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Cementitious Material in Concrete

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Construction and Building Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 March 2022) | Viewed by 13043

Special Issue Editor

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 426-791, Korea
Interests: hydration; hydraulic reaction; pozzolan reaction; porosimetry; durability; microscopic analysis; binder; SCM

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue on “Cementitious Material in Concrete” covers all possible materials in terms of binders in concrete encompassing conventional supplementary cementitious materials such as ground granulated blast furnace slag, pulverized fuel ash (i.e., fly ash), silica fume, and newly developed binder materials, as well as the advanced techniques of microscopic or analytical measurements for interpretation of hydration mechanisms and hydraulic reactivity or/and reaction. The selection of materials is not restricted to but includes geopolymers, industrial by-products, synthesized materials, recycled materials, and others, all of which are within the scope of this Special Issue.

Identification of newly developed materials must take place prior to the assessment of concrete quality and durability; therefore, diverse techniques for material characterization can be applied. In using nonconventional materials, its safety concerning environmental effect and durability should be guaranteed, as well as hydraulic reactivity and structural applicability. Concrete quality and hydration behavior are influenced by many factors, such as porosimetry and hydration degree, of which the evaluation can provide information on concrete properties and in situ applicability. Articles and reviews dealing with the hydration degree analysis technique or/and durability evaluation of conventional or newly developed binders used in concrete are very welcome.

Dr. Ki Yong Ann
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Supplementary cementitious material (SCM) 
  • Newly developed binder 
  • Recycled materials for binder 
  • Hydration and hydraulic reaction 
  • Pozzolan reaction 
  • Durability 
  • Porosimetry and pore structure 
  • Microscopic observation 
  • Analytical technique

