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A special issue of Materials (ISSN 1996-1944). This special issue belongs to the section "Advanced Materials Characterization".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2021) | Viewed by 10696

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Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Vladimir Vavilov

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Guest Editor

School of Non-Destructive Testing, National Research Tomsk Polytechnic University, Tomsk, Russia
Interests: nondestructive testing (NDT); infrared thermography; active thermal testing; image processing; heat conduction; numerical modeling; defect characterization; artificial intelligence; robotic NDT systems
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Dear Colleagues,

For several years, we have experienced a revolution in material science in aerospace and other hi-tech industries. Metal structures, which were subject to corrosion and fatigue damage, are now being made of composites and ceramics. The importance of infrared nondestructive testing (IRNDT) has greatly increased in the last decade due to its effectiveness in the inspection of composite and ceramic materials. Two challenging research fields for IR thermography are the detection of structural defects in composite materials and the characterization of the thermal properties of novel anisotropic materials. The goal of this Special Issue is to provide a platform for sharing newly-found knowledge and experience in the development of both hardware and software for IRNDT.

This Special Issue invites original submissions that reflect recent achievements in IRNDT and the characterization of materials by the use of both passive and active infrared thermography.

Prof. Vladimir Vavilov
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

infrared thermography
nondestructive testing
IRNDT
composite
ceramics
coating
material damage
mechanical stress
structural defects
defect characterization
thermal properties
image processing
heat conduction
optical heating
convective heating
inductive heating

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

16 pages, 5179 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Thermographic Analysis of the Agglomeration Process in the Roller Press of Pillow-Shaped Briquettes

by Andrzej Uhryński and Michał Bembenek

Materials 2022, 15(8), 2870; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15082870 - 14 Apr 2022

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1480

Abstract

When the briquetting process of fine-grained material takes place in the roller press unit, the pressure reached is over a hundred megapascals. This parameter is a result, among other factors, of the geometry of a compaction unit and also the properties of the consolidated material. The pressure of the unit is not constant and the changes in value depend on a given place on the molding surface. By the process of generating different types of pressure on the surface of briquettes, their compaction is different as well. The distribution of temperature on the surface of the briquettes may determine the pressure used locally on them. Nevertheless, the distribution of stress in the briquetting material is still a subject of scientific study. However, it is known that the pressure exerted on the briquette is different for different compaction systems. The article includes authors’ further thermography studies on the classical pillow-shaped briquetting process (instead of the saddle-shaped ones that were previously conducted) of four materials (calcium hydroxide and water mixture, mill scale, charcoal fines and starch mixture, as well as a mixture of EAFD, scale, fine coke breeze, molasses, and calcium hydroxide). Immediately after the briquettes left the compaction zone, thermal images were taken of them, as well as forming rollers. Thermograms that were obtained and the variability of temperature at characteristic points of the surface of pillow-shaped briquettes were analyzed. They showed differences in temperature on the surface of briquettes. In all four cases, the highest briquette temperatures were recorded in their upper part, which proves their better densification in this part. The temperature differences between the lower and upper part of the briquettes ranged from 1.8 to 9.7 °C, depending on the mixture. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermography Technique in Materials Science)

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16 pages, 6824 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Relationship between Thermal Diffusivity and Mechanical Properties of Wood

by Yuri I. Golovin, Alexander I. Tyurin, Dmitry Yu. Golovin, Alexander A. Samodurov, Sergey M. Matveev, Maria A. Yunack, Inna A. Vasyukova, Olga V. Zakharova, Vyacheslav V. Rodaev and Alexander A. Gusev

Materials 2022, 15(2), 632; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma15020632 - 14 Jan 2022

