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Self-Regulating Materials: Design, Fabrication and Applications

A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Smart Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 February 2022) | Viewed by 12807

Special Issue Editor


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Guest Editor
ETH Zürich – Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zürich, Switzerland
Interests: systems chemistry; clock reactions; autocatalysis; materials programming; self-assembly; supramolecular chemistry; polymers; colloids; surfaces and interfaces; sensors; nanotechnology and nanofabrication

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Living organisms can actively adapt to changing environmental conditions in order to minimize changes to their internal conditions. Transferring this key feature to artificial materials is one of the most ambitious goals of state-of-art materials science. The diverse challenges faced by contemporary society (including increased energy demand, widespread pollution, aging of population and reduction of natural resources), urge the development of “smart” materials, able to actively interact and adapt to the surrounding environment instead of being passively subjected to it (as is the case for more conventional stimuli-responsive materials). Embedding computational power is a fundamental step forward in this direction: in smart materials, physico-chemical qualities such as color, mechanical properties, composition and texture are intrinsically coupled with the ability to acquire data (i.e. to sense), analyze them and respond accordingly. Research on such kind of materials not only have tantalizing potential applications (e.g. to reduce the energy consumption of buildings for heating and ventilation), they could also help shine light on more fundamental problems, including those connected to the origin of life. The impact that self-regulating materials could have for society at large can be deduced from already reported examples: thermo-sensitive electrolytes for rechargeable metal-ion batteries that would switch off to avoid overheating and then switch back on when the temperature has decreased to a safe value; magnetic materials for in vivo hyperthermia treatments that would automatically switch off to avoid overheating and damaging healthy cells; implantable materials for drug delivery that would release their cargo (e.g. insulin for diabetic patients) only when needed; and much more.

The goal of this special issue is to provide an outlook of exciting research directions, both theoretical and real-world, on the design, fabrication strategies and applications of artificial self-regulating materials across the scales, from test-tubes to buildings.

Dr. Guido Panzarasa
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Materials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • dynamic (including chemically fueled) self-assembly at all scales (e.g. molecules, particles, gels)
  • chemical computing and hybrid logic gates
  • molecular machines
  • artificial microswimmers and biomimetic models of chemotaxis
  • self-healing materials and composites
  • self-decontaminating (including omniphobic, self-cleaning, anti-icing etc.) surfaces and interfaces
  • self-powered sensors and actuators
  • smart building materials
  • smart packaging materials
  • materials for time-controlled delivery
  • self-destructing materials

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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5 pages, 2220 KiB  
Communication
Dissolution of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles in the Presence of Slow Acid Generators
by Ronny Kürsteiner, Maximilian Ritter, Yong Ding and Guido Panzarasa
Materials 2022, 15(3), 1166; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15031166 - 02 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1419
Abstract
We describe a preliminary investigation of the dissolution dynamics of zinc oxide nanoparticles in the presence of cyclic esters (δ-gluconolactone and propanesultone) as slow acid generators. The particles dissolution is monitored by means of turbidimetry and correlated with the evolution of pH over [...] Read more.
We describe a preliminary investigation of the dissolution dynamics of zinc oxide nanoparticles in the presence of cyclic esters (δ-gluconolactone and propanesultone) as slow acid generators. The particles dissolution is monitored by means of turbidimetry and correlated with the evolution of pH over time. The results could be of interest for the design of chemically programmable colloidal systems. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Regulating Materials: Design, Fabrication and Applications)
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7 pages, 2111 KiB  
Article
Dendrite Pattern Formation of Sodium Chloride Crystal
by Nobuhiko J. Suematsu, Junpei Iwamoto, Yuya Ishii and Akira Yamamoto
Materials 2021, 14(16), 4434; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14164434 - 07 Aug 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2154
Abstract
A variety of crystal structures is found in nature, not only equilibrium structures reflecting molecular structures, but also non-equilibrium structures which depend on the physicochemical conditions occurring during the crystal growth. In this paper, we focus on the dendrite structure of sodium chloride [...] Read more.
A variety of crystal structures is found in nature, not only equilibrium structures reflecting molecular structures, but also non-equilibrium structures which depend on the physicochemical conditions occurring during the crystal growth. In this paper, we focus on the dendrite structure of sodium chloride (NaCl) formed by the simple evaporation of an aqueous NaCl solution. The characteristics of the growth structures were measured as a function of the initial concentration of NaCl. In addition, the crystal growth process was measured using optical microscopy. As a result, the growth rate was not constant but was found to oscillate over time and synchronize with the wetting of the crystal. Our observations indicate that dendrite structures are more easily generated at higher initial concentrations. The detailed mechanism for dendrite pattern formation is still under investigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Regulating Materials: Design, Fabrication and Applications)
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12 pages, 1563 KiB  
Article
Nanostructured Oxide-Based Systems for the pH-Triggered Release of Cinnamaldehyde
by Carolina Cionti, Tommaso Taroni, Valentina Sabatini and Daniela Meroni
Materials 2021, 14(6), 1536; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14061536 - 21 Mar 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2176
Abstract
Cinnamaldehyde is a natural product with antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties, poorly stable in environmental conditions. Systems for the controlled release of cinnamaldehyde are of great interest to the food and pharmaceutical industries. Here, a new oxide-based construct for the release of cinnamaldehyde [...] Read more.
Cinnamaldehyde is a natural product with antibacterial, antifungal, and anti-inflammatory properties, poorly stable in environmental conditions. Systems for the controlled release of cinnamaldehyde are of great interest to the food and pharmaceutical industries. Here, a new oxide-based construct for the release of cinnamaldehyde catalyzed by acidic pH was obtained by a facile grafting method based on amino-silane linkers and imine chemistry. The grafting procedure led to a loading of ca. 5 molecules/nm2, determined on oxide powders with CHN and TGA measurements. The covalent grafting of cinnamaldehyde, demonstrated by FTIR analyses, preserved the molecule stability, simplifying storage. Release tests were performed at different pH values (between 5.0 and 7.4). Thanks to imine chemistry, a fast cinnamaldehyde (CIN) release was observed in a pH 5.0 environment. Using 1 mg/mL suspensions, CIN concentrations within the range adopted in the food industry were obtained (12.4 ppm). The grafting procedure was also performed on a porous film based on a photocatalytic oxide, demonstrating the versatility of this method, adaptable to both powders and macroscopic materials. By taking advantage of the photoactivity of the oxide, regeneration of the fouled film was achieved upon UV irradiation for 1 h, opening the door to reusable devices for the controlled release of cinnamaldehyde. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Regulating Materials: Design, Fabrication and Applications)
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Review

