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Functionally Graded Materials: Developments and Applications
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Functionally Graded Materials: Developments and Applications

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced Composites".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 April 2022) | Viewed by 9246

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Maria Amélia Ramos Loja

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Guest Editor
1. CIMOSM, ISEL—Centro de Investigação em Modelação e Optimização de Sistemas Multifuncionais, Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Av. Conselheiro Emídio Navarro 1, 1959-007 Lisboa, Portugal
2. IDMEC, IST—Instituto de Engenharia Mecânica, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida Rovisco Pais 1, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
Interests: computational mechanics of solids; composite materials; adaptive structures; optimization; reverse engineering
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Functionally graded materials constitute an advanced type of composite that emerged from the need to design materials that could withstand the severely high temperature conditions that occur in some engineering applications. This innovative design aims to minimize the occurrence of thermal residual stresses and ultimately to avoid thermal shock cracking.

These composites are conceptually conceived as a combination of two or more material constituent phases, whose mixture may vary in a continuous manner in the three-dimensional space. This mixture may also account for the existence of porosities, whether or not this is a desirable specificity, within a real application.

Due to the continuously varying composition characteristics of these materials and to the resulting capability to tune material properties in a spatial basis, they can provide different functional characteristics in differentiated regions of a structure, according to specific performance needs.

This Special Issue aims to serve as a vehicle of dissemination of recent research in the wide area of functionally graded materials, welcoming multiple perspectives related to this topic.

Hence, it is my pleasure to invite you to submit a manuscript to this Special Issue. Full papers, communications, and reviews are all welcome.

Dr. Maria Amélia Ramos Loja
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • functionally graded materials
  • multiscale materials and structures
  • magneto-electro-elastic graded materials
  • porous materials and structures
  • carbon nanotube-reinforced composite materials
  • materials and structures modeling and analysis
  • materials and structures optimization
  • manufacturing processes
  • experimental analysis of functionally graded materials

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

19 pages, 4882 KiB  
Article
LPBF Manufactured Functionally Graded Lattice Structures Obtained by Graded Density and Hybrid Poisson’s Ratio
by Osama Abdelaal, Florian Hengsbach, Mirko Schaper and Kay-Peter Hoyer
Materials 2022, 15(12), 4072; https://doi.org/10.3390/ma15124072 - 08 Jun 2022
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2079
Abstract
The additive manufacturing (AM) of innovative lattice structures with unique mechanical properties has received widespread attention due to the capability of AM processes to fabricate freeform and intricate structures. The most common way to characterize the additively manufactured lattice structures is via the [...] Read more.
The additive manufacturing (AM) of innovative lattice structures with unique mechanical properties has received widespread attention due to the capability of AM processes to fabricate freeform and intricate structures. The most common way to characterize the additively manufactured lattice structures is via the uniaxial compression test. However, although there are many applications for which lattice structures are designed for bending (e.g., sandwich panels cores and some medical implants), limited attention has been paid toward investigating the flexural behavior of metallic AM lattice structures with tunable internal architectures. The purpose of this study was to experimentally investigate the flexural behavior of AM Ti-6Al-4V lattice structures with graded density and hybrid Poisson’s ratio (PR). Four configurations of lattice structure beams with positive, negative, hybrid PR, and a novel hybrid PR with graded density were manufactured via the laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) AM process and tested under four-point bending. The manufacturability, microstructure, micro-hardness, and flexural properties of the lattices were evaluated. During the bending tests, different failure mechanisms were observed, which were highly dependent on the type of lattice geometry. The best response in terms of absorbed energy was obtained for the functionally graded hybrid PR (FGHPR) structure. Both the FGHPR and hybrid PR (HPR) structured showed a 78.7% and 62.9% increase in the absorbed energy, respectively, compared to the positive PR (PPR) structure. This highlights the great potential for FGHPR lattices to be used in protective devices, load-bearing medical implants, and energy-absorbing applications. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionally Graded Materials: Developments and Applications)
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11 pages, 422 KiB  
Article
A Dynamic Programming Setting for Functionally Graded Thick-Walled Cylinders
by Hassan Mohamed Abdelalim Abdalla, Daniele Casagrande and Francesco De Bona
Materials 2020, 13(18), 3988; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13183988 - 09 Sep 2020
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 1855
Abstract
Material property variation in non-homogeneous internally pressurized thick-walled cylinders is investigated within the context of dynamic programming theory. The material is assumed to be linear, elastic, isotropic, and functionally graded in the radial direction. Based on the plane stress hypothesis, a state space [...] Read more.
Material property variation in non-homogeneous internally pressurized thick-walled cylinders is investigated within the context of dynamic programming theory. The material is assumed to be linear, elastic, isotropic, and functionally graded in the radial direction. Based on the plane stress hypothesis, a state space formulation is given and the optimal control problem is stated and solved by means of Pontryagin’s Principle for different objective functionals. Optimal Young’s modulus distribution is found to be piecewise linear along the radial domain. A brief digression on the possible existence of switching points is addressed. Finally, a numerical example is performed within a special class of derived optimal solutions, showing promising results in terms of equivalent stress reduction with respect to the most used variations in literature. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionally Graded Materials: Developments and Applications)
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23 pages, 3670 KiB  
Article
On the Vibrations and Stability of Moving Viscoelastic Axially Functionally Graded Nanobeams
by Ali Shariati, Dong won Jung, Hamid Mohammad-Sedighi, Krzysztof Kamil Żur, Mostafa Habibi and Maryam Safa
Materials 2020, 13(7), 1707; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13071707 - 06 Apr 2020
Cited by 180 | Viewed by 3645
Abstract
In this article, size-dependent vibrations and the stability of moving viscoelastic axially functionally graded (AFG) nanobeams were investigated numerically and analytically, aiming at the stability enhancement of translating nanosystems. Additionally, a parametric investigation is presented to elucidate the influence of various key factors [...] Read more.
In this article, size-dependent vibrations and the stability of moving viscoelastic axially functionally graded (AFG) nanobeams were investigated numerically and analytically, aiming at the stability enhancement of translating nanosystems. Additionally, a parametric investigation is presented to elucidate the influence of various key factors such as axial gradation of the material, viscosity coefficient, and nonlocal parameter on the stability boundaries of the system. Material characteristics of the system vary smoothly along the axial direction based on a power-law distribution function. Laplace transformation in conjunction with the Galerkin discretization scheme was implemented to obtain the natural frequencies, dynamical configuration, divergence, and flutter instability thresholds of the system. Furthermore, the critical velocity of the system was evaluated analytically. Stability maps of the system were examined, and it can be concluded that the nonlocal effect in the system can be significantly dampened by fine-tuning of axial material distribution. It was demonstrated that AFG materials can profoundly enhance the stability and dynamical response of axially moving nanosystems in comparison to homogeneous materials. The results indicate that for low and high values of the nonlocal parameter, the power index plays an opposite role in the dynamical behavior of the system. Meanwhile, it was shown that the qualitative stability of axially moving nanobeams depends on the effect of viscoelastic properties in the system, while axial grading of material has a significant role in determining the critical velocity and natural frequencies of the system. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Functionally Graded Materials: Developments and Applications)
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