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New Materials and Technologies for Wastewater Treatment

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Materials Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 32777

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Dr. Lionel Limousy

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Université de Haute-Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, IS2M, CNRS, UMR7361, 3b rue Alfred Werner, F68100 Mulhouse, France
Interests: Biomass conversion and valorization; carbon materials; biological and physicochemical wastewater treatments; adsorption of pollutants; chemical engineering and processing; batch and continuous reactors; design synthesis and characterization of carbon adsorbents (chars, activated carbons, composite materials)
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Dr. Thomas Thiebault

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Ecole Pratique des Hautes Etudes (EPHE), PSL Research University, Paris, France
Interests: emerging pollutants; clays; adsorption; pharmaceuticals; partition; illicit drugs
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Prof. Dr. Jocelyne Brendle

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Institut de Science des Matériaux de Mulhouse CNRS UMR 7361, Université de Haute-Alsace, Université de Strasbourg, 3b rue Alfred Werner, 68093 Mulhouse, CEDEX, France
Interests: clay minerals synthesis; preparation of organic–inorganic hybrids; functionalization of clay minerals by ion exchange; grafting; preparation and characterization of clay/polymer (elastomers, photopolymers, biopolymers) nanocomposites
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Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The development of new materials that are able to enhance the efficiency of industrial wastewater treatment processes, as well as the modulation of these materials’ properties to improve the recovery of pollutants, has experienced steady progress. Anthropogenic activities such as mining, industry, and electricity production generate secondary effluents containing various contaminants, such as heavy metals and radionuclides. In view of their potential impact on water quality, the design of novel technologies aiming at recovering those contaminants is of high concern. Among the various techniques used in water pollution control, adsorption is considered to be a relevant technique because of its simple design, universal nature, high effectiveness, and ease of operation and regeneration. In this Special Issue, we invite papers presenting research findings in the development of innovative materials for the removal of soluble forms of heavy metals and radionuclides. Beyond the scientific novelty of the suggested materials, the authors should emphasize the potential to implement their technology in full-scale facilities operating under realistic conditions of liquid effluent treatment. Both laboratory and pilot-scale experimental works will be considered. This Special Issue will welcome papers coming from different fields of research: material science, chemical engineering and processing, chemistry, and biochemistry in particular.

The theme of the SI is devoted to the development of new materials (bulk, composites, and hybrids) through the improvement/transformation of specific processes for wastewater treatment. Among the topics of interest, specific attention will be given to papers related to:

Development of innovative processes for the synthesis of lamellar clay-like compounds, zeolites, hydrotalcites, etc. by tuning synthesis conditions in order to obtain the best adsorption properties;
Formulation of innovative composite materials to be applied in liquid-phase adsorption processes;
Elaboration of bio-sourced materials from different biomasses or carbon materials (biochars, hydrochars, chars, activated carbons) for the specific removal of heavy metals or radionuclides;
Use of microorganisms as support for the removal of heavy metals;
Development of new polymers or surfactants with high selectivities.

The selected papers will describe the strategies adopted to develop new materials for process optimization, the way in which the materials are implemented and used in the process, and how they can contribute to the overall process. In this context, and according to the topics listed above, authors are encouraged to provide a complete description of the mass and heat transfers in materials, a detailed characterization of their physico-chemical properties, as well as the mechanisms at the origin of adsorption/complexation (kinetic or thermodynamic approach).

Prof. Lionel Limousy
Prof. Thomas Thiebault
Prof. Jocelyne Brendle
Guest Editors

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

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Keywords

radionuclides
heavy metals
pollutants
advanced materials
microorganisms
adsorption
complexation
wastewater treatment
decontamination
environmental impact

Published Papers (12 papers)

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Editorial

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5 pages, 192 KiB

Open AccessEditorial

New Materials and Technologies for Wastewater Treatment

by Lionel Limousy, Thomas Thiebault and Jocelyne Brendle

Materials 2022, 15(5), 1927; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15051927 - 04 Mar 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1714

Abstract

This Special Issue (SI) contains the successful submissions [...] Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials and Technologies for Wastewater Treatment)

Research

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15 pages, 3545 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Water Treatment from MB Using Zn-Ag MWCNT Synthesized by Double Arc Discharge

by Faizah S. Aljohani, Mohamed Elsafi, Nourhan I. Ghoneim, M. Toderaş, M. I. Sayyed, Hamidreza Mohafez, Mohammad A. Islam, Mayeen Uddin Khandaker and Mostafa El-Khatib

