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Progress in Plastic Deformation of Metals and Alloys

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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Manufacturing Processes and Systems".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2021) | Viewed by 16891

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Dr. Wojciech Borek

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Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
Interests: advanced high-strength steels; high-manganese steels; stainless steels; alloys; light metal alloys; thermomechanical treatment; hot rolling; hot-working phenomena; physical simulation; gleeble simulation; mechanical properties; microstructure
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Dear Colleagues,

The plastic deformation of engineering materials involves changes to the geometrical shape of the investigated specimen and microstructures. The way in which the deformed material reacts to the imposed stresses and value of strains depends primarily on the type of material, its chemical composition, and thus on its microstructure and texture. This Special Issue will focus on new trends and progress in the hot and cold plastic deformation of metals and alloys and all new developments in the relationships between their microstructure and even nanostructure and mechanical properties. All aspects related to plastic deformation from low to ultra-high strain, new methods, new technologies and new applications in the broadly-defined field of plastic deformation, as well as innovative approaches in this area are welcomed. In addition, thermomechanical processing, hot-rolling, heat treatment after plastic deformation, physical and numerical simulation of plastic deformation, and structural characterization will be covered. This Special Issue will provide a multi-scale approach to better understand the principal mechanisms of the plastic deformation of materials and their applications.

It is my pleasure to invite you to submit your original research papers, short communications or review articles that describe the current state of the art within the scope of this Special Issue: Progress in Plastic Deformation of Metals and Alloys.

Dr. Wojciech Borek
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

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Keywords

plastic deformation
new trends in plastic deformation
innovative approach
new technologies
thermomechanical treatment
physical and numerical simulation of plastic deformation
severe plastic deformation
microstructure
mechanical properties

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

22 pages, 3542 KiB

Open AccessArticle

An Approximate Method for Calculating Elastic–Plastic Stress and Strain on Notched Specimens

by Maxim Lutovinov, Radim Halama, Jan Papuga, Michal Bartošák, Jiří Kuželka and Milan Růžička

Materials 2022, 15(4), 1432; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15041432 - 15 Feb 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1957

Abstract

The paper deals with an approximate method for calculating elastic–plastic stresses and strains on the surface of notched samples. The method is based on the Abdel–Karim–Ohno cyclic plasticity model. The plane stress condition is considered within the evaluation. The output of the approximation on several multiaxial axial–torsion load paths is compared to our own experimental results. Experiments were carried out on samples of two notch types manufactured from the 2124-T851 aluminum alloy. Strain distribution in the notch area was measured by digital image correlation. The comparison between computational solution and measured response shows that the new method allows for obtaining reasonably good approximation, even for relatively complicated multiaxial load cases. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Plastic Deformation of Metals and Alloys)

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15 pages, 7071 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Strain Route Changes on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of CuZn36 Alloy during Cross Channel Extrusion CCE

by Radosław Łyszkowski

Materials 2022, 15(3), 1124; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15031124 - 31 Jan 2022

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1745

Abstract

This study evaluates the impact of changing the deformation routes of the extrusion process in a cross-shaped die (CCE) on the structure and properties of a CuZn36 alloy (% at.). Samples with dimensions of Ø8 × 36 mm were subjected to extrusion at room temperature according to two variants: straight extrusion in the A route (2-, 4-, 8- and 12-pass) and extrusion with interoperative rotation by 90° in the B_C route (2- and 4-pass). The improvement of strength properties was obtained as a result of grain fragmentation in the CCE process. Changes in the microstructure were observed using a light microscope, and mechanical properties were measured in the microhardness test and a static tensile test. The obtained results showed that the mechanical properties of the alloy depend on the number of passes and the material deformation route. This observation was related to the fragmentation of its structure and strengthening, which resulted in changes in its properties. The highest strength was characterized by the material pressed four times with the rotation of 90° (B_C route), whose properties were comparable and even slightly better than the material squeezed twelve times without rotation (A route). Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Plastic Deformation of Metals and Alloys)

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13 pages, 4037 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hot Deformation Treatment of Grain-Modified Mg–Li Alloy

by Mariusz Król, Przemysław Snopiński, Marek Pagáč, Jiří Hajnyš and Jana Petrů

Materials 2020, 13(20), 4557; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13204557 - 14 Oct 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1835

Abstract

In this work, a systematic analysis of the hot deformation mechanism and a microstructure characterization of an as-cast single α-phase Mg–4.5 Li–1.5 Al alloy modified with 0.2% TiB addition, as a grain refiner, is presented. The optimized constitutive model and hot working terms of the Mg–Li alloy were also determined. The hot compression procedure of the Mg–4.5 Li–1.5 Al + 0.2 TiB alloy was performed using a DIL 805 A/D dilatometer at deformation temperatures from 250 °C to 400 °C and with strain rates of 0.01–1 s⁻¹. The processing map adapted from a dynamic material model (DMM) of the as-cast alloy was developed through the superposition of the established instability map and power dissipation map. By considering the processing maps and microstructure characteristics, the processing window for the Mg–Li alloy were determined to be at the deformation temperature of 590 K–670 K and with a strain rate range of 0.01–0.02 s⁻¹. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Plastic Deformation of Metals and Alloys)

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16 pages, 5340 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Influence of Ag on the Microstructure and Properties of Cu-Ni-Si Alloys

by Beata Krupińska, Wojciech Borek, Mariusz Krupiński and Tatiana Karkoszka

Materials 2020, 13(15), 3416; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13153416 - 03 Aug 2020

Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2170

Abstract

The influence of the mass concentration of Ag on properties of Cu-Ni alloys is investigated. The effect of silver addition on the structure and properties of Cu-2Ni-1Si alloys is determined. The scientific aim of this research is to determine how the addition of silver affects the mechanisms of strengthening silver-modified supersaturated, deformed, and aged Cu-2Ni-1Si alloys. The applied thermo-derivative analysis has allowed us to determine a range of the temperature values for the beginning and the end of crystallization, the phases and eutectics, and the effects of the modification on the solid fraction of the solidified alloy. In addition to the crystallization kinetics, the microstructure morphology, mechanical properties under real operating conditions, and the electrical conductivity have also been investigated. Moreover, the conducted research includes the impact of heat treatment and plastic deformation on the alloy structure and considers the type, share, and distribution of the intermetallic phases and structural stresses caused by coherent phases, as well as the effect of dislocations in the reinforcing phases during aging. Electron microscopy (SEM), micro-area analysis (EDS), optical microscopy, hardness measurements, and conductivity of the tested alloys are utilized to comment on these properties. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Plastic Deformation of Metals and Alloys)

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22 pages, 13736 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Structure of Fe-Mn-Al-C Steels after Gleeble Simulations and Hot-Rolling

by Liwia Sozańska-Jędrasik, Janusz Mazurkiewicz, Krzysztof Matus and Wojciech Borek

Materials 2020, 13(3), 739; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13030739 - 06 Feb 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2518

Abstract

In this paper, analytical results are compared for the newly developed steels, Fe-Mn-Al-C (X105) and Fe-Mn-Al-Nb-Ti-C (X98), after being hot-rolled and also after undergoing thermomechanical treatment in a Gleeble simulator. These steels have a relatively low density (~6.68 g/cm³) and a content of approx. 11% aluminum. The multistage compression of axisymmetric samples constituting a simulation of the real technological process and hot-rolling performed on a semi-industrial line were carried out using three cooling variants: in water, in air, and after isothermal heating and cooling in water. The temperature at the end of the thermomechanical treatment for all variants was 850 °C. On the basis of detailed structural studies, it was found that the main mechanism for removing the effects of the strain hardening that occurred during the four-stage compression involved the dynamic recrystallization occurring in the first and second stages, the hot formability and dynamic recovery in successive stages of deformation, and the static and/or metadynamic recrystallization that occurred at intervals between individual deformations, as well as after the last deformation during isothermal heating. Analysis of the phase composition and structure allowed us to conclude that the tested steels have an austenitic-ferritic structure with carbide precipitates. Research using scanning and transmission electron microscopy identified κ-(Fe, Mn)₃AlC and M₇C3 carbides in both the analyzed steels. In addition, complex carbides based on Nb and Ti were identified in X98 steel; (Ti, Nb)C carbides occurred in the entire volume of the material. Slow cooling after thermomechanical treatment influenced the formation of larger κ-carbides at the border of the austenite and ferrite grains than in the case of rapid cooling. The size and morphology of the carbides found in the examined steels was varied. Back-scattered electron diffraction studies showed that wide-angle boundaries dominated in these steels. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Plastic Deformation of Metals and Alloys)

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14 pages, 8191 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Influence of Plastic Strain Accumulation in Continuous Ingots during ECAP on Structure and Recrystallization Temperature of AlCu4MgSi Alloy

by Paweł M. Nuckowski, Przemysław Snopiński and Tomasz Wróbel

Materials 2020, 13(3), 576; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13030576 - 25 Jan 2020

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2225

Abstract

This work attempts to process AlCu4MgSi (AW 2017A) alloy continuous ingots by means of the equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) method. The equal channel angular pressing (ECAP) technique has been widely investigated in recent years as the most promising severe plastic deformation (SPD) method. The presented research was focused on the precise determination of the phase composition of the precipitates formed in the AlCu4MgSi alloy and its influence on intensive plastic deformation. In the second stage, the research was focused on explaining the recrystallization process. With the use of the high-temperature X-ray diffraction (HT-XRD) technique, the changes in the dislocation substructure at various recrystallization annealing temperatures were analyzed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Plastic Deformation of Metals and Alloys)

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13 pages, 4832 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Forming Limit Stress Diagram Prediction of Pure Titanium Sheet Based on GTN Model

by Tao Huang, Mei Zhan, Kun Wang, Fuxiao Chen, Junqing Guo, Yanyang Li, Zhuo Song and Luge Bai

Materials 2019, 12(11), 1783; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma12111783 - 01 Jun 2019

Cited by 14 | Viewed by 3131

Abstract

In this paper, the initial values of damage parameters in the Gurson–Tvergaard–Needleman (GTN) model are determined by a microscopic test combined with empirical formulas, and the final accurate values are determined by finite element reverse calibration. The original void volume fraction (f₀), the volume fraction of potential nucleated voids (f_N), the critical void volume fraction (f_c), the void volume fraction at the final failure (f_F) of material are assigned as 0.006, 0.001, 0.03, 0.06 according to the simulation results, respectively. The hemispherical punch stretching test of commercially pure titanium (TA1) sheet is simulated by a plastic constitutive formula derived from the GTN model. The stress and strain are obtained at the last loading step before crack. The forming limit diagram (FLD) and the forming limit stress diagram (FLSD) of the TA1 sheet under plastic forming conditions are plotted, which are in good agreement with the FLD obtained by the hemispherical punch stretching test and the FLSD obtained by the conversion between stress and strain during the sheet forming process. The results show that the GTN model determined by the finite element reverse calibration method can be used to predict the forming limit of the TA1 sheet metal. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Progress in Plastic Deformation of Metals and Alloys)

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