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36 pages, 8106 KiB  
Review
Stimuli-Responsive Phase Change Materials: Optical and Optoelectronic Applications
by Irene Vassalini, Ivano Alessandri and Domenico de Ceglia
Materials 2021, 14(12), 3396; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14123396 - 19 Jun 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 3189
Abstract
Stimuli-responsive materials offer a large variety of possibilities in fabrication of solid- state devices. Phase change materials (PCMs) undergo rapid and drastic changes of their optical properties upon switching from one crystallographic phase to another one. This peculiarity makes PCMs ideal candidates for [...] Read more.
Stimuli-responsive materials offer a large variety of possibilities in fabrication of solid- state devices. Phase change materials (PCMs) undergo rapid and drastic changes of their optical properties upon switching from one crystallographic phase to another one. This peculiarity makes PCMs ideal candidates for a number of applications including sensors, active displays, photonic volatile and non-volatile memories for information storage and computer science and optoelectronic devices. This review analyzes different examples of PCMs, in particular germanium–antimonium tellurides and vanadium dioxide (VO2) and their applications in the above-mentioned fields, with a detailed discussion on potential, limitations and challenges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Regulating Materials: Design, Fabrication and Applications)
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18 pages, 20659 KiB  
Review
Oscillating Reactions Meet Polymers at Interfaces
by Alina Osypova, Matthias Dübner and Guido Panzarasa
Materials 2020, 13(13), 2957; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13132957 - 02 Jul 2020
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 3059
Abstract
Chemo-mechanical phenomena, including oscillations and peristaltic motions, are widespread in nature—just think of heartbeats—thanks to the ability of living organisms to convert directly chemical energy into mechanical work. Their imitation with artificial systems is still an open challenge. Chemical clocks and oscillators (such [...] Read more.
Chemo-mechanical phenomena, including oscillations and peristaltic motions, are widespread in nature—just think of heartbeats—thanks to the ability of living organisms to convert directly chemical energy into mechanical work. Their imitation with artificial systems is still an open challenge. Chemical clocks and oscillators (such as the popular Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) reaction) are reaction networks characterized by the emergence of peculiar spatiotemporal dynamics. Their application to polymers at interfaces (grafted chains, layer-by-layer assemblies, and polymer brushes) offers great opportunities for developing novel smart biomimetic materials. Despite the wide field of potential applications, limited research has been carried out so far. Here, we aim to showcase the state-of-the-art of this fascinating field of investigation, highlighting the potential for future developments and providing a personal outlook. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Self-Regulating Materials: Design, Fabrication and Applications)
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