Mixture Components)
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14 pages, 3730 KiB  
Article
Preparation of Wax-Based Warm Mixture Additives from Waste Polypropylene (PP) Plastic and Their Effects on the Properties of Modified Asphalt
by Gang Zhou, Chuanqiang Li, Haobo Wang, Wei Zeng, Tianqing Ling, Lin Jiang, Rukai Li, Qizheng Liu, Ying Cheng and Dan Zhou
Materials 2022, 15(12), 4346; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15124346 - 20 Jun 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1910
Abstract
The production of high-performance, low-cost warm mix additives (WMa) for matrix asphalt remains a challenge. The pyrolysis method was employed to prepare wax-based WMa using waste polypropylene plastic (WPP) as the raw material in this study. Penetration, softening point, ductility, rotational viscosity, and [...] Read more.
The production of high-performance, low-cost warm mix additives (WMa) for matrix asphalt remains a challenge. The pyrolysis method was employed to prepare wax-based WMa using waste polypropylene plastic (WPP) as the raw material in this study. Penetration, softening point, ductility, rotational viscosity, and dynamic shear rheological tests were performed to determine the physical and rheological properties of the modified asphalt. The adhesion properties were characterized using the surface free energy (SFE) method. We proved that the pyrolysis temperature and pressure play a synergistic role in the production of wax-based WMa from WPPs. The product prepared at 380 °C and 1.0 MPa (380-1.0) can improve the penetration of matrix asphalt by 61% and reduce the viscosity (135 °C) of matrix asphalt by 48.6%. Furthermore, the modified asphalt shows favorable elasticity, rutting resistance, and adhesion properties; thus, it serves as a promising WMa for asphalt binders. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance-Related Material Properties of Asphalt Mixture Components)
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15 pages, 5431 KiB  
Article
Effects of Wax Molecular Weight Distribution and Branching on Moisture Sensitivity of Asphalt Binders
by Wenqi Wang, Azuo Nili, Ali Rahman and Xu Chen
Materials 2022, 15(12), 4206; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15124206 - 14 Jun 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1235
Abstract
Wax is an important factor that affects the durability of asphalt binder. In order to understand the molecular weight distribution and branching of wax on the moisture sensitivity of asphalt binder, pure wax-doped asphalt binders are prepared and the performance of model asphalt [...] Read more.
Wax is an important factor that affects the durability of asphalt binder. In order to understand the molecular weight distribution and branching of wax on the moisture sensitivity of asphalt binder, pure wax-doped asphalt binders are prepared and the performance of model asphalt binders are evaluated by surface free-energy (SFE) and binder bond strength (BBS) tests. In addition, asphaltene is regarded as an additive in this study. The results show that the addition of eicosane, triacontane, squalane and asphaltene can reduce the moisture sensitivity of asphalt, but not necessarily improve its moisture-induced damage resistance. The physical hardening effect of high-wax asphalt and its model asphalt is stronger than that of the corresponding low-wax asphalt and its model asphalt, and its moisture sensitivity is weaker than that of the low-wax asphalt. For all the model asphalts, there is a good correlation between the cohesion work, cohesion POTS (pull-off tensile strength), POTS ratio (the BBS moisture sensitivity index) and ER (the SFE moisture sensitivity index). When using the BBS test to characterize the moisture sensitivity of high-wax asphalt, it is recommended to leave the sample for some time until it is physically hardened and stable. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance-Related Material Properties of Asphalt Mixture Components)
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20 pages, 6247 KiB  
Article
Investigation of Adhesion Properties of Tire—Asphalt Pavement Interface Considering Hydrodynamic Lubrication Action of Water Film on Road Surface
by Binshuang Zheng, Junyao Tang, Jiaying Chen, Runmin Zhao and Xiaoming Huang
Materials 2022, 15(12), 4173; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15124173 - 12 Jun 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1405
Abstract
To obtain the tire–pavement peak adhesion coefficient under different road states, a field measurement and FE simulation were combined to analyze the tire–pavement adhesion characteristics in this study. According to the identified texture information, the power spectral distribution of the road surface was [...] Read more.
