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Materials Science of Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced Materials Characterization".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 17762

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Anastasia Mikhaylovskaya

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Guest Editor

Department of Physical Metallurgy of Non-Ferrous Metals, National University of Science and Technology MISiS, Moscow, Russia
Interests: physical metallurgy; non-ferrous alloys; heat treatment; microstructural studies; superplastic deformation; mechanical properties; metal matrix composites

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Many industries rely heavily on non-ferrous metals and alloys owing to a wide variety of their properties. Such characteristics as their light weight (Al, Mg, Ti alloys), heat and electrical conductivity (Cu), high-temperature resistance (Ni, Ti, Co, W alloys) or biocompatibility (Ti, Mg, Au) attract researchers from multidisciplinary areas to explore their potential. Ideas of new processing routes benefit better materials performance and manufacturing sustainability. Special attention is needed to establish the relationship between the designed microstructure, phase transformations, and advanced properties in order to increase the quality of existing alloys and to develop the novel non-ferrous alloys.

This Special Issue primarily considers papers focused on the relationship between microstructure, processing methods, and properties of non-ferrous metallic materials. The microstructural studies and novel material processing methods are the key points of the issue. We are inviting papers which include but are not limited to any of the following thematic areas:

Primary fabrication of non-ferrous metals and alloys;
Secondary processing and heat treatment (metal forming, phase transformations, ultrafine-grained materials, mechanical alloying);
Properties and modeling of technological processes;
Novel metallic alloys;
Novel processes and applications (additive manufacturing, etc.);
Recycling of non-ferrous metals and alloys.

Prof. Anastasia Mikhaylovskaya
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

Non-ferrous metals and alloys
Microstructure
Properties
Metals fabrication and processing
Recycling

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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22 pages, 15167 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Thermal Stability of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Bimetallic Fine-Grained Wires from Al–0.25%Zr–(Sc,Hf) Alloys

by Aleksey Nokhrin, Iana Shadrina, Vladimir Chuvil’deev, Vladimir Kopylov, Nikolay Berendeev, Artem Murashov, Aleksandr Bobrov, Nataliya Tabachkova, Elena Smirnova and Mikhail Faddeev

Materials 2022, 15(1), 185; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15010185 - 27 Dec 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2260

Abstract

Thermal stability of composite bimetallic wires from five novel microalloyed aluminum alloys with different contents of alloying elements (Zr, Sc, and Hf) is investigated. The alloy workpieces were obtained by induction-casting in a vacuum, preliminary severe plastic deformation, and annealing providing the formation of a uniform microstructure and the nucleation of stabilizing intermetallide Al₃(Zr,Sc,Hf) nanoparticles. The wires of 0.26 mm in diameter were obtained by simultaneous deformation of the Al alloy with Cu shell. The bimetallic wires demonstrated high strength and improved thermal stability. After annealing at 450–500 °C, a uniform fine-grained microstructure formed in the wire (the mean grain sizes in the annealed Al wires are 3–5 μm). An increased hardness and strength due to nucleation of the Al₃(Sc,Hf) particles was observed. A diffusion of Cu from the shell into the surface layers of the Al wire was observed when heating up to 400–450 °C. The Cu diffusion depth into the annealed Al wire surfaces reached 30–40 μm. The maximum elongation to failure of the wires (20–30%) was achieved after annealing at 350 °C. The maximum values of microhardness (H_v = 500–520 MPa) and of ultimate strength (σ_b = 195–235 MPa) after annealing at 500 °C were observed for the wires made from the Al alloys alloyed with 0.05–0.1% Sc. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials Science of Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys)

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29 pages, 23905 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Investigation of Effect of Preliminary Annealing on Superplasticity of Ultrafine-Grained Conductor Aluminum Alloys Al-0.5%Mg-Sc

by Mikhail Gryaznov, Sergey Shotin, Aleksey Nokhrin, Vladimir Chuvil’deev, Constantine Likhnitskii, Vladimir Kopylov, Mikhail Chegurov, Nataliya Tabachkova, Iana Shadrina, Elena Smirnova and Olga Pirozhnikova

