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Research and Development of Building Materials Based on Industrial Waste

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Construction and Building Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 June 2023) | Viewed by 20916

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Vojtěch Václavík

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Guest Editor

VSB—Technical University of Ostrava Faculty of Mining and Geology, Department of Environmental Engineering, 70833 Ostrava, Czech Republic
Interests: eco-efficient concrete and plaster; industrial waste; waste treatment; building materials; physical and mechanical properties; thermal properties; deformation properties
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue of "Research and Development of Building Materials Based on Industrial Waste" is focused on the preparation and description of the properties of new building materials on the basis of industrial waste to be used in practice in civil engineering. The use of these waste materials in the form of filler or as a partial replacement of the binder in the design of new building composites is a key tool for updating the policy concerning secondary raw materials for different developed countries, the objective of which is to increase the self-sufficiency in raw materials by replacing primary sources with secondary raw materials (treated industrial waste). The secondary raw materials used for the research and development of new building materials include blast furnace granulated slag, steel slag, fly ash, recycled rubber, recycled glass, recycled plastic, etc. The use of these secondary raw materials based on industrial waste in the design of new sustainable building materials is in line with the sustainable development of society, leading to the protection of the environment and to the conservation of natural depletable resources. The research and development of new building materials based on industrial waste is a very difficult process that brings new challenges for scientists and research teams, both in Europe and from a global point of view.

For this reason, this Special Issue is an excellent opportunity to present and publish the latest research findings in the field of building materials prepared on the basis of industrial waste, especially cement composites and their properties (physical, mechanical, deformable, durability, structure, etc.).

Dr. Vojtěch Václavík
Guest Editor

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Keywords

building materials
industrial waste
secondary raw materials
environmentally friendly composites
sustainable building materials
physical, mechanical, and deformation properties of composites
durability of composites
structure of composites

Published Papers (14 papers)

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Editorial

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2 pages, 198 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

Special Issue “Research and Development of Building Materials Based on Industrial Waste”

by Vojtěch Václavík

Materials 2023, 16(15), 5231; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma16155231 - 25 Jul 2023

Viewed by 528

Abstract

This Special Issue, titled “Research and Development of Building Materials Based on Industrial Waste”, is focused on the preparation and description of the properties of new building materials based on industrial waste that are to be used in practice in civil engineering and [...] Read more.

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Development of Building Materials Based on Industrial Waste)

Research

Jump to: Editorial

12 pages, 4363 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Properties of Geopolymers Based on Metakaolin and Soda-Lime Waste Glass

by Galyna Kotsay and Paweł Grabowski

Materials 2023, 16(15), 5392; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma16155392 - 31 Jul 2023

Viewed by 713

Abstract

The paper determines the properties of geopolymer pastes based on metakaolin and soda-lime waste glass. The density, alkaline activity, strength and microstructure of the reference geopolymer, as well as geopolymers with a 10%, 30% and 50% soda-lime waste glass content instead of metakaolin, were tested. The experimental results indicate that the properties of the geopolymers with waste glass largely depend on the ratio of the liquid to solid substance. Increasing the content of waste glass causes an increase in the fluidity of the geopolymer paste, which in turn allows the amount of water glass, i.e., an activator during the obtaining of geopolymers, to be reduced. On the basis of the conducted tests, it was found that the strength of geopolymers can be increased by adding up to 50% of soda-lime waste glass instead of metakaolin and by having a lower content of water glass. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Development of Building Materials Based on Industrial Waste)

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18 pages, 22566 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Building Materials’ Radioactivity in a Historical Building—A Case Study

by Adriana Estokova, Eva Singovszka and Marian Vertal

Materials 2022, 15(19), 6876; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15196876 - 03 Oct 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1464

