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Advances in High-Performance Non-ferrous Materials

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Metals and Alloys".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 December 2022) | Viewed by 37659

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Hailiang Yu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Stake Key Laboratory of High Peformance Complex Manufacturing, Light Alloys Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Interests: metals and alloys; metalforming; microstructure and properties
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Zhilin Liu

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Stake Key Laboratory of High Peformance Complex Manufacturing, Light Alloys Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Interests: metal solidification; micro- and nanomechanics; material characterization; crystallography of phase transformation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Xiaohui Cui

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
State Key Laboratory of Precision Manufacturing for Extreme Service Performance, Light Alloys Research Institute, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
Interests: high rate forming; deformation mechanisms; multi-physics simulation; microstructure evolution
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Nowadays, there is great pressure on energy conservation and emission reduction. In order to achieve these goals, weight reduction in manufacturing fields such as the vehicle, marine, and aerospace industries, and microelectromechanical systems, is the major trend. Although some structures and parts that require special properties and service conditions must use ferrous materials such as steels due to their superior thermal and wear resistance, there is a desperate need to replace these alloys with non-ferrous materials such as Al alloys, Mg alloys, Ti-based alloys, and Cu alloys in order to reduce operational and maintenance costs. Recently, many material processing techniques have been developed to enhance the performance of non-ferrous materials. This Special Issue covers these topics and focuses on the process–structure–performance relationships of high-performance non-ferrous materials.

Prof. Dr. Hailiang Yu
Dr. Zhilin Liu
Dr. Xiaohui Cui
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • non-ferrous materials
  • microstructure and mechanical properties
  • mechanical behavior
  • material processing
  • heat treatment

Published Papers (20 papers)

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Editorial

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3 pages, 177 KiB  
Editorial
Advances in High-Performance Non-Ferrous Materials
by Hailiang Yu, Zhilin Liu and Xiaohui Cui
Materials 2023, 16(3), 1186; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma16031186 - 30 Jan 2023
Viewed by 1062
Abstract
Non-ferrous metallic materials are considered to be fundamental materials for manufacturing in-dustries, i [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High-Performance Non-ferrous Materials)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

10 pages, 6557 KiB  
Article
Tensile Property of Irradiated LT21 Aluminum Alloy Sampled from Decommissioned Irradiation Channel of Heavy Water Research Reactor
by Wanhuan Yang, Jin Qian, Weihua Zhong, Guangsheng Ning, Shunmi Peng and Wen Yang
Materials 2023, 16(2), 544; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma16020544 - 05 Jan 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 831
Abstract
LT21 a type of aluminum alloy used for the irradiation channel of the first heavy water research reactor (HWRR) in China. Studying the mechanical property of irradiated LT21 aluminum under actual service conditions is essential for evaluating its application property. In this paper, [...] Read more.
LT21 a type of aluminum alloy used for the irradiation channel of the first heavy water research reactor (HWRR) in China. Studying the mechanical property of irradiated LT21 aluminum under actual service conditions is essential for evaluating its application property. In this paper, tensile specimens of irradiated LT21 were manufactured from the decommissioned irradiation channel of an HWRR; then, tensile tests were carried out, and then the fracture surfaces were observed. The effect of neutron irradiation on tensile behavior and the failure mechanism was analyzed by comparing the result of irradiated and unirradiated LT21 specimens. The results show that, with the thermal neutron flux increasing to 2.38 × 1022 n/cm2, the YS gradually increased from the initial 158 MPa to 251 MPa, the UTS increased from 262 MPa to 321 MPa, and the elongation decreased from 28.8% to about 14.3%; the brittle fracture of the LT21 specimen appeared after irradiation, and the proportion of brittle fracture increased as the neutron fluence increased; the nanophase structures, with a size of less than 50 nm, were precipitated in the LT21 aluminum alloy after neutron irradiation. Transmutation Si is presumed to be the main cause of the radiation effect mechanism of LT21. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High-Performance Non-ferrous Materials)
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15 pages, 9479 KiB  
Article
Work Hardening Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of a Cu-Ti-Cr-Mg Alloy during Room Temperature and Cryogenic Rolling
by Rong Li, Zhu Xiao, Zhou Li, Xiangpeng Meng and Xu Wang
Materials 2023, 16(1), 424; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma16010424 - 02 Jan 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1358
Abstract
A Cu-1.79Ti-0.39Cr-0.1Mg (wt.%) alloy was prepared by a vacuum induction melting furnace in a high-purity argon atmosphere. The effects of room temperature rolling and cryogenic rolling on the microstructure, textures, and mechanical properties of the alloy were investigated by means of electron backscatter [...] Read more.
