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Orthodontic Materials and Adhesive Interfaces

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Biomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 September 2020) | Viewed by 46308

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Maria Francesca Sfondrini

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Guest Editor

Unit of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
Interests: orthodontics; adhesive dentistry; shear; bond strength; bracket; fiber-reinforced composite; craniofacial growth
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Andrea Scribante

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor

Unit of Orthodontics and Paediatric Dentistry, Section of Dentistry, Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
Interests: orthodontics; dental hygiene, adhesive dentistry; dental materials; CAD/CAM; intraoral scanner; computerized cast; shear; bond strength; bracket; fiber-reinforced composite; miniscrews; remineralization; probiotics; biomimetic materials
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Orthodontics is a specialty of dentistry that studies the diagnosis, prevention, and correction of malpositioned jaws and teeth. Orthodontic fixed therapy moves the patient’s teeth, usually with brackets and wires. During orthodontic treatment, bonding between the bracket and the enamel has to be strong enough to withstand masticatory stresses and shear forces. Bracket failure is a common problem in orthodontics that is disturbing for both the clinicians and patients. Moreover, bond failures can influence treatment duration, total costs, and chair time. Unwanted bracket detachment can be due to bracket base characteristics, masticatory forces, bonding technique, or enamel contamination.

As the current technologic improvements face clinicians with new materials and techniques, adhesive properties should be continuously studied and tested. In vivo and in vitro investigations could help orthodontists to increase their knowledge about material behaviour.

Materials is preparing a Special Issue focused on Orthodontic Materials and Adhesive Interfaces.

We kindly invite researchers, investigators, and clinicians to contribute with original research articles as well as in vitro studies, reviews, clinical trials, and case reports that could improve the understanding of bonding mechanism, interactions, and the development of strategies to enhance bond strength.

Manuscripts investigating adhesion in the orthodontic field will be considered for publication in the Issue. Possible research topics include but are not limited to:

-adhesives

-bonding techniques

-enamel contaminants

-bracket base designs

-interface characteristics and other connected variables.

Before submission, authors should carefully read over the journal's Author Guidelines.

Prof. Maria Francesca Sfondrini
Dr. Andrea Scribante
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

adhesive
bond
bracket
dentistry
orthodontics
shear
strength

Published Papers (14 papers)

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Research

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13 pages, 1095 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Universal Adhesive for Fixed Retainer Bonding: In Vitro Evaluation and Randomized Clinical Trial

by Maria Francesca Sfondrini, Simone Gallo, Benedetta Turcato, Mona A. Montasser, Nehal Fouad Albelasy, Pekka K. Vallittu, Paola Gandini and Andrea Scribante

Materials 2021, 14(6), 1341; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14061341 - 10 Mar 2021

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2056

Abstract

This study aims to assess the efficacy of a universal adhesive (Scotchbond Universal, 3M ESPE) (SB) in total-etch mode, compared to a traditional orthodontic primer (Transbond XT Primer, 3M ESPE) (XT Primer), to perform bonding of orthodontic fixed retainers along with the Transbond XT Light Cure Adhesive Paste (3M ESPE). For the in vitro study, a round section wire (Ortosmail Krugg) was bonded using XT Primer for 20 bovine incisors (Group 1) and SB for other 20 (Group 2). Samples were debonded in a universal testing machine applying a tangential force to specimens (crosshead speed of 1 millimeter per minute). Shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were calculated. For the in vivo study, 100 patients needing upper and lower canine-to-canine fixed retainers after orthodontic treatment were randomly assigned to two groups of 50 participants each, i.e., group 1 (retainer bonding with XT Primer) and group 2 (retainer bonding with SB). Over two years, examinations were carried out monthly, and detachments were registered by considering the teeth and arches affected. In vitro, no statistically significant differences in SBS and ARI scores were demonstrated between the two groups, both showing a mean bond strength of about 12 MPa and major frequency of ARI “2” (>50% remnant adhesive on the enamel). Conversely, a significantly lower failure rate over 2 years was assessed clinically for group 2 in both arches. Independently of the adhesive and arch, incisors reported a significantly higher failure rate than canines. Scotchbond Universal used in total-etch mode could be a valid alternative to the traditional orthodontic Transbond XT Primer. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthodontic Materials and Adhesive Interfaces)

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14 pages, 3707 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Evaluation of the Flexural Strength, Water Sorption, and Solubility of a Glass Ionomer Dental Cement Modified Using Phytomedicine

by Lamia Singer, Gabriele Bierbaum, Katja Kehl and Christoph Bourauel

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5352; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13235352 - 25 Nov 2020

Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2441

Abstract

Various medicinal plant parts and extracts have been proven to be sources of biologically active compounds, many of which have been incorporated in the production of new pharmaceutical compounds. Thus, the aim of this study was to increase the antimicrobial properties of a glass ionomer cement (GIC) through its modification with a mixture of plant extracts, which were evaluated along with a 0.5% chlorohexidine-modified GIC (CHX-GIC) with regard to the water sorption, solubility, and flexural strength. Methods: Salvadora persica, Olea europaea, and Ficus carcia leaves were prepared for extraction with ethyll alcohol using a Soxhlet extractor for 12 h. The plant extract mixture (PE) was added in three different concentrations to the water used for preparation of a conventional freeze-dried GIC (groups 1:1, 2:1, and 1:2). Specimens were then mixed according to the manufacturer’s instructions and tested against the unmodified GIC (control) and a GIC modified with 0.5% chlorhexidine. Water sorption and solubility were evaluated after 7 days of immersion in distilled water. Flexural strength was evaluated in a three-point bending test after 24 h using a universal material testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used for comparison between the groups. Tukey’s post hoc test was used for pairwise comparison when the ANOVA test was significant. Results: There were no statistically significant differences between the control (M = 20.5%), CHX-GIC (M = 19.6%), 1:1 (M = 20.0%), 1:2 (M = 19.5%), and 2:1 (19.7%) groups with regard to the percentage of water sorption, while for water solubility the 2:1 (M = −0.39%) plant-modified group was significantly different from all of the other groups. Flexural strength test results showed that the 2:1 group (M = 26.1 MPa) recorded significantly higher mean values compared to all other tested groups. Conclusion and clinical relevance: The plant extracts did not negatively affect the water sorption and solubility of the GIC, while the flexural strength was improved by the addition of the plant extract at higher concentrations. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthodontic Materials and Adhesive Interfaces)

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16 pages, 45875 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Behaviour of Human Oral Epithelial Cells Grown on Invisalign^® SmartTrack^® Material

by Michael Nemec, Hans Magnus Bartholomaeus, Michael H. Bertl, Christian Behm, Hassan Ali Shokoohi-Tabrizi, Erwin Jonke, Oleh Andrukhov and Xiaohui Rausch-Fan

Materials 2020, 13(23), 5311; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13235311 - 24 Nov 2020

Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2842

Abstract

Invisalign aligners have been widely used to correct malocclusions, but their effect on oral cells is poorly known. Previous research evaluated the impact of aligners’ eluates on various cells, but the cell behavior in direct contact with aligners is not yet studied. In the present study, we seeded oral epithelial cells (cell line Ca9-22) directly on Invisalign SmartTrack material. This material is composed of polyurethane and co-polyester and exhibit better mechanical characteristics compared to the predecessor. Cell morphology and behavior were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and an optical cell moves analyzer. The effect of aligners on cell proliferation/viability was assessed by cell-counting kit (CCK)-8 and 3,4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and live/dead staining. The expression of inflammatory markers and proteins involved in epithelial barrier function was measured by qPCR. Cells formed cluster-like structures on aligners. The proliferation/viability of cells growing on aligners was significantly lower (p < 0.05) compared to those growing on tissue culture plastic (TCP). Live/dead staining revealed a rare occurrence of dead cells on aligners. The gene expression level of all inflammatory markers in cells grown on aligners’ surfaces was significantly increased (p < 0.05) compared to cells grown on TCP after two days. Gene expression levels of the proteins involved in barrier function significantly increased (p < 0.05) on aligners’ surfaces after two and seven days of culture. Aligners’ material exhibits no cytotoxic effect on oral epithelial cells, but alters their behavior and the expression of proteins involved in the inflammatory response, and barrier function. The clinical relevance of these effects has still to be established. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthodontic Materials and Adhesive Interfaces)

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14 pages, 1952 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Mean Shearing Stroke Frequency of Orthodontic Brackets under Cycling Loading: An In Vitro Study

by Orhan Cicek, Nurhat Ozkalayci and Mehmet Yetmez

Materials 2020, 13(19), 4280; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13194280 - 25 Sep 2020

