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Corrosion and Degradation for Biomedical Materials

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Corrosion".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2022) | Viewed by 15784

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Special Issue Editor

Dr. Virginie Roche

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Guest Editor

Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Univ. Savoie Mont Blanc, CNRS, Grenoble INP, LEPMI, 38000 Grenoble, France
Interests: corrosion; electrochemistry; metal–electrolyte interfacial electrochemistry kinetics; electrochemical impedance spectroscopy

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Biodegradable implants are considered to be of great interest for biomedical applications because they can avoid the needs for implant removal surgery and the long-term harmful effects of permanent implants. Bone fractures sometimes require the use of reconstruction implants, which are usually removed after a certain period. The materials currently used for these implants may trigger various problems, especially concerning the removal surgery. Bio-resorbable materials are therefore investigated. Finally, we propose to examine at least three imperatives to optimize the life time of a bone implant: a) minimizing the mechanical stresses related to the differences in values of Young's moduli between the constituent materials of the implant and the bone; b) using biocompatible implants without toxic components such as V, Al, Ni, Cu, etc.; c) adjusting the bio-activity and the rate of corrosion, because there is an opposite tendency between the anti-corrosive properties and an acceptable and necessary implant bioactivity.

Another interesting field, corrosion for biomedical applications, concerns surgery tools. Surgical tools are designed for specific actions in specific types of surgery, and can have long lifespans. They can also become contaminated, however, due to the adherence of bacteria to the material, especially if there are corroded or worn areas where the adherence of deposits is facilitated by the inadequate or imperfect cleaning of surgical instruments. Such contamination can have a tremendous impact on patient health. High corrosion resistance under application-relevant conditions is a decisive criterion for the commercialization of new materials. The development of materials that are free of toxic elements with adequate corrosion resistance for medical tool applications is needed.

It is my pleasure to invite you to submit a manuscript to this Special Issue. Full papers, communications, and reviews are all welcome on the different alloys that are classically used as implants (e.g., titanium or magnesium alloys), Zr-based alloys for example for surgery tools, and more unusual alloys (e.g., mechanically or chemically modified alloys), investigating both bioactivity and corrosion properties. Great attention will be paid to the proposed mechanisms for the electrochemical kinetics of the investigated alloys.

Assoc. Prof. Virginie Roche
Guest Editor

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Keywords

Mg-based alloys
Ti- based alloys
high-entropy alloys
degradation/corrosion mechanism
electrochemical impedance spectroscopy
hydroxyapatite
bioactivity
hydrogene evolution

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

15 pages, 3703 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Electrochemical Behaviour of Ti and Ti-6Al-4V Alloy in Phosphate Buffered Saline Solution

by Senka Gudić, Ladislav Vrsalović, Dario Kvrgić and Aleš Nagode

Materials 2021, 14(24), 7495; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14247495 - 07 Dec 2021

Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2455

Abstract

The electrochemical behavior of commercially pure titanium (CP Ti) and Ti-6Al-4V (Grade 5) alloy in phosphate buffered saline solution (PBS, pH = 7.4) at 37 °C (i.e., in simulated physiological solution in the human body) was examined using open circuit potential measurements, linear and potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy methods. After the impedance measurements and after potentiodynamic polarization measurements, the surface of the samples was investigated by scanning electron microscopy, while the elemental composition of oxide film on the surface of each sample was determined by EDS analysis. The electrochemical and corrosion behavior of CP Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloys is due to forming a two-layer model of surface oxide film, consisting of a thin barrier-type inner layer and a porous outer layer. The inner barrier layer mainly prevents corrosion of CP Ti and Ti-6Al-4V alloy, whose thickness and resistance increase sharply in the first few days of exposure to PBS solution. With longer exposure times to the PBS solution, the structure of the barrier layer subsequently settles, and its resistance increases further. Compared to Ti-6Al-4V alloy, CP Ti shows greater corrosion stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Degradation for Biomedical Materials)

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16 pages, 3821 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Galvanic Effect of Titanium and Amalgam in the Oral Environment

by Patrick H. Carey IV, Shu-Min Hsu, Chaker Fares, George Kamenov, Fan Ren and Josephine Esquivel-Upshaw

Materials 2020, 13(19), 4425; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13194425 - 05 Oct 2020

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2415

Abstract

The effects of the presence of amalgam on titanium (Ti) dissolution in the oral environment under acidic, neutral, and basic conditions was studied. The presence of amalgam was found to suppress Ti release under acidic conditions due to the redeposition of TiO_x/SnO_x on the surface of the Ti. The redeposition of SnO_x was due to the amalgam releasing its components (Hg, Cu, Sn, Ag) and the thermodynamic preference of Sn to oxidize, which was confirmed using mass measurements, ICP-MS analyses, and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). XPS depth profiling was performed to characterize the composition and oxidation states of the redeposited SnO_x/TiO_x film. Under basic conditions, the amalgam hindered Ti dissolution, but no redeposition of amalgam components was observed for the Ti. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Degradation for Biomedical Materials)

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12 pages, 2846 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of pH Cycling Frequency on Glass–Ceramic Corrosion

by Shu-Min Hsu, Fan Ren, Christopher D. Batich, Arthur E. Clark, Dan Neal and Josephine F. Esquivel-Upshaw

Materials 2020, 13(16), 3655; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13163655 - 18 Aug 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2428