A Cu-1.79Ti-0.39Cr-0.1Mg (wt.%) alloy was prepared by a vacuum induction melting furnace in a high-purity argon atmosphere. The effects of room temperature rolling and cryogenic rolling on the microstructure, textures, and mechanical properties of the alloy were investigated by means of electron backscatter diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and X-ray diffraction. The results show that the hardness of the cryogenically rolled alloy is 18–30 HV higher than that of the room temperature rolled alloy at any tested rolling reduction. The yield strength and tensile strength of the alloy cryogenically rolled by 90% reduction are 723 MPa and 796 MPa, respectively. With the increase of rolling reduction, the orientation density of the Cube texture decreases, while the Brass texture increases. The Brass texture is preferred especially during the cryogenic rolling, suggesting that the cross-slip is inhibited at the cryogenic temperature. The dislocation densities of Cu-Ti-Cr-Mg alloy increase significantly during the deformation, finally reaching 23.03 × 10−14 m−2 and 29.98 × 10−14 m−2 after a 90% reduction for the room temperature rolled and cryogenically rolled alloys, respectively. This difference could be attributed to the impediment effect of cryogenic temperature on dynamic recovery and dynamic recrystallization. The cryogenic temperature promotes the formation of the dislocation and the nano-twins, leading to the improvement of the mechanical properties of the alloy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High-Performance Non-ferrous Materials)
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16 pages, 4654 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Cryogenic Treatment on the Microstructure and Mechanical Characteristics of Aluminum Silicon Carbide Matrix Composites
by Mingli Zhang, Ran Pan, Baosheng Liu, Kaixuan Gu, Zeju Weng, Chen Cui and Junjie Wang
Materials 2023, 16(1), 396; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma16010396 - 01 Jan 2023
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1230
Abstract
Aluminum matrix composites have been widely used in aerospace and automotive fields due to their excellent physical properties. Cryogenic treatment was successfully adopted to improve the performance of aluminum alloy components, while its effect and mechanism on the aluminum matrix composite remained unclear. [...] Read more.
Aluminum matrix composites have been widely used in aerospace and automotive fields due to their excellent physical properties. Cryogenic treatment was successfully adopted to improve the performance of aluminum alloy components, while its effect and mechanism on the aluminum matrix composite remained unclear. In this work, the effects of cryogenic treatment on the microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of 15%SiCp/2009 aluminum matrix composites were systematically investigated by means of Thermoelectric Power (TEP), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The results showed that TEP measurement can be an effective method for evaluating the precipitation characteristics of 15%SiCp/2009 aluminum matrix composites during aging. The addition of cryogenic treatment after solution and before aging treatment promoted the precipitation from the beginning stage of aging. Furthermore, the aging time for the maximum precipitation of the θ″ phase was about 4 h advanced, as the conduction of cryogenic treatment accelerates the aging kinetics. This was attributed to the great difference in the linear expansion coefficient between the aluminum alloy matrix and SiC-reinforced particles, which could induce high internal stress in their boundaries for precipitation. Moreover, the lattice contraction of the aluminum alloy matrix during cryogenic treatment led to the increase in dislocation density and micro defects near the boundaries, thus providing more nucleation sites for precipitation during the aging treatment. After undergoing artificial aging treatment for 20 h, the increase in dispersive, distributed precipitates after cryogenic treatment improved the hardness and yield strength by 4% and 16 MPa, respectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High-Performance Non-ferrous Materials)
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15 pages, 7824 KiB  
Article
Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of W-Al2O3 Alloy Plates Prepared by a Wet Chemical Method and Rolling Process
by Changji Wang, Xiaonan Dong, Yao Liu, Shizhong Wei, Kunming Pan, Cheng Zhang, Mei Xiong, Feng Mao, Tao Jiang, Hua Yu, Xiaodong Wang and Chong Chen
Materials 2022, 15(22), 7910; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15227910 - 09 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1054
Abstract
The uneven distribution and large size of the second phase weakens the effect of dispersion strengthening in ODS-W alloys. In this article, the W-Al2O3 composite powders were fabricated using a wet chemical method, resulting in a finer powder and uniformly [...] Read more.