Abstract

The paper investigates a possible hazard originating from natural radionuclides in building materials in a selected historical building being reconstructed for housing. Both outdoor and indoor risks were evaluated through the radiological indices and estimated doses, based on measured activities of natural radionuclides in stone and brick materials of the building. The average measured activity concentrations of radionuclides were 7.32 Bq/kg for ²²⁶Ra, 40.05 Bq/kg for ²³²Th, and 546.64 Bq/kg for ⁴⁰K radionuclides. The average total activity concentration in building materials (594.0 Bq/kg) exceeded the world average value. A correlation was found between the potassium content in the building material samples and the total activity of radionuclides. The gamma indices, Iγ, calculated for the samples, ranged in an interval of 0.26–0.60, not exceeding the restricted limit for bulk materials Iγ = 1. The average annual effective dose due to building materials was 0.53 mSv/y, which does not exceed the limit (1 mSv/y), however, it contributes to a gamma dose excess that is higher than recommended (0.3 mSv/y at the most). The bricks were responsible for a higher level of natural radiation than natural stone material. Nevertheless, based on the radiation protection requirements, it can be concluded that the building can be used for residential purposes after the reconstruction, as no significant human health impact is expected due to the radioactivity of building materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Development of Building Materials Based on Industrial Waste)

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11 pages, 4060 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Novel Method of Si and Si₃N₄ Powder Resources Recycling: Cold Bonding Briquettes

by Yuandong Xiong, Ying Li, Huiting Chen, Dejin Qiu, Shiyu Wei, Henrik Saxén and Yaowei Yu

Materials 2022, 15(16), 5496; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15165496 - 10 Aug 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1165

Abstract

Silicon nitride (Si₃N₄) and silicon powder (Si) are two kinds of harmful solid waste in industrial production. As an environmental and low-consumption method, the cold-bonding technique is a novel method to utilize the problem of powder resource cycling. In this experiment, mechanical and high-temperature properties of Si and Si₃N₄ briquettes were studied after cold bonding. The results are as follows: (1) The compressive strength of the Si and Si₃N₄ briquettes increased with the improvement of molding pressure. With the same binder (1 wt.%) and water (10 wt.%) addition, the compressive strength of the Si₃N₄ briquette arrived at 12,023.53 N under 40 Mpa molding pressure, which is much higher than that of the Si briquette (942.40 N). The Si particles are uneven and irregular, which leads to an intense arch bridge effect in the Si briquette and the compressive strength decrease. Compared with Si powder, the particle size and shape of Si₃N₄ is small, uniform, and regular. The influence of the arch bridge effect is smaller than that in the Si briquette. (2) After being treated at 1473 K for 1 h, the compressive strength of the Si briquette increased to 5049.83 N, and the compressive strength of the Si₃N₄ briquette had a slight change. The surface of the briquettes was contacted with oxygen and reacted to form an outer shell which mainly contains SiO₂ in the high-temperature treatment. FT-IR results have shown there were no extra impurities in cold-bonded briquettes when using the organic binder. (3) The microstructure of the cross section of the Si and Si₃N₄ briquettes after high-temperature treatment presented that oxygen entered the briquette through the pores and continued to react with the Si and Si₃N₄. The outer shell of the Si briquette grew and thickened continuously with the oxygen spreading in the Si briquette. However, because of the smaller particle size and regular shape, little oxygen diffused in the Si₃N₄ briquette. The outer shell of the Si₃N₄ briquette is fairly thin, so the compressive strength did not change too much. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Development of Building Materials Based on Industrial Waste)

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19 pages, 4300 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on SO₄²⁻/Cl⁻ Erosion Resistance and Mechanism of Recycled Concrete Containing Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Powder

by Yun Dong, Yuanshan Ma, Ningbo Peng and Jianchun Qiu

Materials 2022, 15(15), 5352; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15155352 - 03 Aug 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1164

Abstract

In this paper, the strength characteristics and erosion resistance of solid waste incineration (MSWI) powder were studied. Firstly, the optimum process for the preparation of regenerated powder from MSWI bottom slag by ball milling was determined as follows: rotational speed 350 r/min, time 45 min. The strength activity index of regenerated powder reached the maximum when the substitute content of powder was 30%. Secondly, the semi-erosion method was used to study the strength variation rule of mortar with different content of MSWI powder in semi-immersion of salt solution. It was found that the higher the content of MSWI powder, the greater the anti-erosion coefficient of mortar specimen. Finally, the capillary rise test, crystallization test and capillary pore water absorption test were used to study the total porosity, coarse capillary-pore porosity and fine-capillary pore porosity of concrete containing MSWI powder. The results showed that, with the increase in MSWI powder content, the above pore structure properties were improved. The results revealed the transport and crystallization process of salt solution in concrete mixed with MSWI powder and the mechanism of corrosion resistance. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Development of Building Materials Based on Industrial Waste)