To obtain the tire–pavement peak adhesion coefficient under different road states, a field measurement and FE simulation were combined to analyze the tire–pavement adhesion characteristics in this study. According to the identified texture information, the power spectral distribution of the road surface was obtained using the MATLAB Program, and a novel tire hydroplaning FE model coupled with a textured pavement model was established in ABAQUS. Experimental results show that here exists an “anti-skid noncontribution area” for the insulation and lubrication of the water film. Driving at the limit speed of 120 km/h, the critical water film thickness for the three typical asphalt pavements during hydroplaning was as follows: AC pavement, 0.56 mm; SMA pavement, 0.76 mm; OGFC pavement, 1.5 mm. The road state could be divided into four parts dry state, wet sate, lubricated state, and ponding state. Under the dry road state, when the slip rate was around 15%, the adhesion coefficient reached the peak value, i.e., around 11.5% for the wet road state. The peak adhesion coefficient for the different asphalt pavements was in the order OGFC > SMA > AC. This study can provide a theoretical reference for explaining the tire–pavement interactions and improving vehicle brake system performance. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance-Related Material Properties of Asphalt Mixture Components)
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21 pages, 7812 KiB  
Article
Research on the Combination of Firefly Intelligent Algorithm and Asphalt Material Modulus Back Calculation
by Runmin Zhao, Jinzhi Gong, Yangzezhi Zheng and Xiaoming Huang
Materials 2022, 15(9), 3361; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15093361 - 07 May 2022
Viewed by 1152
Abstract
The modulus of asphalt pavement material is a necessary parameter for the design, strength measuring and stability evaluation of asphalt pavement. To get more precise test data for asphalt pavement material modulus, a new modulus back calculation method is proposed in this article, [...] Read more.
The modulus of asphalt pavement material is a necessary parameter for the design, strength measuring and stability evaluation of asphalt pavement. To get more precise test data for asphalt pavement material modulus, a new modulus back calculation method is proposed in this article, named as the Firefly Asphalt Back Calculation Method (FABCM). This novel method uses the firefly optimization algorithm, which is a kind of particle swarm intelligence algorithm imitating the information transfer process among fireflies. To demonstrate the reliability and stability of FABCM, and to study the feasibility of multi-parameter modulus back calculation methods, this article used theoretical deflection curves calculated by BISAR3.0 and the actual measurement data of deflection curves and vertical pressures on the subgrade top surfaces on the full-scale test circular track in the Research Institute of Highway, Ministry of Transport (RIOHTrack) to conduct a modulus back calculation. The results show that FABCM only takes 0.5–1 s for each calculation, and the back calculation errors in the verification of FABCM are mostly smaller than 1%, which means that the firefly optimization algorithm was modified effectively in this article. Moreover, this article also indicates some key factors influencing the accuracy of modulus back calculation, and several reasonable suggestions to the application of modulus back calculation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance-Related Material Properties of Asphalt Mixture Components)
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12 pages, 5422 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of the High- and Low-Temperature Performance of Asphalt Mortar Based on the DMA Method
by Yanzhu Wang, Xudong Wang, Zhimin Ma, Lingyan Shan and Chao Zhang
Materials 2022, 15(9), 3341; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15093341 - 06 May 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1374
Abstract
Asphalt mortar is a typical temperature-sensitive material that plays a crucial role in the performance of asphalt mixture. This study evaluates the high- and low-temperature performance of asphalt mortar based on the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) method. Temperature-sweep tests of asphalt mortars were [...] Read more.
Asphalt mortar is a typical temperature-sensitive material that plays a crucial role in the performance of asphalt mixture. This study evaluates the high- and low-temperature performance of asphalt mortar based on the dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) method. Temperature-sweep tests of asphalt mortars were conducted using the DMA method under fixed strain level, frequency, and heating rate conditions. The dynamic mechanical response curves, characteristic temperature, and other indices were obtained and used to investigate the high- and low-temperature performance of asphalt mortar. The results showed that the phase transition temperatures T1, T0, and Tg can be used to evaluate the low-temperature performance of asphalt mortar. Additionally, they had a good linear relationship, and the evaluation results were consistent. Meanwhile, T2, E60, and tan(δ)max indicators can effectively evaluate the high-temperature performance of asphalt mortar. Asphalt plays a key role in the performance of asphalt mortar. Mortars with neat asphalt A70 and modified asphalt AR had the worst and best high- and low-temperature performances, respectively. Furthermore, the finer gradation improved the low-temperature performance of asphalt mortar, while the coarser gradation improved the high-temperature properties of modified asphalt mortars but had the opposite effect on neat asphalt A70. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance-Related Material Properties of Asphalt Mixture Components)
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30 pages, 5482 KiB  
Article
Correlation Analysis between Mechanical Properties and Fractions Composition of Oil-Rejuvenated Asphalt
by Rongyan Tian, Haoyuan Luo, Xiaoming Huang, Yangzezhi Zheng, Leyi Zhu and Fengyang Liu
Materials 2022, 15(5), 1889; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15051889 - 03 Mar 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1648
Abstract
To clarify the intrinsic relationship between the mechanical properties of asphalt and its fraction composition, the SARA fraction composition and six macroscopic mechanical properties (critical cracking temperature (TCR), fatigue life (Nf), non-recoverable creep (Jnr3.2 [...] Read more.