The uneven distribution and large size of the second phase weakens the effect of dispersion strengthening in ODS-W alloys. In this article, the W-Al2O3 composite powders were fabricated using a wet chemical method, resulting in a finer powder and uniformly dispersed Al2O3 particles in the tungsten-based alloy. The particle size of the pure tungsten powder is 1.05 μm and the particle size of W-0.2 wt.%Al2O3 is 727 nm. Subsequently, the W-Al2O3 alloy plates were successfully obtained by induction sintering and rolling processes. Al2O3 effectively refined grain size from powder-making to sintering. The micro-hardness of the tungsten alloy plates reached 512 HV0.2, which is 43.7% higher than that of pure tungsten plates. The nano-hardness reached 14.2 GPa, which is 24.1% higher than that of the pure tungsten plate; the compressive strength reached 2224 MPa, which is 37.2% higher than that of the pure tungsten. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High-Performance Non-ferrous Materials)
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14 pages, 4762 KiB  
Article
Synergistic Effects of La and Y on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Cast Al-Si-Cu Alloys
by Luming Shuai, Xiuliang Zou, Yuqiang Rao, Xiaobin Lu and Hong Yan
Materials 2022, 15(20), 7283; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15207283 - 18 Oct 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1296
Abstract
The effects of La and Y on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Al-Si-Cu alloys were investigated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), optical microscope (OM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicated that the addition of La and Y had a great [...] Read more.
The effects of La and Y on the microstructure and mechanical properties of cast Al-Si-Cu alloys were investigated by X-ray diffractometer (XRD), optical microscope (OM), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results indicated that the addition of La and Y had a great effect on the refinement of α-Al grains, the modification of eutectic Si phase, and the reduction of β-Al5FeSi length in Al-Si-Cu alloys. The A380 + 0.6 wt.% La/Y alloy exhibited the best microstructure and mechanical properties. The UTS and EI of the A380 + 0.6 wt.% La/Y alloy were 215.3 MPa and 5.1%, which were 22.9% and 37.8% higher than those of the matrix alloy, respectively. In addition, neither Al11La3 nor Al3Y generated by the addition of La and Y could not serve as the nucleation core of α-Al grains, so the grain refinement of α-Al originated from the growth limitation and constitutional supercooling. Since La and Y promote twinning generation and constitutional supercooling, the eutectic Si phase also changed from stripe-like to short fibrous or even granular and was significantly refined. Furthermore, thermodynamic calculations indicated that the Al11La3 phase was formed first and the Al3Y phase was generated on the Al11La3 phase. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High-Performance Non-ferrous Materials)
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16 pages, 6454 KiB  
Article
A Quasi In-Situ Study on the Microstructural Evolution of 2195 Al-Cu-Li Alloy during Homogenization
by Hao Huang, Wei Xiong, Zhen Jiang and Jin Zhang
Materials 2022, 15(19), 6573; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15196573 - 22 Sep 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1125
Abstract
An optimized homogenization process for Al alloy ingots is key to subsequent material manufacturing, as it largely reduces metallurgical defects, such as segregation and secondary phases. However, studies on their exact microstructural evolution at different homogenization temperatures are scarce, especially for complex systems, [...] Read more.
An optimized homogenization process for Al alloy ingots is key to subsequent material manufacturing, as it largely reduces metallurgical defects, such as segregation and secondary phases. However, studies on their exact microstructural evolution at different homogenization temperatures are scarce, especially for complex systems, such as the 2195 Al-Cu-Li alloy. The present work aims to elucidate the microstructural evolution of the 2195 Al-Cu-Li alloy during homogenization, including the dissolution and precipitation behavior of the TB (Al7Cu4Li) phase and S (Al2CuMg) phase at different homogenization temperatures. The results show that there are Cu segregation zones (Cu-SZ) at the dendrite boundaries with θ (Al2Cu) and S eutectic phases. When the temperature rises from 300 °C to 400 °C, fine TB phases precipitate at the Cu-SZ, and the Mg and Ag in the S phases gradually diffuse into the matrix. Upon further increasing the temperature to 450 °C, TB and θ phases at the grain boundaries are coarsened, and an S-θ phase transition is observed. Finally, at 500 °C, all TB and S phases are dissolved, leaving only θ phases at triangular grain boundaries. This work provides guidance for optimizing the homogenization procedure in 2195 alloys. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High-Performance Non-ferrous Materials)
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14 pages, 13293 KiB  
Article
Interface Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Al/Steel Bimetallic Composites Fabricated by Liquid-Solid Casting with Rare Earth Eu Additions
by Feng Mao, Po Zhang, Shizhong Wei, Chong Chen, Guoshang Zhang, Mei Xiong, Tao Wang, Junliang Guo and Changji Wang
Materials 2022, 15(19), 6507; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15196507 - 20 Sep 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1235
Abstract
To improve the Al/Steel bimetallic interface, Eu was firstly added to the Al/Steel bimetallic interface made by liquid-solid casting. The effects of Eu addition on the microstructure, mechanical capacities, and rupture behavior of the Al/Steel bimetallic interface was studied in detail. As the [...] Read more.