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2441

Abstract

Based on the development of many adhesive systems and bonding techniques, bonding strength of orthodontic brackets has become even more important in modern clinical orthodontics. The aim of this study was to determine mean shearing stroke frequency of different orthodontic bracket types and bonding agents under cycling loading. Therefore, 10 different types of orthodontic bracket from 4 different brands were divided into 2 groups. Two different adhesives, namely Transbond™ XT etch-and-rinse for Group 1 and Transbond™ Plus self-etching-primer adhesive for Group 2 were considered. The brackets were tested under cycling loading force of 10-N and a crosshead speed of 300 mm/min and 40 cycle/min. The frequency of strokes that the brackets failed were determined and these data were analyzed by statistical analysis using an independent sample t-test and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Generally, differences between the frequency of shearing strokes of the bracket failures were found to be statistically significant depending on the type of adhesives and brackets (p < 0.05). The bonding technique for Group 1 was found to have a significantly higher shear bonding strength than Group 2. It is also seen that different types of bracket belonging to the same or different brands had different shear bonding strength. It may be concluded that: (i) all bracket types used in this study can be applied with both bonding techniques, (ii) in order to minimize the risk of hard tissue damage, ceramic brackets should be carefully bonded using the self-etching primary adhesive technique. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthodontic Materials and Adhesive Interfaces)

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8 pages, 1948 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Enamel Surface Roughness after Lingual Bracket Debonding: An In Vitro Study

by Martina Eichenberger, Anna Iliadi, Despina Koletsi, George Eliades, Carlalberta Verna and Theodore Eliades

Materials 2019, 12(24), 4196; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma12244196 - 13 Dec 2019

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2037

Abstract

The aim of the present study was to quantitatively assess changes in enamel roughness parameters before and after lingual bracket debonding. The lingual surface of 25 sound premolars extracted for orthodontic reasons was studied by 3D optical interferometric profilometry before and after debonding of lingual brackets following enamel finishing (with fine diamond) and polishing (with 12- and 20-fluted carbide burs). The roughness parameters tested were the amplitude parameters Sa and Sz, the hybrid parameter Sdr, and the functional parameters Sc and Sv. The parameter differences (after debonding-reference) were calculated, and statistical analysis was performed via a Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Statistically significantly higher values were observed in all the surface roughness parameters of enamel surfaces after finishing and polishing, with the mostly affected parameter being the Sdr. Under the conditions of the present study, the finishing and polishing instruments used after debonding of lingual noncustomized brackets created a surface texture rougher than the control in all the tested roughness parameters. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthodontic Materials and Adhesive Interfaces)

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13 pages, 2480 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Dental Composite Viscosity in Attachment Reproduction: An Experimental in Vitro Study

by Vincenzo D’Antò, Simone Muraglie, Beatrice Castellano, Ettore Candida, Maria Francesca Sfondrini, Andrea Scribante and Cristina Grippaudo

Materials 2019, 12(23), 4001; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma12234001 - 02 Dec 2019

Cited by 19 | Viewed by 4517

Abstract

Background: Attachments are composite auxiliaries that are used during a clear aligner orthodontic therapy to achieve difficult tooth movements. Two important factors are the planned configuration and the actual position of these auxiliary elements to obtain the desired force system. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of different composite materials in the correct reproduction of attachment shape and position. Methods: The materials that were considered in the study were a flowable resin, a dental restorative material, and an orthodontic composite. The attachments were created on three models of extracted teeth. Once the impressions were performed, 25 attachments of different shapes were added onto each virtual model to obtain the necessary templates to make the attachments. Each tested material was used to create a set of 25 attachments that were then scanned with an accuracy of 10μm. The resultant STL (stereolithography) files were superimposed onto the ones from the initial virtual plan, through Geomagic software, and the aligned scans were then compared while using a color map. The parameters that were calculated to make a comparison between the created attachments and the ideal ones were the maximum deviation in defect and in excess, the overflow, and the volume’s difference. In addition to these measurements comparing the three above-mentioned groups, the difference in volume between all the ideal and realized samples were analyzed. To test for differences among the three groups, a one-way Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used with a Bonferroni post-hoc test. The level of significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: No statistically significant results were found between the three groups regarding the maximum value in defect, the maximum value in excess, and the minimum value as control, while a statistically significant difference was found between the overflow of orthodontic resin when compared to the flowable composite. Conclusions: The three materials that were used in this study were appropriate for attachment fabrication. The fidelity of attachment reproduction was similar when using the three different composites. The orthodontic composite showed more overflow when compared with the flowable one. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthodontic Materials and Adhesive Interfaces)

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17 pages, 1739 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Its Effects on Metallic Brackets and Wires: Does It Alter the Temperature and Bonding Efficacy of Orthodontic Devices?