Materials 2022, 15(1), 176; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15010176 - 27 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2118

Abstract

Effect of preliminary precipitation of Al₃Sc particles on the characteristics of superplastic conductor Al-0.5%Mg-X%Sc (X = 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5 wt.%) alloys with ultrafine-grained (UFG) microstructure has been studied. The precipitation of the Al₃Sc particles took place during long-time annealing of the alloys at 300 °C. The preliminary annealing was shown to affect the superplasticity characteristics of the UFG Al-0.5%Mg-X%Sc alloys (the elongation to failure, yield stress, dynamic grain growth rate) weakly but to promote more intensive pore formation and to reduce the volume fraction of the recrystallized microstructure in the deformed and non-deformed parts of the aluminum alloy specimens. The dynamic grain growth was shown to go in the deformed specimen material nonuniformly–the maximum volume fraction of the recrystallized microstructure was observed in the regions of the localization of plastic deformation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials Science of Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys)

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16 pages, 7594 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A High-Strain-Rate Superplasticity of the Al-Mg-Si-Zr-Sc Alloy with Ni Addition

by Andrey Mochugovskiy, Anton Kotov, Majid Esmaeili Ghayoumabadi, Olga Yakovtseva and Anastasia Mikhaylovskaya

Materials 2021, 14(8), 2028; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14082028 - 17 Apr 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2213

Abstract

The current study analyzed the effect of Ni content on the microstructure and superplastic deformation behavior of the Al-Mg-Si-Cu-based alloy doped with small additions of Sc and Zr. The superplasticity was observed in the studied alloys due to a bimodal particle size distribution. The coarse particles of eutectic origin Al₃Ni and Mg₂Si phases with a total volume fraction of 4.0–8.0% and a mean size of 1.4–1.6 µm provided the particles with a stimulated nucleation effect. The L1₂– structured nanoscale dispersoids of Sc- and Zr-bearing phase inhibited recrystallization and grain growth due to a strong Zener pinning effect. The positive effect of Ni on the superplasticity was revealed and confirmed by a high-temperature tensile test in a wide strain rate and temperature limits. In the alloy with 4 wt.% Ni, the elongation-to-failure of 350–520% was observed at 460 °C, in a strain rate range of 2 × 10⁻³–5 × 10⁻² s⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials Science of Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys)

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16 pages, 13725 KiB

Open AccessArticle

High Strain Rate Superplasticity in Al-Zn-Mg-Based Alloy: Microstructural Design, Deformation Behavior, and Modeling

by Olga Yakovtseva, Maria Sitkina, Ahmed O. Mosleh and Anastasia Mikhaylovskaya

Materials 2020, 13(9), 2098; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13092098 - 01 May 2020

Cited by 17 | Viewed by 2525

Abstract

Increasing the strain rate at superplastic forming is a challenging technical and economic task of aluminum forming manufacturing. New aluminum sheets exhibiting high strain rate superplasticity at strain rates above 0.01 s⁻¹ are required. This study describes the microstructure and the superplasticity properties of a new high-strength Al-Zn-Mg-based alloy processed by a simple thermomechanical treatment including hot and cold rolling. The new alloy contains Ni to form Al₃Ni coarse particles and minor additions of Zr (0.19 wt.%) and Sc (0.06 wt.%) to form nanoprecipitates of the L1₂-Al₃ (Sc,Zr) phase. The design of chemical and phase compositions of the alloy provides superplasticity with an elongation of 600–800% in a strain rate range of 0.01 to 0.6/s and residual cavitation less than 2%. A mean elongation-to-failure of 400% is observed at an extremely high constant strain rate of 1 s⁻¹. The strain-induced evolution of the grain and dislocation structures as well as the L1₂ precipitates at superplastic deformation is studied. The dynamic recrystallization at superplastic deformation is confirmed. The superplastic flow behavior of the proposed alloy is modeled via a mathematical Arrhenius-type constitutive model and an artificial neural network model. Both models exhibit good predictability at low and high strain rates of superplastic deformation. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials Science of Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys)