To improve the Al/Steel bimetallic interface, Eu was firstly added to the Al/Steel bimetallic interface made by liquid-solid casting. The effects of Eu addition on the microstructure, mechanical capacities, and rupture behavior of the Al/Steel bimetallic interface was studied in detail. As the addition of 0.1 wt.% Eu, the morphology of eutectic Si changed from coarse plate-like to fine fibrous and granular in Al-Si alloys, and the average thickness of the intermetallic compounds layer decreased to a minimum value of 7.96 μm. In addition, there was a more sudden drop of Fe in steel side and the Si in Al side was observed to be more than the other conditions. The addition of Eu did not change the kinds of intermetallic compounds in the Al/steel reaction layer, which was composed of Al5Fe2, τ1-(Al, Si)5Fe3, Al13Fe4, τ5-Al7Fe2Si, and τ6-Al9Fe2Si2 phases. The addition of the element Eu did not change the preferential orientation of the Al5Fe2, τ1-(Al, Si)5Fe3, Al13Fe4, τ5-Al7Fe2Si, and τ6-Al9Fe2Si2 phases, but refined the grain size of each phase and decreased the polar density of Al5Fe2 phase. Eu was mainly enriched in the front of the ternary compound layer (τ6-Al9Fe2Si2) near the Al side and steel matrix. The Fe and Al element distribution area tended to narrow in the interface after the addition of 0.1 wt.% Eu, which is probably because that Eu inhibits the spread of Al atoms along the c-axis direction of the Al5Fe2 phase and the growth of Al13Fe4, τ5-Al7Fe2Si, and τ6-Al9Fe2Si2 phases. When the Eu content was 0.1 wt.%, the shear strength of the Al/Steel bimetal achieved a maximum of 31.21 MPa, which was 47% higher than the bimetal without Eu. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High-Performance Non-ferrous Materials)
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12 pages, 4352 KiB  
Article
Effect of Annealing Temperature on the Interfacial Microstructure and Bonding Strength of Cu/Al Clad Sheets with a Stainless Steel Interlayer
by Haitao Gao, Hao Gu, Sai Wang, Yanni Xuan and Hailiang Yu
Materials 2022, 15(6), 2119; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15062119 - 13 Mar 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2127
Abstract
To explore the influence of annealing temperatures on the interfacial structure and peeling strength of Cu/Al clad sheets with a 304 stainless steel foil interlayer, an intermediate annealing treatment was performed at temperatures of 450 °C, 550 °C, and 600 °C, separately. The [...] Read more.
To explore the influence of annealing temperatures on the interfacial structure and peeling strength of Cu/Al clad sheets with a 304 stainless steel foil interlayer, an intermediate annealing treatment was performed at temperatures of 450 °C, 550 °C, and 600 °C, separately. The experimental results indicate that the interfacial atomic diffusion is significantly enhanced by increasing the intermediate annealing temperature. The average peeling strength of the clad sheets annealed at 550 °C can reach 34.3 N/mm and the crack propagation is along the steel/Cu interface, Cu-Al intermetallic compounds layer, and Al matrix. However, after high-temperature annealing treatment (600 °C), the liquid phase is formed at the bonding interface and the clear Cu/steel/Al interface is replaced by the chaotic composite interfaces. The clad sheet broke completely in the unduly thick intermetallic compounds layer, resulting in a sharp decrease in the interfacial bonding strength. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High-Performance Non-ferrous Materials)
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15 pages, 3630 KiB  
Article
Analysis of Mechanical Parameters of Asymmetrical Rolling Dealing with Three Region Percentages in Deformation Zones
by Qilin Zhao, Xianghua Liu and Xiangkun Sun
Materials 2022, 15(3), 1219; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15031219 - 06 Feb 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1593
Abstract
A series of mathematical models were proposed to calculate the roll force, torque and power for cold strip asymmetrical rolling by means of the slab method, taking the percentages of the forward-slip, backward-slip and cross-shear zones into account. The friction power, plastic work [...] Read more.