by Maria Francesca Sfondrini, Lorenzo Preda, Fabrizio Calliada, Lorenzo Carbone, Luca Lungarotti, Luisa Bernardinelli, Paola Gandini and Andrea Scribante

Materials 2019, 12(23), 3971; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma12233971 - 30 Nov 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 5859

Abstract

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a widely used diagnostic technique. Patients wearing orthodontic appliances are often requested to remove their appliances, even when the MRI exam involves anatomical areas far from mouth, in order to avoid heating of the metal and detachment of the appliance. The purpose of the present investigation was to measure and compare temperature changes and orthodontic appliances’ adhesion to enamel after different MRIs. A total of 220 orthodontic brackets were bonded on bovine incisors and wires with different materials (stainless steel and nickel titanium). Moreover, various sizes (0.014″ and 0.019″ × 0.025″) were engaged. Appliances were submitted to MRI at two different powers (1.5 T and 3 T). The temperatures of brackets and wires were measured before and after MRI. Subsequently, the shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores were recorded. Statistical analysis was performed. After MRI, a significant increase in the temperature was found for both the brackets and wires in some groups, even if the mean temperature increase was clinically insignificant, as the temperature ranged between 0.05 °C and 2.4 °C for brackets and between 0.42 °C and 1.74 °C for wires. The MRI did not condition bracket adhesion in any group. No differences were reported when comparing the 1.5 T with 3 T groups. The ARI Scores were also significantly lower after MRI. The results of the present report show that, under MRI, orthodontic appliances present a low temperature rise and no debonding risk. Therefore, the removal of orthodontic appliance is not recommended routinely, but is suggested only in the case of a void risk or potential interference in image quality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthodontic Materials and Adhesive Interfaces)

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9 pages, 2356 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Comparison of the Compositional, Microstructural, and Mechanical Characteristics of Ni-Free and Conventional Stainless Steel Orthodontic Wires

by Daniela Brüngger, Theodoros Koutsoukis, Youssef S. Al Jabbari, Monika Hersberger-Zurfluh, Spiros Zinelis and Theodore Eliades

Materials 2019, 12(20), 3424; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma12203424 - 19 Oct 2019

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2106

Abstract

Ni-free orthodontic wires were introduced to mitigate concerns associated with the use of Ni-containing alloys in orthodontics. However, limited information is available on their properties and therefore, the aim of this study was to characterize the elemental composition, the microstructure, and the mechanical properties of Ni-free orthodontic wires and compare them with their stainless steel (SS) counterparts. Four Ni-free and four conventional SS wires were included in this study. All the wires were initially imaged with a Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and their elemental compositions were determined by X-ray Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDX). Then, their microstructure was assessed by X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and the indentation modulus, elastic index, Martens Hardness and Vickers Hardness by Instrumented Indentation Testing (IIT). All the wires demonstrated surface cracks and pores oriented parallel to their long axis. The elemental composition of Ni-free alloys showed an increased Mn and Cr content while both SS and Ni-free wires shared the same dominant austenite structure. In conclusion, despite the differences in elemental composition, Ni-free wires demonstrated a similar microstructure and comparable mechanical properties with their conventional SS counterparts and thus may be considered as a promising alternative for patients with Ni supersensitivity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthodontic Materials and Adhesive Interfaces)

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10 pages, 1274 KiB

Open AccessArticle

“In Vitro” Study About Variables that Influence in Arch Friction with Conventional and Self-Ligating Brackets

by Javier Moyano, Laia Mases, Telmo Izeta, Teresa Flores, Javier Fernández-Bozal, Javier Gil and Andreu Puigdollers

Materials 2019, 12(20), 3279; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma12203279 - 09 Oct 2019