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17 pages, 4153 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparative Study of the Thermal Conductivities of CBA Porous Concretes

by Seung-Tae Jeong, Quang-The Bui and In-Hwan Yang

Materials 2022, 15(15), 5204; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15155204 - 27 Jul 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1247

Abstract

Porous concrete has recently gained increasing attention in the construction industry. To improve the properties of porous concrete, coal bottom ash (CBA) was used as the aggregate in the concrete mixtures studied herein. Hybrid CBA aggregates, including a 20% proportion of particles with sizes of 1.2~2.5 mm and an 80% proportion of particles with sizes of 2.5~5.0 mm, were used in the mixtures. Various water/cement ratios ranging from 0.25 to 0.35 were used in the mixtures. The effects of compaction at 0.5, 1.5, and 3.0 MPa on the properties of the porous concrete were also examined. The increase in the water/cement ratio reduced the unit weight and thermal conductivity while increasing the porosity of the porous concrete. Although the compaction had a significant impact on the other properties of the porous concrete, the thermal property was not significantly influenced. By using CBA in porous concrete, the mechanical and thermal properties of the concrete were significantly improved. Finally, the relationships between the thermal conductivity and other properties of the porous concrete were investigated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Development of Building Materials Based on Industrial Waste)

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25 pages, 8075 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on Impermeability of Foamed Concrete Containing Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Powder

by Yun Dong, Yuanshan Ma, Jinbiao Zhu and Jianchun Qiu

Materials 2022, 15(15), 5176; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15155176 - 26 Jul 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 987

Abstract

In this paper, the effects of dry density, w/c ratio, and municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) powder on the multi-scale properties and internal pore structure of foamed concrete were studied by using a single-factor controlled experiment. It was found that an increase in the dry density of foamed concrete could effectively reduce the porosity, leading to the improvement of compressive strength and impermeability and to the reduction of water absorption. The compressive strength, water absorption, and impermeability were mainly affected by the porosity when the w/c ratio changed. With the increase in porosity, the water absorption rate increased, and the compressive strength and impermeability decreased. The addition of MSWI powder caused no obvious change in the overall pore size distribution of the foamed concrete, and there was no significant change in the water absorption and impermeability of the structure. However, because the hydration activity of MSWI powder was lower than that of ordinary Portland cement, the compressive strength of foamed concrete decreased with the increase in MSWI powder. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Development of Building Materials Based on Industrial Waste)

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21 pages, 4232 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Properties of Fiber/Matrix Interface and Strain-Hardening Behavior of ECC Containing Municipal Solid Waste Incineration (MSWI) Powder

by Yun Dong, Yongzhen Cheng and Hao Lu

Materials 2022, 15(14), 4905; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15144905 - 14 Jul 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1082

Abstract

In this paper, the mechanical properties of micropowder cement mortar and engineered cementitious composites (ECC), using different processing municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) as a mineral admixture, were investigated. Through the direct ball milling method, ball milling heat treatment method, water washing ball milling method and water washing heat treatment ball milling method, the mechanical properties of MSWI bottom slag-regenerated micropowder cement mortar were tested. Compared with other groups, the flexural strength and compressive strength of the specimen prepared by the MSWI after washing and heating (750 °C, 5 h) were the highest, which reached 82.0% and 81.0% of the reference group, respectively. Based on this treatment, a uniaxial tensile test, three-point bending test and single fiber pull-out test were then carried out to explore the relevant ECC properties containing MSWI. The strain-hardening index PSH of ECC was determined by analyzing the fracture toughness and elastic modulus, fiber/matrix interface chemical bond and friction bond strength of ECC containing MSWI. The results showed that the PSH index of ECC was higher when the treated powder content was 2.2, the w/c ratio was 0.25 and the fiber volume content was 2.0%. This led to higher tensile ductility, which made it easier to achieve stable multi-slit cracking and strain-hardening behavior. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Development of Building Materials Based on Industrial Waste)

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17 pages, 7666 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Rheological and Durability Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Produced Using Marble Dust and Blast Furnace Slag

by Cenk Karakurt and Mahmut Dumangöz

Materials 2022, 15(5), 1795; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15051795 - 27 Feb 2022