A series of mathematical models were proposed to calculate the roll force, torque and power for cold strip asymmetrical rolling by means of the slab method, taking the percentages of the forward-slip, backward-slip and cross-shear zones into account. The friction power, plastic work and total energy consumption can be obtained by the models. The effects of variable rolling parameters—such as the speed ratio, entry thickness, friction coefficient and front and back tension—on the process of asymmetrical rolling are analyzed. In all cases, an increase in speed ratio leads to an increase in friction work and its proportions. The increase in entry thickness and deformation resistance causes both friction work and plastic deformation work to increase. The proportion of friction work decreases with increasing deformation resistance, entry thickness, front tension and back tension. In the circumstances of a thin strip being rolled with a large speed ratio, the proportion of friction work could exceed that of plastic deformation work. The concept of a threshold point of friction work was proposed to explain this phenomenon. As an example, threshold points T1, T2, T3 with the effect of the entry thickness and S1, S2, S3 with the effect of the friction coefficient have been obtained by computation. Finally, the experiment of the strip asymmetrical rolling was conducted, and a maximum error of 9.7% and an RMS error of 5.9% were found in the comparison of roll forces between experimental measurement values and calculated ones. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High-Performance Non-ferrous Materials)
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13 pages, 12072 KiB  
Article
Effect of CeO2 Size on Microstructure, Synthesis Mechanism and Refining Performance of Al-Ti-C Alloy
by Yanli Ma, Taili Chen, Lumin Gou and Wanwu Ding
Materials 2021, 14(22), 6739; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14226739 - 09 Nov 2021
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1104
Abstract
The effects of CeO2 size on the microstructure and synthesis mechanism of Al-Ti-C alloy were investigated using a quenching experiment method. A scanning calorimetry experiment was used to investigate the synthesis mechanism of TiC, the aluminum melt in situ reaction was carried [...] Read more.
The effects of CeO2 size on the microstructure and synthesis mechanism of Al-Ti-C alloy were investigated using a quenching experiment method. A scanning calorimetry experiment was used to investigate the synthesis mechanism of TiC, the aluminum melt in situ reaction was carried out to synthesize master alloys and its refining performance was estimated. The results show that the Al-Ti-C-Ce system is mainly composed of α-Al, Al3Ti, TiC and Ti2Al20Ce. The addition of CeO2 obviously speeds up the progress of the reaction, reduces the size of Al3Ti and TiC and lowers the formation temperature of second-phase particles. When the size of CeO2 is 2–4 μm, the promotion effect on the system is most obvious. The smaller the size of CeO2, the smaller the size of Al3Ti and TiC and the lower the formation temperature. Al-Ti-C-Ce master alloy has a significant refinement effect on commercial pure aluminum. When the CeO2 size is 2–4 μm, the grain size of commercial pure aluminum is refined to 227 μm by Al-Ti-C-Ce master alloy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High-Performance Non-ferrous Materials)
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12 pages, 6449 KiB  
Article
Effect of Grain Refiner on Fracture Toughness of 7050 Ingot and Plate
by Fang Yu, Xiangjie Wang, Tongjian Huang and Daiyi Chao
Materials 2021, 14(21), 6705; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14216705 - 07 Nov 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1687
Abstract
In this paper, two types of grain refining alloys, Al-3Ti-0.15C and Al-5Ti-0.2B, were used to cast two types of 7050 rolling ingots. The effect of Al-3Ti-0.15C and Al-5Ti-0.2B grain refiners on fracture toughness in different directions for 7050 ingots after heat treatment and [...] Read more.
In this paper, two types of grain refining alloys, Al-3Ti-0.15C and Al-5Ti-0.2B, were used to cast two types of 7050 rolling ingots. The effect of Al-3Ti-0.15C and Al-5Ti-0.2B grain refiners on fracture toughness in different directions for 7050 ingots after heat treatment and 7050-T7651 plates was investigated using optical electron microscopy (OEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Mechanical properties testing included both tensile and plane strain fracture toughness (KIC). The grain size was measured from the surface to the center of the 7050 ingots with two different grain refiners. The fracture surface was analyzed by SEM and energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The experiments showed the grain size from edge to center was reduced in 7050 ingots with both the TiC and TiB refiners, and the grain size was larger for ingots with the Al-3Ti-0.15C grain refiner at the same position. The tensile properties of 7050 ingots after heat treatment with Al-3Ti-0.15C grain refiner were 1–2 MPa lower than the ingot with the Al-5Ti-0.2B grain refiner. For the 7050-T7651 100 mm thick plate with the Al-3Ti-0.15C grain refiner, for the L direction, the tensile properties were lower by about 10~15 MPa; for the plate with the Al-3Ti-0.15C refiner than plate with Al-5Ti-0.2B refiner, for the LT direction, the tensile properties were lower by about 13–18 MPa; and for the ST direction, they were lower by about 8–10 MPa compared to that of Al-5Ti-0.2B refiner. The fracture toughness of the 7050-T7651 plate produced using the Al-3Ti-0.15C ingot was approximately 2–6 MPa · m higher than the plate produced from the Al-5Ti-0.2B ingot. Fractography of the failed fracture toughness specimens revealed that the path of crack propagation of the 7050 ingot after heat treatment produced from the Al-3Ti-0.15C grain refiner was more tortuous than in the ingot produced from the Al-5Ti-0.2B, which resulted in higher fracture toughness. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High-Performance Non-ferrous Materials)
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19 pages, 9963 KiB  
Article
In Situ Observation of the Tensile Deformation and Fracture Behavior of Ti–5Al–5Mo–5V–1Cr–1Fe Alloy with Different Microstructures
by Suping Pan, Mingzhu Fu, Huiqun Liu, Yuqiang Chen and Danqing Yi
Materials 2021, 14(19), 5794; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14195794 - 03 Oct 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1693
Abstract
The plastic deformation processes and fracture behavior of a Ti–5Al–5Mo–5V–1Cr–1Fe alloy with bimodal and lamellar microstructures were studied by room-temperature tensile tests with in situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations. The results indicate that a bimodal microstructure has a lower strength but higher [...] Read more.