To clarify the intrinsic relationship between the mechanical properties of asphalt and its fraction composition, the SARA fraction composition and six macroscopic mechanical properties (critical cracking temperature (TCR), fatigue life (Nf), non-recoverable creep (Jnr3.2), penetration, ductility, and softening point) were investigated for 16 asphalt samples. Fraction contents of asphaltene and aromatic are strongly correlated with TCR and ductility (R2 > 0.92) that characterize the ability of asphalt to adapt to deformation at low and medium temperatures. Heavy fraction (asphaltene and resins) content is also strongly correlated with (R2 > 0.90) penetration and Jnr3.2 that characterize the resistance of the asphalt to overall deformation at medium and high temperatures. To express the changes in the four fractions simultaneously with one indicator, a statistic, average deviation of the fractions between the given asphalt and its original (marked σ), is introduced in this study to characterize the degree of asphalt aging based on the fraction changes. It normalizes the four simultaneous change indicators (percentage of SARA fractions) during asphalt aging into one indicator. This new indicator has a strong correlation with several mechanical performance indicators of asphalt, where it is strongly correlated with TCR (R2 > 0.90), ductility, and penetration, which are also well correlated with Jnr3.2 (R2 > 0.85), Nf (R2 > 0.75), and softening point (R2 > 0.75). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance-Related Material Properties of Asphalt Mixture Components)
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22 pages, 4513 KiB  
Article
The Relationship between Poisson’s Ratio Index and Deformation Behavior of Asphalt Mixtures Tested through an Optical Fiber Bragg Grating Strain Sensor
by Xu Liu, Mo Zhang and Wanqiu Liu
Materials 2022, 15(5), 1882; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15051882 - 03 Mar 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1311
Abstract
Flow-rutting is the main distress leading asphalt pavement to undergo premature maintenance, and is produced by the rapid accumulation of shear deformation in asphalt layers under high temperature and heavy loads. The excessive permanent deformation of the asphalt mixture at high temperature is [...] Read more.
Flow-rutting is the main distress leading asphalt pavement to undergo premature maintenance, and is produced by the rapid accumulation of shear deformation in asphalt layers under high temperature and heavy loads. The excessive permanent deformation of the asphalt mixture at high temperature is related to the decrease of the material’s stability during the temperature increase and an unfavorable stress state, e.g., low confining pressure and high shear stress, which eventually leads to significant nonlinear viscoplastic behavior. In this research, dynamic modulus tests and repeated loading tests were carried out at 35 °C and 50 °C to analyze the deformation response of materials under a strain amplitude of <200 με and 400~500 μεs, respectively. Based on the in-lab repeated loading tests, the total deformation of the asphalt mixture in each loading and rest cycle was divided into three parts, being elastic, viscoelastic, and viscoplastic strain, and the measurement of the axial and lateral strain of cylindrical samples was realized with the aid of optical fiber Bragg grating strain sensors. It was found that the experimental index of the ratio between lateral strain and longitudinal strain (RLSLS), derived, but distinguished, from Poisson’s ratio defined limited in elastic strain, can characterize the deformation in viscoelastic and viscoplastic behaviors of the mixes. Furthermore, the indices of dynamic modulus, phase angle, complex Poisson’s ratio, stiffness, and creep rate of four types of mixes containing different volcanic ash fillers and asphalt binders at 35 °C and 50 °C were systematically analyzed by the jointed experiments of modified dynamic modulus tests and repeated loading tests, and their consistent trending to the RLSLS index was obtained. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance-Related Material Properties of Asphalt Mixture Components)
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13 pages, 12392 KiB  
Article
Effects of Geometry and Loading Mode on the Stress State in Asphalt Mixture Cracking Tests
by Yan Li, Weian Xuan, Ali Rahman, Haibo Ding and Bekhzad Yusupov
Materials 2022, 15(4), 1559; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15041559 - 18 Feb 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1308
Abstract
Currently, a variety of asphalt mixture cracking characterization tests are available as screening tools for the better selection of high-quality raw materials and also for the optimization of mixture design for different applications. However, for a same evaluation index, using different sample geometries [...] Read more.
Currently, a variety of asphalt mixture cracking characterization tests are available as screening tools for the better selection of high-quality raw materials and also for the optimization of mixture design for different applications. However, for a same evaluation index, using different sample geometries and loading modes might lead to obtaining different values, which prevents the application of the evaluation index as a fundamental parameter in pavement design. In this paper, the effects of geometry and loading mode on the stress state in the experimental characterization of asphalt mixture cracking were discussed using numerical simulation. The results showed that applying thermally-induced load in restrained uniaxial test configuration should be considered when performing an asphalt mixture cracking test. Compared with direct tensile configuration, compressive stress clearly existed in other common test configurations, which may prevent the initiation and propagation of cracks. Moreover, it was revealed that nonuniform stress state exists in the dog-bone geometry, which makes it possible to know the failure plane in advance and place gauges at the failure plane for measuring fundamental deformation-related properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance-Related Material Properties of Asphalt Mixture Components)
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13 pages, 5159 KiB  
Article
Enhanced Acceptance Specification of Asphalt Binder to Drive Sustainability in the Paving Industry
by Yiming Li and Simon A. M. Hesp
Materials 2021, 14(22), 6828; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14226828 - 12 Nov 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1527
Abstract
Testing small amounts of extracted and recovered asphalt binder as used in construction allows for the acceptance of materials in accordance with traffic and climate requirements. This approach facilitates the sustainable use of resources and thus prepares the paving industry for the true [...] Read more.
