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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (10 May 2023) | Viewed by 21840

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Prof. Dr. Benedikt C. Spies

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Guest Editor

Medical Center – University of Freiburg, Center for Dental Medicine, Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
Interests: dental materials; additive manufacturing; digital prosthodontics; ceramic implants; CAD-CAM
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

This Special Issue on “Computer-Assisted Manufacturing for Dental Applications” aims to explore innovations and provide insight into recent advances in the emerging field of materials science, material characterization, processing routes, technology development, and workflow evaluation (e.g., feasibility or dimensional accuracy) of various types of computer-assisted manufactured medical devices, dental appliances, tissue substitutes or prosthetic supplies, such as full dentures, fixed or removable dental prostheses, splints, surgical guides, customized implants, auxiliary devices for clinical application or orthodontic appliances. Among others, the range of processed materials encompasses ceramics, ceramic-like materials (e.g., hybrid–ceramic materials), metals, polymers, composite materials or biomaterials. Regarding the processing route, special attention will be given to additive manufacturing (AM) techniques. However, subtractive manufacturing is also within the scope of this Special Issue. Original articles incorporating an innovative approach or providing new information for the dental and material science community are of increased priority, but systematic reviews including meta-analysis are also welcome for submission.

Prof. Dr. Benedikt C. Spies
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

Computer-aided manufacturing
Additive manufacturing
3D-printing
Subtractive manufacturing
Dental prosthesis
Medical devices
Digital workflow
Digital dentistry
Ceramics
Polymers
Accuracy

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 3090 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accuracy of Digital Impression Taking with Intraoral Scanners and Fabrication of CAD/CAM Posts and Cores in a Fully Digital Workflow

by Robert Leven, Alexander Schmidt, Roland Binder, Marian Kampschulte, Jonas Vogler, Bernd Wöstmann and Maximiliane Amelie Schlenz

Materials 2022, 15(12), 4199; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15124199 - 13 Jun 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2357

Abstract

Current intraoral scanners (IOS) enable direct impression taking for computer-aided de-sign/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) posts and cores (P+C) with subsequent milling out of monolithic materials. The aim of this in vitro study was to systematically investigate the accuracy of CAD/CAM-P+C in a fully digital workflow, considering different IOS impression methods (Primescan (PRI), Trios4 without (TRI) and with scanpost (TRI+SP)) (Part A), and CAD/CAM milling of zirconium dioxid (ZIR) and resin composite (COM)-P+C (Part B). Five human models were developed in this study. Micro-CT imaging was used as a reference (REF). For Part A, the models were scanned 12 times for each impression method. Then, IOS datasets (n = 180) were superimposed with REF, and scan accuracy was determined using 3D software (GOMInspect). For Part B, one CAD/CAM-P+C (n = 30) was milled for each model, impression method, and material. The triple-scan method was applied using an industrial scanner (ATOS) to determine the accuracy of the fit. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA, p < 0.05). Part A showed for PRI significantly lower accuracy than TRI and TRI+SP (p < 0.05). The data of Part B revealed significantly higher accuracy for ZIR than for COM (p < 0.05). Within the limitations of this study, CAD/CAM-P+C of the ZIR can be recommended for fabrication in a fully digital workflow regarding the accuracy of fit. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computer-Assisted Manufacturing for Dental Applications)

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11 pages, 2008 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shock Absorption Behavior of Elastic Polymers for Sports Mouthguards: An In Vitro Comparison of Thermoplastic Forming and Additive Manufacturing

by Philipp Schewe, Ariadne Roehler, Sebastian Spintzyk and Fabian Huettig

Materials 2022, 15(8), 2928; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15082928 - 17 Apr 2022

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1756

Abstract

Background. There are several in vitro testing options to investigate the efficacy of sports mouthguards. None of these represent everyday situations, but the effects of simple laws of physics can be observed. This enables the comparison of conventional materials for mouthguards towards fabrications from additive manufacturing. Methods. A ball-drop experiment measured the maximum force and temporospatial distribution of a vertical impact on six material groups and a reference group (No-MG). Three conventional materials (ethylenvinylacetate) with 1, 2, and 3 layers were compared with additively manufactured (AM) specimens of comparable layering with a respective thickness of 4 mm, 5 mm, and 6.8 mm. Results. A maximum force of 8982.35 N ± 305.18 (No-MG) was maximum damped to 2470.60 N ± 87.00 (conventional 6.8 mm) compared with 5585.09 N ± 203.99 (AM 6.8 mm) Thereby, the ratio between shock absorption per millimeter was best for 4 mm thickness with means of 1722 N (conventional) and 624 N (AM). Conclusions. Polymer layers demonstrated a force reduction up to 71.68%. For now, additively processed resins of comparable hardness and layering are inferior to conventional fabrications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computer-Assisted Manufacturing for Dental Applications)