The plastic deformation processes and fracture behavior of a Ti–5Al–5Mo–5V–1Cr–1Fe alloy with bimodal and lamellar microstructures were studied by room-temperature tensile tests with in situ scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations. The results indicate that a bimodal microstructure has a lower strength but higher ductility than a lamellar microstructure. For the bimodal microstructure, parallel, deep slip bands (SBs) are first noticed in the primary α (αp) phase lying at an angle of about 45° to the direction of the applied tension, while they are first observed in the coarse lath α (αL) phase or its interface at grain boundaries (GBs) for the lamellar microstructure. The β matrix undergoes larger plastic deformation than the αL phase in the bimodal microstructure before fracture. Microcracks are prone to nucleate at the αp/β interface and interconnect, finally causing the fracture of the bimodal microstructure. The plastic deformation is mainly restricted to within the coarse αL phase at GBs, which promotes the formation of microcracks and the intergranular fracture of the lamellar microstructure. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High-Performance Non-ferrous Materials)
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11 pages, 2231 KiB  
Article
Cobalt Content Effect on the Magnetic Properties of Ni50-xCoxMn35.5In14.5 Annealed Ribbons
by Łukasz Dubiel, Andrzej Wal, Ireneusz Stefaniuk, Antoni Żywczak, Piotr Potera and Wojciech Maziarz
Materials 2021, 14(19), 5497; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14195497 - 23 Sep 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1434
Abstract
We present a study of the annealing effect and its influence on magnetic and structural properties for a series of Heusler alloys Ni50−xCoxMn35.5In14.5 (x=0,3,5) prepared in [...] Read more.
We present a study of the annealing effect and its influence on magnetic and structural properties for a series of Heusler alloys Ni50−xCoxMn35.5In14.5 (x=0,3,5) prepared in ribbon form. We studied the morphology and composition using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) equipped with an X-ray microanalyzer (EDX). The magnetic properties were determined by two methods: electron magnetic resonance (EMR) and vibrating sample magetometer (VSM). We found that cobalt content in the annealed samples reveals an additional magnetic phase transition at lower temperatures. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High-Performance Non-ferrous Materials)
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13 pages, 6471 KiB  
Article
Deformation Behavior and Properties of 7075 Aluminum Alloy under Electromagnetic Hot Forming
by Zhihao Du, Zanshi Deng, Xiaohui Cui and Ang Xiao
Materials 2021, 14(17), 4954; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14174954 - 30 Aug 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1960
Abstract
High-strength 7075 aluminum alloy is widely used in the aerospace industry. The forming performance of 7075 aluminum alloy is poor at room temperature. Therefore, hot forming is mainly adopted. Electromagnetic forming is a high-speed forming technology that can significantly improve the forming limit [...] Read more.