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12 pages, 4918 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hot Deformation Behavior and Microstructure Evolution of Cu–Ni–Co–Si Alloys

by Feng Liu, Jimiao Ma, Lijun Peng, Guojie Huang, Wenjing Zhang, Haofeng Xie and Xujun Mi

Materials 2020, 13(9), 2042; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13092042 - 27 Apr 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2283

Abstract

The Cu-1.7Ni-1.4Co-0.65Si (wt%) alloy is hot compressed by a Gleeble-1500D machine under a temperature range of 760 to 970 °C and a strain rate range of 0.01 to 10 s⁻¹. The flow stress increases with the extension of strain rate and decreases with the rising of deformation temperature. The dynamic recrystallization behavior happens during the hot compression deformation process. The hot deformation activation energy of the alloy can be calculated as 468.5 kJ/mol, and the high temperature deformation constitutive equation is confirmed. The hot processing map of the alloy is established on the basis of hot deformation behavior and hot working characteristics. With the optimal thermal deformation conditions of 940 to 970 °C and 0.01 to 10 s⁻¹, the fine equiaxed grain and no holes are found in the matrix, which can provide significant guidance for hot deformation processing technology of Cu–Ni–Co–Si alloy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials Science of Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys)

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14 pages, 5305 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Effect of Y Addition on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of ZM31 Alloy

by Xue Ye, Hongshuai Cao, Fugang Qi, Xiaoping Ouyang, Zhisong Ye, Caihong Hou, Lianhui Li, Dingfei Zhang and Nie Zhao

Materials 2020, 13(3), 583; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13030583 - 26 Jan 2020

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2048

Abstract

Effects of different Y contents (0, 0.3, 0.7, 1.5, 3, 5 and 10 wt.%) on the microstructure, thermal stability and mechanical properties of Mg-3Zn-1Mn (ZM31) alloys were systematically studied. The existence form and action mechanism of Y in the experimental alloys were investigated. The results revealed that with the change of Y content, the main phases of the ZM31-xY alloys changed from Mg₇Zn₃ phase, I-phase, I + W-phase, W-phase, W + LPSO phase to LPSO phase. When Y content was low (≤1.5%), hot extrusion could break up the residual phases after homogenization to form dispersed fine rare-earth phase particles, and fine second phases would also precipitate in the grain, which could inhibit the grain growth. When Y content was high (≥3%), the experimental alloys were only suitable for high-temperature extrusion due to the formation of the high heat stable rare-earth LPSO phase. In addition, Y could evidently enhance the mechanical properties of the as-extruded ZM31 alloy, of which the ZM31-10Y alloy had the best mechanical properties, that is, the tensile and yield strengths are 403 MPa and 342 MPa. The high strengths of the alloys were mainly determined by fine grain strengthening, rare-earth phase strengthening and dispersion strengthening of fine α-Mn particles. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials Science of Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys)

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Review

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24 pages, 2939 KiB

Open AccessReview

Quantum-Chemical Design of Molecular Structures of Tetra-, Penta- and Hexanuclear Metal Clusters Containing Aluminum and 3d-Element Atoms

by Oleg V. Mikhailov and Denis V. Chachkov

Materials 2020, 13(8), 1852; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13081852 - 15 Apr 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2091

Abstract

Various data on the structural and thermodynamic characteristics of polynuclear metal clusters containing atoms of aluminum and various d-elements with the general formula Al_nM_m where (n + m) is 4, 5, or 6, and which can be precursors for the formation of nanoparticles of elemental metals or intermetallic compounds, have been systematized and discussed. It has been noted that each of these metal clusters in principle is able to exist in very diverse structural isomers, differing significantly among themselves in terms of the total energy and spin multiplicity of the ground state, the number of which is determined by both the specific values of n and m, and the nature of d-elements in their compositions. The presence of very complex dynamics with respect to the changes of the individual thermodynamic characteristics of the metal clusters under consideration as well as the thermodynamic parameters of the reactions of their formation, depending on the nature of the d-element, were also ascertained. In the main, the given review is devoted to the authors’ works published over the last 10 years. Bibliography – 96 references. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Materials Science of Non-Ferrous Metals and Alloys)

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