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19 pages, 82556 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Accuracy Evaluation of Additively and Subtractively Fabricated Palatal Plate Orthodontic Appliances for Newborns and Infants–An In Vitro Study

by Maite Aretxabaleta, Alexey Unkovskiy, Bernd Koos, Sebastian Spintzyk and Alexander B. Xepapadeas

Materials 2021, 14(15), 4103; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14154103 - 23 Jul 2021

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3084

Abstract

Different approaches for digital workflows have already been presented for their use in palatal plates for newborns and infants. However, there is no evidence on the accuracy of CAD/CAM manufactured orthodontic appliances for this kind of application. This study evaluates trueness and precision provided by different CAM technologies and materials for these appliances. Samples of a standard palatal stimulation plate were manufactured using stereolithography (SLA), direct light processing (DLP) and subtractive manufacturing (SM). The effect of material (for SM) and layer thickness (for DLP) were also investigated. Specimens were digitized with a laboratory scanner (D2000, 3Shape) and analyzed with a 3D inspection software (Geomagic Control X, 3D systems). For quantitative analysis, differences between 3D datasets were measured using root mean square (RMS) error values for trueness and precision. For qualitative analysis, color maps were generated to detect locations of deviations within each sample. SM showed higher trueness and precision than AM technologies. Reducing layer thickness in DLP did not significantly increase accuracy, but prolonged manufacturing time. All materials and technologies met the clinically acceptable range and are appropriate for their use. DLP with 100 µm layer thickness showed the highest efficiency, obtaining high trueness and precision within the lowest manufacturing time. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computer-Assisted Manufacturing for Dental Applications)

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Graphical abstract

13 pages, 5272 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Bonding Behavior of Conventional PMMA towards Industrial CAD/CAM PMMA and Artificial Resin Teeth for Complete Denture Manufacturing in a Digital Workflow

by Dominik Klaiber, Sebastian Spintzyk, Juergen Geis-Gerstorfer, Andrea Klink, Alexey Unkovskiy and Fabian Huettig

Materials 2021, 14(14), 3822; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14143822 - 08 Jul 2021

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2704

Abstract

When applying a digital workflow, custom artificial resin teeth have to be integrated into a milled complete denture base, using polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) applied with a powder–liquid technique. Debonding of denture teeth from dentures is reported to be a frequent complication. No evidence is provided as to which method of surface treatment may enhance the bonding strength. The bonding strength between artificial teeth and PMMA (Group A, n = 60), as well as between the PMMA and industrial PMMA (Group B, n = 60), was investigated following no treatment, monomer application, sandblasting, oxygen plasma, and nitrogen plasma treatment. Surface-roughness values and SEM images were obtained for each group. Shear bond strength (SBS) and fracture mode were analyzed after thermocycling. Within Group A, statistically significant higher SBS was found for all surface treatments, except for nitrogen plasma. In Group B, only nitrogen plasma showed a statistically lower SBS compared to the reference group which was equivalent to all surface treatments. Conclusions: Within the limitations of the present study, the monomer application can be proposed as the most effective surface-treatment method to bond custom artificial teeth into a milled PMMA denture base, whereas nitrogen plasma impairs the bonding strength. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computer-Assisted Manufacturing for Dental Applications)

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17 pages, 8873 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Fracture Load of an Orthodontic Appliance for Robin Sequence Treatment in a Digital Workflow

by Maite Aretxabaleta, Alexander B. Xepapadeas, Christian F. Poets, Bernd Koos and Sebastian Spintzyk

Materials 2021, 14(2), 344; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14020344 - 12 Jan 2021