Materials 2021, 14(23), 7205; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14237205 - 26 Nov 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2047

Abstract

A new type of nano-adsorbent zinc-silver nanoparticles ornamented by multi-walled carbon nanotubes (Zn-Ag MWCNT) was efficiently synthesized by double arc discharge using a newly designed rotating cylinder electrode. Zn-Ag MWCNT was characterized by different instrumental methods to get information about the sample shape, size, and crystallinity. Without irradiation, Zn-Ag MWCNT indicated significant potential for elimination against methylene blue (MB) which is dissolved in deionized water. When the adsorbent concentration was 0.1 g/L at normal 8 pH, the Zn-Ag MWCNTs were efficient in removing 97% of the MB from 40 mg/L that was dissolved in water for 10 min. The dye removal activity of (Zn-Ag) decorated MWCNTs was attributed to the influence of silver and zinc nanoparticles on the MWCNTs. Finally, this approach was both cost-effective and efficient. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials and Technologies for Wastewater Treatment)

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19 pages, 5617 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Concept of Flocks Fragmentation and Averaging Method for the Application of Electrocoagulation in Process for Coke Oven Wastewater Treatment

by Dariusz Mierzwiński, Przemysław Nosal, Andrzej Szczepanik, Michał Łach, Martin Duarte Guigou, Marek Hebda and Kinga Korniejenko

Materials 2021, 14(21), 6307; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14216307 - 22 Oct 2021

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1717

Abstract

The main objective of the article is to develop the concept of flock fragmentation and the averaging method for the application of electrocoagulation in the process of treating wastewater from coke ovens. The designed solution was part of an innovative system for the coke oven wastewater treatment process. The system is dedicated to removing the hazardous elements and compounds from wastewater from leaching ashes in municipal waste incineration plants. The design of the process and its automatization was based on a quantitative simulation method. The balance equations of mass, energy, and momentum of transport, complemented by the kinetics of the related reaction, are used during the calculation of the process. The main result achieved is a practical solution—the reactor’s scheme, classified due to a patent procedure in the Polish Patent Office. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials and Technologies for Wastewater Treatment)

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15 pages, 3130 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Preparation and Characterization of Nanoparticle-Doped Polymer Inclusion Membranes. Application to the Removal of Arsenate and Phosphate from Waters

by Enriqueta Anticó, Ruben Vera, Francisco Vázquez, Clàudia Fontàs, Changyong Lu and Josep Ros

Materials 2021, 14(4), 878; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14040878 - 12 Feb 2021

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2275

Abstract

Nanoparticle-doped polymer inclusion membranes (NP-PIMs) have been prepared and characterized as new materials for the removal of arsenate and phosphate from waters. PIMs are made of a polymer, cellulose triacetate (CTA), and an extractant, which interacts with the compound of interest. We have used the ionic liquid (IL) trioctylmethylammonium chloride (Aliquat 336) as the extractant and have investigated how the addition of nanoparticles can modify membrane properties. To this end, inorganic nanoparticles, such as ferrite (Fe₃O₄), SiO₂ and TiO₂, and multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), were blended with the polymer/extractant mixture. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and contact angle measurements have been used to characterize the material. Moreover, PIM stability was checked by measuring the mass loss during the experiments. Since Aliquat 336 acts as an anion exchanger, the NP-PIMs have been explored in two different applications: (i) as sorbent materials for the extraction of arsenate and phosphate anions; (ii) as an organic phase for the separation of arsenate and phosphate in a three-phase system. The presence of oleate-coated ferrite NP in the PIM formulation represents an improvement in the efficiency of NP-PIMs used as sorbents; nevertheless, a decrease in the transport efficiency for arsenate but not for phosphate was obtained. The ease with which the NP-PIMs are prepared suggests good potential for future applications in the treatment of polluted water. Future work will address three main aspects: firstly, the implementation of the Fe₃O₄-PIMs for the removal of As(V) in real water containing complex matrices; secondly, the study of phosphate recovery with other cell designs that allow large volumes of contaminated water to be treated; and thirdly, the investigation of the role of MWCNTs in PIM stability. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials and Technologies for Wastewater Treatment)