Testing small amounts of extracted and recovered asphalt binder as used in construction allows for the acceptance of materials in accordance with traffic and climate requirements. This approach facilitates the sustainable use of resources and thus prepares the paving industry for the true circular economy. Oscillatory, creep, and failure tests in a rheometer are compared for the performance grading of 32 asphalt binders extracted and recovered from real-world contract samples. Films 8 mm in diameter and 0.5 mm thick were tested from 35 to −5 °C in dynamic shear, followed by shear creep at 0 and 5 °C, and finally in tertiary tensile creep at 15 °C. The enhanced protocol uses a very small amount of material in contrast to current methods, yet it provides comparable results. Phase angle measurements appear to be optimal for performance grading, but further field study is required to determine if additional binder properties such as stiffness and/or failure strain would be required for the control of cracking. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance-Related Material Properties of Asphalt Mixture Components)
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Review

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19 pages, 7690 KiB  
Review
Review on Load Transfer Mechanisms of Asphalt Mixture Meso-Structure
by Sudi Wang, Weixiao Yu, Yinghao Miao and Linbing Wang
Materials 2023, 16(3), 1280; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma16031280 - 02 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1515
Abstract
Asphalt mixture is a skeleton filling system consisting of aggregate and asphalt binder. Its performance is directly affected by the internal load transfer mechanism of the skeleton filling system. It is significant to understand the load transfer mechanisms for asphalt mixture design and [...] Read more.
Asphalt mixture is a skeleton filling system consisting of aggregate and asphalt binder. Its performance is directly affected by the internal load transfer mechanism of the skeleton filling system. It is significant to understand the load transfer mechanisms for asphalt mixture design and performance evaluation. The objective of this paper is to review the research progress of the asphalt mixture load transfer mechanism. Firstly, this paper summarizes the test methods used to investigate the load transfer mechanism of asphalt mixtures. Then, an overview of the characterization of load transfer mechanism from three aspects was provided. Next, the indicators capturing contact characteristics, contact force characteristics, and force chain characteristics were compared. Finally, the load transfer mechanism of asphalt mixtures under different loading conditions was discussed. Some recommendations and conclusions in terms of load transfer mechanism characterization and evaluation were given. The related work can provide valuable references for the study of the load transfer mechanism of asphalt mixtures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance-Related Material Properties of Asphalt Mixture Components)
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Review
Concept and Development of an Accelerated Repeated Rolling Wheel Load Simulator (ARROWS) for Fatigue Performance Characterization of Asphalt Mixture
by Zeyu Zhang, Julian Kohlmeier, Christian Schulze and Markus Oeser
Materials 2021, 14(24), 7838; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14247838 - 17 Dec 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2483
Abstract
Fatigue performance is one of the most important properties that affect the service life of asphalt mixture. Many fatigue test methods have been developed to evaluate the fatigue performance in the lab. Although these methods have contributed a lot to the fatigue performance [...] Read more.
Fatigue performance is one of the most important properties that affect the service life of asphalt mixture. Many fatigue test methods have been developed to evaluate the fatigue performance in the lab. Although these methods have contributed a lot to the fatigue performance evaluation and the development of fatigue related theory and model, their limitations should not be ignored. This paper starts by characterizing the stress state in asphalt pavement under a rolling wheel load. After that, a literature survey focusing on the experimental methods for fatigue performance evaluation is conducted. The working mechanism, applications, benefits, and limitations of each method are summarized. The literature survey results reveal that most of the lab test methods primarily focus on the fatigue performance of asphalt mixture on a material level without considering the effects of pavement structure. In addition, the stress state in the lab samples and the loading speed differ from those of asphalt mixture under rolling wheel tire load. To address these limitations, this paper proposes the concept of an innovative lab fatigue test device named Accelerated Repeated Rolling Wheel Load Simulator (ARROWS). The motivation, concept, and working mechanism of the ARROWS are introduced later in this paper. The ARROWS, which is under construction, is expected to be a feasible and effective method to simulate the repeated roll wheel load in the laboratory. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Performance-Related Material Properties of Asphalt Mixture Components)
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