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

12 pages, 4316 KiB  
Article
Experimental Investigation on the Effect of Converter Slag Aggregate for Blended Mortar Based on CT Scanning
by Min Jae Kim, Woong Ik Hwang and Won Jung Cho
Materials 2021, 14(24), 7570; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14247570 - 09 Dec 2021
Viewed by 1738
Abstract
This study investigated the air aging converter (Basic Oxygen Furnace, BOF) slag aggregate mortar with pulverized fly ash (PFA) and ferronickel slag (FNS). The chemical composition and mineralogical constituents of BOF incorporated mortar were analyzed. Setting time, flowability, compressive strength, and length change [...] Read more.
This study investigated the air aging converter (Basic Oxygen Furnace, BOF) slag aggregate mortar with pulverized fly ash (PFA) and ferronickel slag (FNS). The chemical composition and mineralogical constituents of BOF incorporated mortar were analyzed. Setting time, flowability, compressive strength, and length change were measured to evaluate the fundamental properties of BOF mortar. The X-ray CT analysis was employed to observe the effect of converter slag in the cement matrix visually. The results showed that the hydration of BOF generated a pore at the vicinity of the aggregate, which decreased the compressive strength and increased the length change of mortar. However, the PFA or FNS incorporation of PFA or FNS can decrease the alkalinity of pore solution and subsequently reduce the reactivity of BOF aggregate. Thus, the incorporation of PFA and FNS can be a way to eliminate the disadvantage of BOF, such as volume expansion. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cementitious Material in Concrete)
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20 pages, 55342 KiB  
Article
Durability Properties of Concrete Supplemented with Recycled CRT Glass as Cementitious Material
by Dušan Zoran Grdić, Gordana Aleksandar Topličić-Ćurčić, Zoran Jure Grdić and Nenad Srboljub Ristić
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4421; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14164421 - 06 Aug 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1762
Abstract
This paper presents the testing of the durability of concrete where a part of cement was replaced with ground panel cathode ray tube glass (CRT) finer than 63 µm. The percentage of cement replaced with glass is 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 35%, [...] Read more.
This paper presents the testing of the durability of concrete where a part of cement was replaced with ground panel cathode ray tube glass (CRT) finer than 63 µm. The percentage of cement replaced with glass is 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 35%, by mass. The highest percent share of mineral admixtures in CEM II (Portland-composiste cement) cement was chosen as the top limit of replacement of cement with glass. In terms of the concrete durability, the following tests are performed: freeze-thaw resistance, freeze-thaw resistance with de-icing salts-scaling, resistance to wear according to the Böhme test, sulfate attack resistance, and resistance to penetration of water under pressure. A compressive strength test is performed, and shrinkage of concrete is monitored. In order to determine the microstructure of concrete, SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy) analyses were performed. The obtained research results indicate that the replacement of a part of cement with finely ground CRT glass up to 15% by mass has a positive effect on the compressive strength of concrete in terms of its increase without compromising the durability of concrete. The results obtained by experimental testing unequivocally show that concrete mixtures made with partial replacement (up to 15%) of cement with finely ground CRT glass have the same freeze-thaw resistance, resistance to freeze/thaw with de-icing salt, resistance to wear by abrasion, and resistance to sulfate attack as the reference concrete. In terms of environmental protection, the use of CRT glass as a component for making concrete is also very significant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cementitious Material in Concrete)
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21 pages, 8904 KiB  
Article
Influence of Ground Calcium Carbonate Waste on the Properties of Green Self-Consolidating Concrete Prepared by Low-Quality Bagasse Ash and Rice Husk Ash
by Pusit Lertwattanaruk and Natt Makul
Materials 2021, 14(15), 4232; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14154232 - 29 Jul 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1689
Abstract
Bagasse ash (BA) and rice husk ash (RHA) are by-products from electricity power plants. Ground calcium carbonate waste (GCW) is the by-product of the mining of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the color pigment manufacturing industry. Both BA and RHA are classified [...] Read more.
Bagasse ash (BA) and rice husk ash (RHA) are by-products from electricity power plants. Ground calcium carbonate waste (GCW) is the by-product of the mining of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the color pigment manufacturing industry. Both BA and RHA are classified as low-quality pozzolanic materials, differing from GCW, which contains a high calcium oxide (CaO) content that leads to products equivalent to the hydration reaction. Therefore, GCW is likely able to improve the properties of self-consolidating concrete (SCC) incorporating BA and RHA. This paper discusses the production of green self-consolidating concrete (gSCC) and identifies the benefit of using GCW in gSCC prepared by triple combined GCW (10 and 20 wt%), BA (10, 20, and 30 wt%), and RHA (20 wt%). The results indicate that the majority of the gSCC retain acceptable flowability. The differences in the levels of gSCC substitution and the V-funnel flow results show general correlations with the increase in GCW. The gSCC prepared by 10 wt% GCW associated with 10 wt% BA and 20 wt% RHA was improved significantly. The filling and passing abilities of the gSCC were improved by using GCW. In addition, gSCC achieved mechanical property development and was able to minimize the consumption of OPC by up to 40%. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cementitious Material in Concrete)
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15 pages, 8091 KiB  
Article
Hydration and Strength Development of Cementitious Materials Prepared with Phosphorous-Bearing Clinkers
by Lilan Xie, Min Deng, Jinhui Tang and Kaiwei Liu
Materials 2021, 14(3), 508; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14030508 - 21 Jan 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1600
Abstract
To rationally use low-grade phosphorous limestone as the raw materials for cement production, the influence of phosphorous introduced by fluorapatite during the clinker calcination process on the mechanical properties of cementitious materials is investigated. Hydration kinetics, phase evolutions, and microstructure of cement pastes [...] Read more.