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2205

Abstract

Self-compacting concrete (SCC) is a special, highly fluid type of concrete that is produced using chemical additives. It is easier to pour and reduces defects arising from workability. Waste marble dust is generated during the production of marble using different methods, or during the cutting of marble in processing plants; however, the uncontrolled disposal of waste marble dust in nature is associated with some environmental problems. Cement and concrete technology is a field with potential for the utilization of these large amounts of waste. The present study explores the use of marble dust (MD) (an industrial waste generated in abundance around the province of Bilecik) and granulated blast furnace slag (GBFS) (another industrial waste product) in the production of SCC. In this study, MD and GBFS are used as fine materials in SCC mixtures, and the rheological and workability properties and other hardened concrete properties of the produced SCC specimens are tested. Additional tests are conducted to identify the durability of the specimens to sulfate attack, as well as their freeze–thaw and abrasion resistance, followed by microstructure tests to identify the effects of MD and GBFS on bond structure. The late-age performances of MD and GBFS were then examined based on the results of the durability tests. The presented results revealed improvements in the fresh and hardened properties of SCC produced using MD and GBFS. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Development of Building Materials Based on Industrial Waste)

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10 pages, 3736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Ambient-Dried Silica Aerogel Powders Derived from Coal Gangue by Using One-Pot Method

by Jian Wei, Pinghua Zhu and Hao Sun

Materials 2022, 15(4), 1454; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15041454 - 15 Feb 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2212

Abstract

In this paper, we report a new and convenient method for the synthesis of insulating aerogel by recycling solid waste coal gangue, which can reduce the industrial production cost of silica aerogels and realize high value-added utilization of solid waste. Sodium silicate was prepared from a cheap industrial waste coal gangue as the precursor for silica aerogels, which was used for silica wet gel preparation by a one pot method; this method of solvent exchange/surface modification was carried out quickly by mechanical stirring process, and the wet gels derived from coal gangue were dried under ambient pressure condition. A high surface area (~748 m²/g) nanostructured aerogel with a 3D open porous microstructure was synthesized, which exhibits a low density (~0.18 g/cm³) and a superior thermal insulation performance (~0.033 W·m⁻¹·K⁻¹). More significantly, the synthetic yield of silica aerogel powder by recycling coal gangue can reach 92%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Development of Building Materials Based on Industrial Waste)

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15 pages, 4918 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Strength Tests and Numerical Simulations of Loess Modified by Desulfurization Ash and Fly Ash

by Zhi Cheng, Xinrong Cheng, Yuchao Xie, Zhe Ma and Yuhao Liu

Materials 2022, 15(2), 512; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15020512 - 10 Jan 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1235

Abstract

Desulfurization ash and fly ash are solid wastes discharged from boilers of power plants. Their utilization rate is low, especially desulfurization ash, most of which is stored. In order to realize their resource utilization, they are used to modify loess in this paper. Nine group compaction tests and 32 group direct shear tests are done in order to explore the influence law of desulfurization ash and fly ash on the strength of the loess. Meanwhile, FLAC3D software is used to numerically simulate the direct shear test, and the simulation results and the test results are compared and analyzed. The results show that, with the increase of desulfurization ash’s amount, the shear strength of the modified loess increases first and then decreases. The loess modified by the fly ash has the same law with that of the desulfurization ash. The best mass ratio of modified loess is 80:20. When the mass ratio is 80:20, the shear strength of loess modified by the desulfurization ash is 12.74% higher than that of the pure loess on average and the shear strength of loess modified by fly ash is 3.59% higher than that of the pure loess on average. The effect of the desulfurization ash on modifying the loess is better than that of the fly ash. When the mass ratio is 80:20, the shear strength of loess modified by the desulfurization ash is 9.15% higher than that of the fly ash on average. Comparing the results of the simulation calculation with the actual test results, the increase rate of the shear stress of the FLAC3D simulation is larger than that of the actual test, and the simulated shear strength is about 8.21% higher than the test shear strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Development of Building Materials Based on Industrial Waste)

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24 pages, 10620 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Study on the Influence of Silica Fume (SF) on the Rheology, Fluidity, Stability, Time-Varying Characteristics, and Mechanism of Cement Paste

by Hengrui Liu, Xiao Sun, Yao Wang, Xueying Lu, Hui Du and Zhenghong Tian

Materials 2022, 15(1), 90; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15010090 - 23 Dec 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2411