High-strength 7075 aluminum alloy is widely used in the aerospace industry. The forming performance of 7075 aluminum alloy is poor at room temperature. Therefore, hot forming is mainly adopted. Electromagnetic forming is a high-speed forming technology that can significantly improve the forming limit of difficult-to-deform materials. However, there are few studies on electromagnetic hot forming of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy. In this study, the deformation behavior of 7075-T6 aluminum alloy in the temperature range of 25 °C to 400 °C was investigated. As the temperature increased, the sheet forming height first decreased, then increased. When the forming temperature is between 200 °C and 300 °C, η phase coarsening leads to a decrease in stress and hardness of the material. When the forming temperature is between 300 °C and 400 °C, continuous dynamic recrystallization of 7075 aluminum alloy occurs, resulting in grain refinement and an increase in stress and hardness. The results of numerical simulations and experiments all show that the forming height and deformation uniformity of the sheet metal are optimal at 400 °C, compared to 200 °C. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High-Performance Non-ferrous Materials)
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16 pages, 2189 KiB  
Article
An Efficient Approach to the Five-Axis Flank Milling of Non-Ferrous Spiral Bevel Gears
by Hao Xu, Yuansheng Zhou, Yuhui He and Jinyuan Tang
Materials 2021, 14(17), 4848; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14174848 - 26 Aug 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2178
Abstract
Five-axis flank milling has been applied in industry as a relatively new method to cut spiral bevel gears (SBGs) for its flexibility, especially for the applications of small batches and repairs. However, it still has critical inferior aspects compared to the traditional manufacturing [...] Read more.
Five-axis flank milling has been applied in industry as a relatively new method to cut spiral bevel gears (SBGs) for its flexibility, especially for the applications of small batches and repairs. However, it still has critical inferior aspects compared to the traditional manufacturing ways of SBGs: the efficiency is low, and the machining accuracy may not ensure the qualified meshing performances. To improve the efficiency, especially for cutting non-ferrous metals, this work proposes an approach to simultaneously cut the tooth surface and tooth bottom by a filleted cutter with only one pass. Meanwhile, the machining accuracy of the contact area is considered beforehand for the tool path optimization to ensure the meshing performances, which is further confirmed by FEM (finite element method). For the convenience of the FEM, the tooth surface points are calculated with an even distribution, and the calculation process is efficiently implemented with a closed-form solution. Based on the proposed method, the number (or total length) of the tool path is reduced, and the contact area is qualified. Both the simulation and cutting experiment are implemented to validate the proposed method. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High-Performance Non-ferrous Materials)
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12 pages, 4660 KiB  
Article
The Correlation Analysis of Microstructure and Tribological Characteristics of In Situ VCp Reinforced Iron-Based Composite
by Yun Zhang, Richen Lai, Qiang Chen, Zhen Liu, Ruiqing Li, Jufei Chen and Pinghu Chen
Materials 2021, 14(15), 4343; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14154343 - 03 Aug 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2026
Abstract
In this study, four kinds of heat treatments were performed to obtain a certain amount of retained austenite, which can result in good toughness and low brittleness accompanied with wear resistance of an in situ VC particle reinforced iron-based composite (VCFC). Microstructure, mechanical [...] Read more.
In this study, four kinds of heat treatments were performed to obtain a certain amount of retained austenite, which can result in good toughness and low brittleness accompanied with wear resistance of an in situ VC particle reinforced iron-based composite (VCFC). Microstructure, mechanical properties and wear resistance of the samples under heat treatment of QP, QPT, MQP and MQPT were compared. The experimental results indicated that there is a huge difference in microstructure between MQPT and the other heat treatments. High-proportion retained austenite and white net-like precipitates of M7C3 carbide existed in the MQPT-treated sample, but thick M7C3 carbide with brittleness was discovered in the other sample. Thereby, high-proportion retained austenite contributed to its low hardness of 634 HV and high tensile strength of 267 MPa, while a maximum hardness of 705.5 HV and a minimum tensile strength of 205 MPa were exhibited in the QPT-treated sample with a V-rich carbide of high hardness, a Cr-rich carbide of brittleness and a high-proportion martensite. Meanwhile, a phase transformation from retained austenite to martensite could increase the hardness and enhance wear resistance based on the transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) effect; its wear rate was only 1.83 × 10−6 mm−3/(N·m). However, the wear rates of the samples under QP, QPT and MQP heat treatments increased by 16.4%, 44.3% and 41.0%, respectively. The wear mechanism was a synergistic effect of the adhesive wear mechanism and the abrasive wear mechanism. The adhesive wear mechanism was mainly considered in the MQPT-treated sample to reduce the wear rate attributed to high-proportion retained austenite and the existence of wear debris with a W element on the surface of the wear track. However, the abrasive wear mechanism could exist in the other samples because of a lot of thick, brittle M7C3, thereby resulting in a higher wear rate due to immediate contact between the designed material and the counterpart. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High-Performance Non-ferrous Materials)
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8 pages, 5825 KiB  
Communication
High Temperature Oxidation Behavior of an Equimolar Cr-Mn-Fe-Co High-Entropy Alloy
by Lin Wang, Quanqing Zeng, Zhibao Xie, Yun Zhang and Haitao Gao
Materials 2021, 14(15), 4259; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14154259 - 30 Jul 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1862
Abstract
The oxidation behavior of an equimolar Cr-Mn-Fe-Co high-entropy alloy (HEA) processed by 3D laser printing was investigated at 700 °C and 900 °C. The oxidation kinetics of the alloy followed the parabolic rate law, and the oxidation rate constant increased with the rising [...] Read more.