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19 pages, 4250 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Preparation of a New Iron-Carbon-Loaded Constructed Wetland Substrate and Enhanced Phosphorus Removal Performance

by Jie Zhao, Jingqing Gao and Junzhao Liu

Materials 2020, 13(21), 4739; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13214739 - 23 Oct 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2422

Abstract

Iron-carbon substrates have attracted extensive attention in water treatment due to their excellent processing ability. The traditional iron-carbon substrate suffers from poor removal effects, separation of the cathode and anode, hardening, secondary pollution, etc. In this study, a new type of iron-carbon-loaded substrate (NICLS) was developed to solve the problems of traditional micro-electrolytic substrates. Through experimental research, a preparation method for the NICLS with Fe and C as the core, zeolite as the skeleton, and water-based polyurethane as the binder was proposed. The performance of the NICLS in phosphorus-containing wastewater was analyzed. The results are as follows: The optimal synthesis conditions of the NICLS are 1 g hydroxycellulose, wood activated carbon as the cathode, an activated carbon particle size of 200-60 mesh, and an Fe/C ratio of 1:1. Acidic conditions can promote the degradation of phosphorus by the NICLS. Through the characterization of the NICLS (scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD), and energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS), etc.), it is concluded that the mechanism of the NICLS phosphorus removal is a chemical reaction produced by micro-electrolysis. Using the NICLS to treat phosphorus-containing wastewater has the advantages of high efficiency and durability. Therefore, it can be considered that the NICLS is a promising material to remove phosphorus. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials and Technologies for Wastewater Treatment)

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18 pages, 3162 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mixed Oxide Layered Double Hydroxide Materials: Synthesis, Characterization and Efficient Application for Mn²⁺ Removal from Synthetic Wastewater

by Cristina Modrogan, Simona Cǎprǎrescu, Annette Madelene Dǎncilǎ, Oanamari Daniela Orbuleț, Eugeniu Vasile and Violeta Purcar

Materials 2020, 13(18), 4089; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13184089 - 15 Sep 2020

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 2693

Abstract

Magnesium–aluminum (Mg-Al) and magnesium–aluminum–nickel (Mg-Al-Ni) layered double hydroxides (LDHs) were synthesized by the co-precipitation method. The adsorption process of Mn²⁺ from synthetic wastewater was investigated. Formation of the layered double hydroxides and adsorption of Mn²⁺ on both Mg-Al and Mg-Ni-Al LDHs were observed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometry (EDX) analysis. XRD patterns for prepared LDHs presented sharp and symmetrical peaks. SEM studies revealed that Mg-Al LDH and Mg-Al-Ni LDH exhibit a non-porous structure. EDX analysis showed that the prepared LDHs present uniformly spread elements. The adsorption equilibrium on these LDHs was investigated at different experimental conditions such as: Shaking time, initial Mn²⁺ concentration, and temperatures (10 and 20 °C). The parameters were controlled and optimized to remove the Mn²⁺ from synthetic wastewater. Adsorption isotherms of Mn²⁺ were fitted by Langmuir and Freundlich models. The obtained results indicated that the isotherm data fitted better into the Freundlich model than the Langmuir model. Adsorption capacity of Mn²⁺ gradually increased with temperature. The Langmuir constant (K_L) value of Mg-Al LDH (0.9529 ± 0.007 L/mg) was higher than Mg-Al-Ni LDH (0.1819 ± 0.004 L/mg), at 20 °C. The final adsorption capacity was higher for Mg-Al LDH (91.85 ± 0.087%) in comparison with Mg-Al-Ni LDH (35.97 ± 0.093%), at 20 °C. It was found that the adsorption kinetics is best described by the pseudo-second-order model. The results indicated that LDHs can be considered as a potential material for adsorption of other metallic ions from wastewater. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials and Technologies for Wastewater Treatment)

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16 pages, 2679 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Powdered Ceramsite and Powdered Limestone Use in Aerobic Granular Sludge Technology

by Joanna Czarnota, Janusz A. Tomaszek, Adam Masłoń, Adam Piech and Grzegorz Łagód

Materials 2020, 13(17), 3894; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13173894 - 03 Sep 2020