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2625

Abstract

Many advantages have been described surrounding self-ligating (SL) brackets compared to metallic conventional ligating (CL) brackets, such as: Less total treatment time, alignment efficiency, patient comfort, plaque retention, and low friction. The objective of this in vitro simulation was to know the variables that affect arch displacement in CL and SL brackets—active (ASL) and passive (PSL)—and analyze if static friction values are affected by bracket design, arch wire section, kind of ligature, and use of a friction reducer agent (FRA) in a wet state. Larger values of static friction were found in CL with metallic ligature (ML) (8.01 ± 1.08 N/mm) and elastic ligature (EL) (6.96 ± 0.48 N/mm). Lower values were found in PSL brackets combined with FRA (0.58 ± 0.21 N/mm). The study was carried out using different stereographical models of a maxillary upper right quadrant with canine, first and second premolar, and first molar bonded brackets. A section of 25 mm of 0.019 × 0.025” stainless steel arch with a rectangular section (SS) and hybrid section (HY) was inserted into the different bracket models. Static friction values were collected using a universal test machine in wet conditions and testing the effect of a friction reducer agent (FRA). To assure the reliability of the study, different wire combinations were repeated after two weeks by the same operator and a linear analysis of regression was done. Each bracket model analysis—with the different wires, use of the FRA, and comparison among brackets in similar conditions—was done using an ANOVA test with a confidence interval of 95% and comparative Post-Hoc tests (LSD). In this in vitro simulation we found higher static friction values in CL compared to ASL and PSL. In PSL, lower values were achieved. CL brackets using ML showed the highest static friction values with a great variability. In this setting, the use of HY wires did not reduce static friction values in ASL and PSL, while in CL brackets with EL friction the values were reduced significantly. An FRA combined with ASL reduced significantly static friction values but not with PSL. In the case of CL, the FRA effect was higher with SS and better than with HY wires. ML values were similar to ASL static friction. The direct extrapolation of the results might be inaccurate, since all these findings should be tested clinically to be validated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthodontic Materials and Adhesive Interfaces)

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13 pages, 2369 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Shear Bonding Strength and Thermal Cycling Effect of Fluoride Releasable/Rechargeable Orthodontic Adhesive Resins Containing LiAl-F Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) Filler

by Chih-Ying Hung, Jian-Hong Yu, Liang-Wei Su, Jun-Yen Uan, Yin-Chia Chen and Dan-Jae Lin

Materials 2019, 12(19), 3204; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma12193204 - 30 Sep 2019

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2842

Abstract

This study aims to investigate the shear bonding strength (SBS) and thermal cycling effect of orthodontic brackets bonded with fluoride release/rechargeable LiAl-F layered double hydroxide (LDH-F) contained dental orthodontic resin. 3% and 5% of LDH-F nanopowder were gently mixed to commercial resin-based adhesives Orthomite LC (LC, LC3, LC5) and Transbond XT (XT, XT3). A fluoroaluminosilicate modified resin adhesive Transbond color change (TC) was selected as a positive control. Fifteen brackets each group were bonded to bovine enamel and the SBS was tested with/without thermal cycling. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was evaluated at 20× magnification. The fluoride-releasing/rechargeability and cytocompatibility were also evaluated. The SBS of LC, LC3, and LC5 were significantly higher than XT and TC. After thermal cycling, the SBS of LC, LC3, and LC5 did not decrease and was significantly higher than TC. The changes of ARI scores indicate that failure occurred not only cohesive but also semi-cohesive fracture. The 30 days accumulated daily fluoride release of LC3, LC5, and TC without recharge are higher than 300 μg/cm². The LDH-F contained resin adhesive possesses higher SBS compared to positive control TC. Fluoride release and the rechargeable feature can be achieved for preventing enamel demineralization without cytotoxicity. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthodontic Materials and Adhesive Interfaces)

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11 pages, 2479 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Antibacterial and Remineralizing Fillers in Experimental Orthodontic Adhesives

by Carolina Jung Ferreira, Vicente Castelo Branco Leitune, Gabriela de Souza Balbinot, Felipe Weidenbach Degrazia, Marianna Arakelyan, Salvatore Sauro and Fabricio Mezzomo Collares

Materials 2019, 12(4), 652; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma12040652 - 21 Feb 2019

Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3633

Abstract

Orthodontic adhesives with antimicrobial and remineralizing properties may be an alternative to control white spot lesions around brackets. The aim of this study is to develop an experimental orthodontic adhesive containing boron nitride nanotubes (BNNT) and alkyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (ATAB). Methacrylate (BisGMA and TEGDMA) monomers were used to formulate the adhesives. Four experimental groups were produced with the addition of 0.1 wt.% BNNT (G_BNNT); 0.1 wt.% ATAB (G_ATAB); and 0.2 wt.% BNNT with ATAB (G_BNNT/ATAB); in the control group, no fillers were added (G_Ctrl). The degree of conversion, cytotoxicity, softening in solvent, contact angle and free surface energy, antibacterial activity, shear bond strength, and mineral deposition were evaluated. Adhesives achieved degree of conversion higher than 50% and cell viability higher than 90%. G_BNNT and G_ATAB adhesives exhibited reduced softening in solvent. Mean free surface energy was decreased in the G_BNNT adhesive. Significant reduction in bacterial growth was observed in the G_BNNT/ATAB. No statistical difference was found for shear bond strength. Mineral deposition was found in G_BNNT, G_ATAB, and G_BNNT/ATAB groups after 14 and 28 days. The addition of 0.2% BNNT/ATAB to an experimental orthodontic adhesive inhibited bacterial growth and induced mineral deposition without affecting the properties of the material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthodontic Materials and Adhesive Interfaces)