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 4761

Abstract

CAD/CAM technologies and materials have the potential to improve the treatment of Robin Sequence with orthodontic appliances (Tübingen palatal plate, TPP). However, studies on the provided suitability and safety are lacking. The present study evaluates CAD/CAM technologies and materials for implementation into the workflow for producing these orthodontic appliances (TPPs), manufactured by different techniques and materials: additive manufacturing (AM) and subtractive manufacturing (SM) technologies vs. conventional manufacturing. The fracture load was obtained in a universal testing machine, and the breaking behavior of each bunch, as well as the necessity of adding a safety wire, was evaluated. The minimum fracture load was used to calculate the safety factor (SF) provided by each material. Secondary factors included manufacturing time, material cost and reproducibility. Dental LT clear showed the highest fracture load and best breaking behavior among AM materials. The highest fracture load and safety factor were obtained with Smile polyether ether ketone (PEEK). For the prototyping stage, the use of a Freeprint tray (SF = 114.145) is recommended. For final manufacturing, either the cost-effective approach, Dental LT clear (SF = 232.13%), or the safest but most expensive approach, Smile PEEK (SF = 491.48%), can be recommended. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computer-Assisted Manufacturing for Dental Applications)

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10 pages, 1524 KiB

Open AccessCommunication

Retention Forces of Prosthetic Clasps over a Simulated Wearing Period of Six Years In-Vitro: Direct Metal Laser Melting Versus Dental Casting

by Moritz Mutschler, Florian Schweitzer, Sebastian Spintzyk, Jürgen Geis-Gerstorfer and Fabian Huettig

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5339; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13235339 - 25 Nov 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1831

Abstract

This study determinates the persistence of retention force in Akers-clasps for removable partial dentures made from Co-Cr alloy. Therefore, standardized computer-aided designed (CAD) clasp #1 specimens were made by direct metal laser melting (DMLM, n = 10) and by lost-wax dental casting (DC) of computer-aided manufactured (CAM) replicas (n = 10, DC) from two comparable Co-Cr alloys. The retention force was tested after manufacturing for 9000 cycles of setting and removal from a molar tooth crown analog made from zirconia; simulating in-vitro a duration of six years in service. The first and last 360 cycles (T0 and T1, 3 months each) of all specimens were selected for comparison of retention forces between the materials. A constant decrease of 6% from the initial retention force (T0 = 4.86 N, SD = 0.077; T1 = 4.57 N, SD = 0.037) was detected at the DC specimens, and an increase of 4% in DMLM specimens (T0 = 5.69 N, SD = 0.078; T1 = 5.92 N, SD = 0.077); all differences were statistically significant (p < 0.0001). Even if these deviations are not of clinical relevance, further studies and applications should investigate the fatigue behavior of laser melted Co-Cr-alloys for dental application. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computer-Assisted Manufacturing for Dental Applications)

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13 pages, 3203 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Surface Characteristics of Milled and 3D Printed Denture Base Materials Following Polishing and Coating: An In-Vitro Study

by Pablo Kraemer Fernandez, Alexey Unkovskiy, Viola Benkendorff, Andrea Klink and Sebastian Spintzyk

Materials 2020, 13(15), 3305; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13153305 - 24 Jul 2020

Cited by 40 | Viewed by 4307

Abstract

(1) Background: To date, no information on the polishability of milled and 3D-printed complete denture bases has been provided, which is relevant in terms of plaque accumulation. (2) Methods: three groups (n = 30) were manufactured using the cold-polymerization polymethilmethacrilate, milling (SM) and 3D printing (AM). 10 specimens of each group were left untreated (reference). 10 more specimens were pre-polished (intermediate polishing) and 10 final specimens were highgloss polished. An additional 20 specimens were 3D printed and coated with the liquid resin (coated), 10 of which were additionally polished (coated + polished). For each group R_a and R_z values, gloss value and REM images were obtained. (3). The “highgloss-polished” specimens showed statistically lower R_a and R_z values in the SM, followed by AM and conventional groups. In the AM group statistically lower surfaces roughness was revealed for highgloss-polished, “coated + polished”, and “coated” specimens, respectively. (4) Conclusions: The milled specimens demonstrated superiors surface characteristics than 3D printed and conventionally produced after polishing. The polished specimens demonstrated superior surface characteristics over coated specimens. However, the surface roughness by both polished and coated specimens was within the clinically relevant threshold of 0.2 µm. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Computer-Assisted Manufacturing for Dental Applications)

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