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2227

Abstract

The effects of two powdered mineral materials (powdered ceramsite and powdered limestone) on aerobic granulation of sludge were evaluated. The experiment was conducted on a laboratory scale bioreactors treating wastewater for 89 days. Three granular sequencing batch reactors (GSBRs) were operated at the lowest optimal organic loading rate (OLR) of 2.55 g COD/(L∙d). In the control reactor (R1), the mean diameter (d) of the biomass ranged from 124.0 to 210.0 µm, and complete granulation was not achieved. However, complete granulation did occur in reactors to which either ceramsite (251.9 µm < d < 783.1 µm) or limestone (246.0 µm < d < 518.9 µm) was added. Both powdered materials served as a ballast for the sludge flocs making up the seed sludge. Ceramsite particles also acted as microcarriers of granule-forming biomass. The granules in the reactors with added powdered materials had nonfibrous and smoother surfaces. The reactor with ceramsite exhibited the highest average efficiencies for COD, total nitrogen, and total phosphorus removal (85.4 ± 5.4%, 56.6 ± 10.2%, and 56.8 ± 9.9%, respectively). By contrast, the average nitrification efficiency was 95.1 ± 12.8%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials and Technologies for Wastewater Treatment)

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14 pages, 2028 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hybrid System Coupling Moving Bed Bioreactor with UV/O₃ Oxidation and Membrane Separation Units for Treatment of Industrial Laundry Wastewater

by Sylwia Mozia, Magdalena Janus, Sławomira Bering, Krzysztof Tarnowski, Jacek Mazur, Kacper Szymański and Antoni W. Morawski

Materials 2020, 13(11), 2648; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13112648 - 10 Jun 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2467

Abstract

This paper describes the investigations on the possibilities of treatment of wastewater generated in an industrial laundry with application of a combined biological-photooxidation- membrane system aimed at water recycle and reuse. The two treatment schemes were compared: 1) scheme A consisting of a treatment in a moving bed biological reactor (MBBR) followed by microfiltration (MF) and nanofiltration (NF), and 2) scheme B comprising MBBR followed by oxidation by photolysis enhanced with in situ generated O₃ (UV/O₃) after which MF and NF were applied. The removal efficiency in MBBR reached 95–97% for the biochemical oxygen demand; 90–93% for the chemical oxygen demand and 89–99% for an anionic and a nonionic surfactants. The application of UV/O₃ system allowed to decrease the content of the total organic carbon by 68% after 36 h of operation with a mineralization rate of 0.36 mg/L·h. Due to UV/O₃ pretreatment, a significant mitigation of membrane fouling in the case of both MF and NF processes was achieved. The MF permeate flux in the system B was over two times higher compared to that in the system A. Based on the obtained results it was concluded that the laundry wastewater pretreated in the MBBR-UV/O₃-MF-NF system could be recycled to any stage of the laundry process. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials and Technologies for Wastewater Treatment)

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17 pages, 3857 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Modified Biopolymer Adsorbents for Column Treatment of Sulfate Species in Saline Aquifers

by Mostafa Solgi, Lope G. Tabil and Lee D. Wilson

Materials 2020, 13(10), 2408; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13102408 - 23 May 2020

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3091

Abstract

In the present study, variable forms of pelletized chitosan adsorbents were prepared and their sulfate uptake properties in aqueous solution was studied in a fixed-bed column system. Unmodified chitosan pellets (CP), cross-linked chitosan pellets with glutaraldehyde (CL–CP), and calcium-doped forms of these pellets (Ca–CP, Ca–CL–CP) were prepared, where the removal efficiencies and breakthrough curves were studied. Dynamic adsorption experiments were conducted at pH 4.5 and 6.5 with a specific flow rate of 3 mL/min, fixed-bed height of 200 mm, and an initial sulfate concentration of 1000 mg/L. Breakthrough parameters demonstrated that Ca–CP had the best sulfate removal among the adsorbents, where the following adsorption parameters were obtained: breakthrough time (75 min), exhaust time (300 min), maximum sulfate adsorption capacity (q_max; 46.6 mg/g), and sulfate removal (57%) at pH 4.5. Two well-known kinetic adsorption models, Thomas and Yoon-Nelson, were fitted to the experimental kinetic data to characterize the breakthrough curves. The fixed-bed column experimental results were well-fitted by both models and the maximum adsorption capacity (46.9 mg/g) obtained was for the Ca–CP adsorbent. A regeneration study over four adsorption-desorption cycles suggested that Ca–CP is a promising adsorbent for sulfate removal in a fixed-bed column system. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials and Technologies for Wastewater Treatment)