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8 pages, 1338 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Creep, Hardness, and Elastic Modulus of Lingual Fixed Retainer Adhesives

by Manar N. Hassan, Spiros Zinelis, Monika Hersberger-Zurfluh and Theodore Eliades

Materials 2019, 12(4), 646; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma12040646 - 21 Feb 2019

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3081

Abstract

The aims of this study were twofold: a) to characterize a wide array of time-independent and -dependent properties and b) to find possible correlations among the properties tested. Seven commercially available orthodontic adhesives were included in this study and ten cylindrical specimens were prepared from each material. Five specimens from each material were used for the characterization of Martens Hardness (HM), indentation modulus (E_IT), and elastic index (η_IT), and the remaining five for the determination of indentation creep (C_IT). Al the aforementioned properties were identified by employing an Instrumented Indentations Testing (IIT) device with a Vickers indenter. The results of HM, E_IT, η_IT, and C_IT were statistically analyzed by one way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc test, while the possible correlations among the aforementioned properties were determined by Spearman correlation test. Statistical significant differences were identified for all properties among the materials tested. Spearman correlation reveals that HM has a positive correlation with E_IT. Both properties demonstrated a negative correlation with η_IT and C_IT, while no correlation was identified between η_IT and C_IT. Significant differences in the mechanical properties tested may also imply differences in their clinical behavior and efficacy. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthodontic Materials and Adhesive Interfaces)

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Review

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21 pages, 2360 KiB

Open AccessReview

Metallic Antibacterial Surface Treatments of Dental and Orthopedic Materials

by Rushui Bai, Liying Peng, Qiannan Sun, Yunfan Zhang, Lingyun Zhang, Yan Wei and Bing Han

Materials 2020, 13(20), 4594; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13204594 - 15 Oct 2020

Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2579

Abstract

The oral cavity harbors complex microbial communities, which leads to biomaterial-associated infections (BAI) during dental and orthopedic treatments. Conventional antibiotic treatments have met great challenges recently due to the increasing emergency of drug-resistant bacteria. To tackle this clinical issue, antibacterial surface treatments, containing surface modification and coatings, of dental and orthopedic materials have become an area of intensive interest now. Among various antibacterial agents used in surface treatments, metallic agents possess unique properties, mainly including broad-spectrum antibacterial properties, low potential to develop bacterial resistance, relative biocompatibility, and chemical stability. Therefore, this review mainly focuses on underlying antibacterial applications and the mechanisms of metallic agents in dentistry and orthopedics. An overview of the present review indicates that much work remains to be done to deepen the understanding of antibacterial mechanisms and potential side-effects of metallic agents. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthodontic Materials and Adhesive Interfaces)

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8 pages, 1909 KiB

Open AccessReview

The Indirect Bonding Technique in Orthodontics—A Narrative Literature Review

by Agnieszka Nawrocka and Monika Lukomska-Szymanska

Materials 2020, 13(4), 986; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13040986 - 22 Feb 2020

Cited by 23 | Viewed by 5519

Abstract

The technique described as indirect bonding is an alternative to the conventional intraoral method of bracket placement. The appliance position is planned and fixed on a plaster model and then transferred into the oral cavity. Indirect bonding is a precise and time-saving technique of bracket placement, growing in popularity in recent years. It provides a combination of great precision with time efficiency. The fundaments of the indirect bonding technique are presented here. From the first clinical trial conducted almost fifty years ago, the method has evolved; the progress that has been made is described. Modern technologies involving computer scanning and manufacturing have led to great precision in bracket placement. Digital innovations such as rapid prototyping and stereolithography open up a new avenue of research and represent the next steps in indirect technique development. Individual 3D transfers are convenient in difficult clinical cases and can improve the effectiveness of the procedure, reduce the number of technical stages and reduce total chairside time. This paper also summarizes the advancement in adhesive materials, including an overview of advantages and disadvantages of different types of bonding resins and of the mean shear bond strength (SBS) achieved in the indirect procedure. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Orthodontic Materials and Adhesive Interfaces)

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