To rationally use low-grade phosphorous limestone as the raw materials for cement production, the influence of phosphorous introduced by fluorapatite during the clinker calcination process on the mechanical properties of cementitious materials is investigated. Hydration kinetics, phase evolutions, and microstructure of cement pastes have been studied by using calorimetry, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results indicate that the mechanical properties of cementitious materials can be slightly improved due to the mineralization effect of the small amount of phosphorous in the clinker and significantly decreased with an increase of phosphorous. High content of phosphorous will reduce the content of C3S and make the formation of α′-C2S-xC3P(x: 0–0.05), whose hydration reactivity is rather lower, such that on the one hand less-hydrated products, such as calcium silicate hydrate (C-S-H) gel, can be obtained, and on the other hand, the hydration reaction will be slowed by severely prolonging the induction period. Interestingly, small particles can be observed on the surface of hydration products, but no new phase can be detected by XRD. When the content of P2O5 is 2.0%, the cement can meet the requirements of P·II 42.5 cement in China. Hopefully, this can provide significant guidance for the use of cement prepared by fluorapatite as raw material. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cementitious Material in Concrete)
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12 pages, 8127 KiB  
Article
Study on the Pore Structure Characteristics of Ferronickel-Slag-Mixed Ternary-Blended Cement
by Won Jung Cho, Min Jae Kim and Ji Seok Kim
Materials 2020, 13(21), 4863; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13214863 - 29 Oct 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1490
Abstract
Pore structure development in Portland cement, fly ash, or/and ferronickel slag (FNS) was investigated using mercury intrusion porosimetry and X-ray CT tomography. The progress of hydration was observed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and compressive strength while durability of concrete was monitored by [...] Read more.
Pore structure development in Portland cement, fly ash, or/and ferronickel slag (FNS) was investigated using mercury intrusion porosimetry and X-ray CT tomography. The progress of hydration was observed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and compressive strength while durability of concrete was monitored by chloride penetration resistance and chloride profiles. Mercury intrusion porosimetry (MIP) results suggested that the blended cement had a higher porosity while lower critical pore size. The major reason to this increased porosity was the formation of meso and micro pores compared to ordinary Portland cement (OPC). In terms of chloride transport, replaced cement, especially ternary-blended cement had higher resistance to chloride transport and exhibited slightly lower development of compressive strength. X-ray CT tomography shows that the influence of pore structure of ternary-blended cement on the ionic transport was strongly related to the pore connectivity of cement matrix. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cementitious Material in Concrete)
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20 pages, 6248 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Mechanical and Environmental Properties of Engineered Alkali-Activated Green Mortar
by Iman Faridmehr, Ghasan Fahim Huseien and Mohammad Hajmohammadian Baghban
Materials 2020, 13(18), 4098; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13184098 - 15 Sep 2020
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 1720
Abstract
Currently, alkali-activated binders using industrial wastes are considered an environmentally friendly alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC), which contributes to addressing the high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and enlarging embodied energy (EE). Concretes produced from industrial wastes have shown [...] Read more.
Currently, alkali-activated binders using industrial wastes are considered an environmentally friendly alternative to ordinary Portland cement (OPC), which contributes to addressing the high levels of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and enlarging embodied energy (EE). Concretes produced from industrial wastes have shown promising environmentally-friendly features with appropriate strength and durability. From this perspective, the compressive strength (CS), CO2 emissions, and EE of four industrial powder waste materials, including fly ash (FA), palm oil fly ash (POFA), waste ceramic powder (WCP), and granulated blast-furnace slag (GBFS), were investigated as replacements for OPC. Forty-two engineered alkali-activated mix (AAM) designs with different percentages of the above-mentioned waste materials were experimentally investigated to evaluate the effect of each binder mass percentage on 28-day CS. Additionally, the effects of each industrial powder waste material on SiO2, CaO, and Al2O3 contents were investigated. The results confirm that adding FA to the samples caused a reduction of less than 26% in CS, whereas the replacement of GBFS by different levels of POFA significantly affected the compressive strength of specimens. The results also show that the AAM designs with a high volume FA provided the lowest EE and CO2 emission levels compared to other mix designs. Empirical equations were also proposed to estimate the CS, CO2 emissions, and EE of AAM designs according to their binder mass compositions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cementitious Material in Concrete)
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17 pages, 6496 KiB  
Article
Influence of Different Lithium Compounds on Hydration and Mechanical Properties of Calcium Sulfoaluminate Cement
by Hongyang Deng, Xuanchun Wei, Shaoyan Liu, Shan Li and Xinhua Cai
Materials 2020, 13(16), 3465; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13163465 - 06 Aug 2020
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2159
Abstract
This work investigated the influence of three different lithium compounds, lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), lithium sulfate (Li2SO4) and lithium chloride (LiCl), on the hydration and mechanical properties of calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement mixtures. Five concentrations of [...] Read more.
This work investigated the influence of three different lithium compounds, lithium carbonate (Li2CO3), lithium sulfate (Li2SO4) and lithium chloride (LiCl), on the hydration and mechanical properties of calcium sulfoaluminate (CSA) cement mixtures. Five concentrations of Li+, 0, 0.05, 0.11, 0.16 and 0.22 mmol/g of cement, were chosen, and then the proportions (by mass) of three lithium compounds were determined. Compressive strengths at 8 h, 24 h and 28 days were tested. Meanwhile, an early hydration heat test, thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) techniques were performed to study the influences of different lithium compounds on properties of CSA cement mixtures. The experimental results show that three lithium compounds can all accelerate the early hydration process of CSA cement. There is not a remarkable difference on the properties of CSA cement pastes with a different content of Li+. The anion of lithium compounds can also affect the properties of CSA cement pastes, the accelerating effects of LiCl and Li2SO4 are more significant than that of Li2CO3, but there is not a distinct difference between LiCl and Li2SO4. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cementitious Material in Concrete)
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