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Review

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42 pages, 4606 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review: Clay-Modified Electrodes in Heterogeneous Electro-Fenton Process for Degradation of Organic Compounds: The Potential of Structural Fe(III) as Catalytic Sites

by Laura Cipriano Crapina, Liva Dzene, Jocelyne Brendlé, Florence Fourcade, Abdeltif Amrane and Lionel Limousy

Materials 2021, 14(24), 7742; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14247742 - 15 Dec 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2368

Abstract

Advanced oxidation processes are considered as a promising technology for the removal of persistent organic pollutants from industrial wastewaters. In particular, the heterogeneous electro-Fenton (HEF) process has several advantages such as allowing the working pH to be circumneutral or alkaline, recovering and reusing the catalyst and avoiding the release of iron in the environment as a secondary pollutant. Among different iron-containing catalysts, studies using clay-modified electrodes in HEF process are the focus in this review. Fe(III)/Fe(II) within the lattice of clay minerals can possibly serve as catalytic sites in HEF process. The description of the preparation and application of clay-modified electrodes in the degradation of model pollutants in HEF process is detailed in the review. The absence of mediators responsible for transferring electrons to structural Fe(III) and regenerating catalytic Fe(II) was considered as a milestone in the field. A comprehensive review of studies investigating the use of electron transfer mediators as well as the mechanism behind electron transfer from and to the clay mineral structure was assembled in order to uncover other milestones to be addressed in this study area. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials and Technologies for Wastewater Treatment)

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29 pages, 5337 KiB

Open AccessReview

Ion-Imprinted Polymers: Synthesis, Characterization, and Adsorption of Radionuclides

by Vipul Vilas Kusumkar, Michal Galamboš, Eva Viglašová, Martin Daňo and Jana Šmelková

Materials 2021, 14(5), 1083; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14051083 - 26 Feb 2021

Cited by 54 | Viewed by 4401

Abstract

Growing concern over the hazardous effect of radionuclides on the environment is driving research on mitigation and deposition strategies for radioactive waste management. Currently, there are many techniques used for radionuclides separation from the environment such as ion exchange, solvent extraction, chemical precipitation and adsorption. Adsorbents are the leading area of research and many useful materials are being discovered in this category of radionuclide ion separation. The adsorption technologies lack the ability of selective removal of metal ions from solution. This drawback is eliminated by the use of ion-imprinted polymers, these materials having targeted binding sites for specific ions in the media. In this review article, we present recently published literature about the use of ion-imprinted polymers for the adsorption of 10 important hazardous radionuclides—U, Th, Cs, Sr, Ce, Tc, La, Cr, Ni, Co—found in the nuclear fuel cycle. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials and Technologies for Wastewater Treatment)

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27 pages, 402 KiB

Open AccessReview

Reactive Materials in the Removal of Phosphorus Compounds from Wastewater—A Review

by Sylwia Gubernat, Adam Masłoń, Joanna Czarnota and Piotr Koszelnik

Materials 2020, 13(15), 3377; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13153377 - 30 Jul 2020

Cited by 29 | Viewed by 3209

Abstract

Modern technologies designed to treat wastewater containing phosphorus compounds are based on the processes of adsorption and precipitation. In addition, more environmentally friendly and cheaper materials are being sought to ensure greater conformity with overarching assumptions of green chemistry and sustainable development. Against that background, this paper offers a review and analysis of available information on the considered reactive materials that have the capacity to remove phosphorus from wastewater. These materials are categorised as natural (with a sub-division in line with the dominant sorption groups of Al/Fe or Ca/Mg), waste, or man-made. Notably, most studies on sorbents have been carried out in laboratory systems via experimentation under static conditions. Among the natural materials, opoka has the highest sorption capacity of 181.20 g P/kg, while red mud (in the waste material category) is most efficient at binding phosphorus with a level of 345.02 g P/kg. Finally, among the group of commercial materials, Rockfos^® has the highest sorption capacity of 256.40 g P/kg. In addition, this paper recognises the effect of composition, pH, and physical properties on a reactive material’s capacity to absorb phosphorus, as well as the possibility for further potential use in the production of fertilisers. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Materials and Technologies for Wastewater Treatment)

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