Abstract

The effect of pH changes on the chemical durability of dental glass–ceramic materials was evaluated using weight loss and ion release levels. The hypothesis that increased pH changes will exhibit greater corrosion was investigated. The ion concentration was analyzed using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP). The surface compositions were investigated using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The surface morphologies were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Dental glass–ceramics were tested in constant immersion, 3-day cycling, and 1-day cycling with pH 10, pH 2, and pH 7 for 3, 15, and 30 days. The 1-d cycling group demonstrated the highest levels of weight loss compared with 3-d cycling and constant immersion. For the ion release, Si⁴⁺ and Ca²⁺ had the highest rates of release in 1-d cycling, whereas the Al³⁺ release rate with constant pH 2 was highest. The alteration/passivation layer that was formed on the surface of disks possibly prevented further dissolution of pH 10 corroded disks. XPS analysis demonstrated different surface compositions of corroded disks in pH 10 and pH 2. Si⁴⁺, K⁺, Na⁺, Al³⁺, and Ca²⁺ were detected on the surface of corroded pH 10 disks, whereas a Si⁴⁺ and P⁵⁺-rich surface formed on corroded pH 2 disks. SEM results demonstrated rougher surfaces for corroded disks in cycling conditions and pH 2 constant immersion. In conclusion, increased pH changes significantly promote the corrosion of dental glass–ceramic materials. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Degradation for Biomedical Materials)

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14 pages, 4322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mg-Zn-Ca Alloys for Hemostasis Clips for Vessel Ligation: In Vitro and In Vivo Studies of Their Degradation and Response

by Yen-Hao Chang, Chun Chieh Tseng, Chih-Yeh Chao, Chung-Hwan Chen, Sung-Yen Lin and Je-Kang Du

Materials 2020, 13(13), 3039; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13133039 - 07 Jul 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2550

Abstract

To control the degradation rate of magnesium (Mg) alloys, chitosan (CHI) and L-glutamic acid (LGA) were used as coatings on Mg-Zn-Ca alloys via dip coating. In this study, either two or seven CHI/LGA layers were applied as a coating on Mg-2.8Zn-0.8Ca alloy (ZX31) and Mg-2.8Zn-0.8Ca hemostasis clips (ZX31 clips). The morphologies, compositions, and surface roughness of the specimens were characterized via scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and surface measurement devices. The degradation rates and behavior of the specimens were evaluated by immersing them in simulated body fluids and by applying these ZX31 clips on rabbits’ uterine tubes for five weeks. The specimen with seven layers (ZX31(CHI/LGA)₇) exhibited improved corrosion behavior when compared with ZX31 or ZX31(CHI/LGA)₂, with a reduced degradation rate of the Mg alloy in a simulated body environment. In vivo experiments showed that ZX31 clips exhibited good biocompatibilities in each group but could not maintain the clamping function for five weeks. The weight loss of ZX31(CHI/LGA)₇ was significantly lower than that of the other groups. Consequently, it was verified that CHI can be used as a protective layer on a magnesium alloy surface via in vitro and in vivo experiments. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Degradation for Biomedical Materials)

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13 pages, 2470 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Annealing and N₂ Plasma Treatment to Minimize Corrosion of SiC-Coated Glass-Ceramics

by Chaker Fares, Randy Elhassani, Jessica Partain, Shu-Min Hsu, Valentin Craciun, Fan Ren and Josephine F. Esquivel-Upshaw

Materials 2020, 13(10), 2375; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13102375 - 21 May 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2439

Abstract

To improve the chemical durability of SiC-based coatings on glass-ceramics, the effects of annealing and N₂ plasma treatment were investigated. Fluorapatite glass-ceramic disks were coated with SiC via plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), treated with N₂ plasma followed by an annealing step, characterized, and then immersed in a pH 10 buffer solution for 30 days to study coating delamination. Post-deposition annealing was found to densify the deposited SiC and lessen SiC delamination during the pH 10 immersion. When the SiC was treated with a N₂ plasma for 10 min, the bulk properties of the SiC coating were not affected but surface pores were sealed, slightly improving the SiC’s chemical durability. By combining N₂ plasma-treatment with a post-deposition annealing step, film delamination was reduced from 94% to 2.9% after immersion in a pH 10 solution for 30 days. X-ray Photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) detected a higher concentration of oxygen on the surface of the plasma treated films, indicating a thin SiO₂ layer was formed and could have assisted in pore sealing. In conclusion, post-deposition annealing and N₂ plasma treatment where shown to significantly improve the chemical durability of PECVD deposited SiC films used as a coating for glass-ceramics. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Degradation for Biomedical Materials)

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11 pages, 1444 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Novel Coating to Minimize Corrosion of Glass-Ceramics for Dental Applications

by Shu-Min Hsu, Fan Ren, Zhiting Chen, Mijin Kim, Chaker Fares, Arthur E. Clark, Dan Neal and Josephine F. Esquivel-Upshaw

Materials 2020, 13(5), 1215; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13051215 - 08 Mar 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2862

Abstract

The effect of a novel silicon carbide (SiC) coating on the chemical durability of a fluorapatite glass-ceramic veneer was investigated by examining weight loss and ion release levels. The hypothesis that this novel coating will exhibit significant corrosion resistance was tested. Inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometer (ICP) was used for ion concentration determination and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for surface morphology analyses. Samples were immersed in pH 10 and pH 2 buffer solutions to represent extreme conditions in the oral cavity. Analyses were done at 15 and 30 days. The SiC coated group demonstrated significant reduction in weight loss across all solutions and time points (p < 0.0001). Ion release analyses demonstrated either a marginally lower or a significantly lower release of ions for the SiC-coated disks. SEM analysis reveals planarization of surfaces by the SiC-coated group. The surfaces of coated samples were not as corroded as the non-coated samples, which is indicative of the protective nature of these coatings. In conclusion, SiC is a novel coating that holds promise for improving the performance of ceramic materials used for dental applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Corrosion and Degradation for Biomedical Materials)

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