Abstract

In this study, the rheology, fluidity, stability, and time-varying properties of cement paste with different substitute contents of silica fume (SF) were investigated. The result showed that the effects of SF on macro-fluidity and micro-rheological properties were different under different water–cement ratios. The addition of SF increased the yield stress and plastic viscosity in the range of 2.61–18.44% and 6.66–24.66%, respectively, and reduced the flow expansion in the range of 4.15–18.91%. The effect of SF on cement paste gradually lost its regularity as the w/c ratio increased. The SF can effectively improve the stability of cement paste, and the reduction range of bleeding rate was 0.25–4.3% under different water–cement ratios. The mathematical models of rheological parameters, flow expansion, and time followed the following equations: τ(t) = τ₀ + k₀t, η(t) = η₀e^at, and L(t) = L₀ − k₁t, L(t) = L₀ − k₁t − a₁t₂. The SF slowly increased the rheological parameters in the initial time period and reduced the degree of fluidity attenuation, but the effect was significantly enhanced after entering the accelerated hydration period. The mechanism of the above results was that SF mainly affected the fluidity and rheology of the paste through the effect of water film thickness. The small density of SF particles resulted in a low sedimentation rate in the initial suspended paste, which effectively alleviated the internal particle agglomeration effect and enhanced stability. The SF had a dilution effect and nucleation effect during hydration acceleration, and the increase of hydration products effectively increased the plastic viscosity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Development of Building Materials Based on Industrial Waste)

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21 pages, 33511 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Study on the Relationships between Water Film Thickness, Fresh Properties, and Mechanical Properties of Cement Paste Containing Superfine Basalt Powder (SB)

by Hengrui Liu, Zhenghong Tian and Haoyue Fan

Materials 2021, 14(24), 7592; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14247592 - 10 Dec 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1268

Abstract

In this paper, the effect of a newly developed superfine basalt powder (SB) on the fresh and mechanical properties of cement paste was studied. The concept of water film thickness (WFT) was cited to explain the influence of SB on fresh and mechanical properties and related mathematical model formulas were established. In addition, the relationship between the fresh properties and mechanical properties of paste was also explored. The results indicated that SB can improve the segregation resistance and cohesiveness. The maximum improvement rate relative to the control cement paste was 75.4% and 50.4%, respectively. The 5% SB and 10% SB reduced the fluidity in the range of 4.1–68.7% but increased the early and late compressive strength in the range of 1.2–25.7% compared to control cement paste under different water/cementitious materials (W/CM) ratios. However, the influence of 20% SB on fluidity and compressive strength was opposite to the above behavior, and the increase rate and decrease rate were 1.8–11.8% and 1.1–13.9% respectively. The WFT was the most important factor that determined the compressive strength, rheological parameters, and flow parameters of paste containing SB, while the substitute content of SB and WFT together determined the bleeding rate and cohesiveness. Among them, the correlation between bleeding rate and WFT increased with time. The empirical mathematical models between WFT, fresh properties, and compressive strength were established and verified by other mineral admixtures, which were successfully extended and applied to the entire field of cement-based materials Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Development of Building Materials Based on Industrial Waste)

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19 pages, 6906 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Use of Glass from Photovoltaic Panels at the End of Their Life Cycle in Cement Composites

by Kateřina Máčalová, Vojtěch Václavík, Tomáš Dvorský, Róbert Figmig, Jakub Charvát and Miloslav Lupták

Materials 2021, 14(21), 6655; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14216655 - 04 Nov 2021

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2094

Abstract

This article deals with the use of photovoltaic panels at the end of their life cycle in cement composites. Attention is focused on the properties of cement composite after 100% replacement of natural aggregate with recycled glass from photovoltaic panels. This goal of replacing natural filler sources with recycled glass is based on the updated policy of the Czech Republic concerning secondary raw materials for the period of 2019–2022, which aims to increase the self-sufficiency of the Czech Republic in raw materials by replacing primary sources with secondary raw materials. The policy also promotes the use of secondary raw materials as a tool to reduce the material and energy demands of industrial production and supports the innovations and development of a circular economy within business. The research has shown that it is possible to prepare cement composite based on recycled glass from solar panels, with compressive and flexural strength after 28 days exceeding 40 MPa and 4 MPa. Furthermore, a possible modification of the cement composite with different pigments has been confirmed, without disrupting the contact zone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Research and Development of Building Materials Based on Industrial Waste)

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