The oxidation behavior of an equimolar Cr-Mn-Fe-Co high-entropy alloy (HEA) processed by 3D laser printing was investigated at 700 °C and 900 °C. The oxidation kinetics of the alloy followed the parabolic rate law, and the oxidation rate constant increased with the rising of the temperature. Inward diffusion of oxygen and outward diffusion of cations took place during the high-temperature oxidation process. A spinel-type oxide was formed on the surface, and the thickness of the oxide layer increased with the rising of experimental temperature or time. The exfoliation of the oxide layer took place when the test was operated at 900 °C over 12 h. During oxidation tests, the matrix was propped open by oxides and was segmented into small pieces. The formation of loose structures had great effects on the high-temperature oxidation resistance of the HEA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High-Performance Non-ferrous Materials)
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11 pages, 5408 KiB  
Article
Grain Growth Mechanism of Lamellar-Structure High-Purity Nickel via Cold Rolling and Cryorolling during Annealing
by Zhide Li, Yuze Wu, Zhibao Xie, Charlie Kong and Hailiang Yu
Materials 2021, 14(14), 4025; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14144025 - 19 Jul 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3431
Abstract
High-purity (99.999%) nickel with lamellar-structure grains (LG) was obtained by room-temperature rolling and cryorolling in this research, and then annealed at different temperatures (75 °C, 160 °C, and 245 °C). The microstructure was characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The grain growth mechanism during [...] Read more.
High-purity (99.999%) nickel with lamellar-structure grains (LG) was obtained by room-temperature rolling and cryorolling in this research, and then annealed at different temperatures (75 °C, 160 °C, and 245 °C). The microstructure was characterized by transmission electron microscopy. The grain growth mechanism during annealing of the LG materials obtained via different processes was studied. Results showed that the LG high-purity nickel obtained by room-temperature rolling had a static discontinuous recrystallization during annealing, whereas that obtained by cryorolling underwent static and continuous recrystallization during annealing, which was caused by the seriously inhibited dislocation recovery in the rolling process under cryogenic conditions, leading to more accumulated deformation energy storage in sheets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High-Performance Non-ferrous Materials)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

36 pages, 13970 KiB  
Review
Titanium in Cast Cu-Sn Alloys—A Review
by Karthik Manu, Jan Jezierski, Madikkamadom Radhakrishnan Sai Ganesh, Karthik Venkitaraman Shankar and Sudarsanan Aswath Narayanan
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4587; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14164587 - 16 Aug 2021
Cited by 20 | Viewed by 3422
Abstract
The article reviews the progress made on bronze alloys processed through various casting techniques, and focuses on enhancements in the microstructural characteristics, hardness, tensile properties, and tribological behaviour of Cu-Sn and Cu-Sn-Ti alloys. Copper and its alloys have found several applications in the [...] Read more.
The article reviews the progress made on bronze alloys processed through various casting techniques, and focuses on enhancements in the microstructural characteristics, hardness, tensile properties, and tribological behaviour of Cu-Sn and Cu-Sn-Ti alloys. Copper and its alloys have found several applications in the fields of automobiles, marine and machine tools specifically for propellers in submarines, bearings, and bushings. It has also been reported that bronze alloys are especially used as an anti-wear and friction-reducing material to make high performance bearings for roller cone cock bits and warships for defence purposes. In these applications, properties like tensile strength, yield strength, fatigue strength, elongation, hardness, impact strength, wear resistance, and corrosion resistance are very important; however, these bronze alloys possess only moderate hardness, which results in low wear resistance, thereby limiting the application of these alloys in the automobile industry. The major factor that influences the properties of bronze alloys is the microstructure. Morphological changes in these bronze alloys are achieved through different manufacturing techniques, such as casting, heat treatment, and alloy addition, which enhance the mechanical, tribological, and corrosion characteristics. Alloying of Ti to cast Cu-Sn is very effective in changing the microstructure of bronze alloys. Reinforcing the bronze matrix with several ceramic particles and surface modifications also improves the properties of bronze alloys. The present article reviews the techniques involved in changing the microstructure and enhancing the mechanical and tribological behaviours of cast Cu-Sn and Cu-Sn-Ti alloys. Moreover, this article also reviews the industrial applications and future scope of these cast alloys in the automobile and marine industries. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advances in High-Performance Non-ferrous Materials)
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