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1488

Abstract

This paper describes an experimental study of the relationships between thermal diffusivity and mechanical characteristics including Brinell hardness, microhardness, and Young’s modulus of common pine (Pinus sylvestris L.), pedunculate oak (Quercus robur L.), and small-leaf lime (Tilia cordata Mill.) wood. A dependence of Brinell hardness and thermal diffusivity tensor components upon humidity for common pine wood is found. The results of the measurement of Brinell hardness, microhardness, Young’s modulus, and main components of thermal diffusivity tensor for three perpendicular cuts are found to be correlated. It is shown that the mechanical properties correlate better with the ratio of longitude to transversal thermal diffusivity coefficients than with the respective individual absolute values. The mechanical characteristics with the highest correlation with the abovementioned ratio are found to be the ratio of Young’s moduli in longitude and transversal directions. Our technique allows a comparative express assessment of wood mechanical properties by means of a contactless non-destructive measurement of its thermal properties using dynamic thermal imaging instead of laborious and material-consuming destructive mechanical tests. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermography Technique in Materials Science)

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20 pages, 8332 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Characterizing Depth of Defects with Low Size/Depth Aspect Ratio and Low Thermal Reflection by Using Pulsed IR Thermography

by Alexey I. Moskovchenko, Michal Švantner, Vladimir P. Vavilov and Arsenii O. Chulkov

Materials 2021, 14(8), 1886; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14081886 - 10 Apr 2021

Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1808

Abstract

This study is focused on the quantitative estimation of defect depth by applying pulsed thermal nondestructive testing. The majority of known defect characterization techniques are based on 1D heat conduction solutions, thus being inappropriate for evaluating defects with low aspect ratios. A novel method for estimating defect depth is proposed by taking into account the phenomenon of 3D heat diffusion, finite lateral size of defects and the thermal reflection coefficient at the boundary between a host material and defects. The method is based on the combination of a known analytical model and a non-linear fitting (NLF) procedure. The algorithm was verified both numerically and experimentally on 3D-printed polylactic acid plastic samples. The accuracy of depth prediction using the proposed method was compared with the reference characterization technique based on thermographic signal reconstruction to demonstrate the efficiency of the proposed NLF method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermography Technique in Materials Science)

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20 pages, 6882 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Active Thermography in Diagnostics of Timber Elements Covered with Polychrome

by Milena Kucharska and Justyna Jaskowska-Lemańska

Materials 2021, 14(5), 1134; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14051134 - 28 Feb 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1664

Abstract

The contribution of natural wood defects such as knots is an important factor influencing the strength characteristics of structural timber. This paper discusses the use of active thermography in the timber diagnostics, particularly in the determination of the knot area ratio (KAR) in elements covered with paint coatings. Moreover, on the basis of thermal images, the localization for the subsequent semi-destructive tests (SDTs) was established. Three different sources of external energy supply were used in the studies: laboratory dryer, air heater and halogen lamps. The active thermography tests were performed on elements made of three wood species (fir, pine and spruce). The specimens were covered with varying layers of paint coatings and primers, to reflect the actual condition of the historic structural elements. The obtained thermal images enabled the estimation of the KAR, due to the difference in temperature between solid wood and knots occurring therein. It should be noted that the results were affected by an external energy source and subjective judgement of the operator. Moreover, active thermography could be an effective method for the indication of the regions within which SDTs should be performed in order to properly assess the technical state of an element covered with polychrome. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermography Technique in Materials Science)

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19 pages, 7988 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Change of Specimen Temperature during the Monotonic Tensile Test and Correlation between the Yield Strength and Thermoelasto-Plastic Limit Stress on the Example of Aluminum Alloys

by Adam Lipski

Materials 2021, 14(1), 13; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma14010013 - 22 Dec 2020

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 1977

Abstract

This paper presents an attempt to generalize the description of the course of specimen temperature changes during the tensile test and to connect the value of the thermoelasto-plastic limit stress with the value of a clear (physical) or proof strength (offset yield strength) on the example of tests of the following aluminum alloy sheets used in Poland for airplane structures: 2024-T3 and D16 in three grades: D16ATV, D16CzATV, and D16UTV. A thermographic camera was used for specimen surface temperature measurement during the tensile test. The Portevine–Le Chatelier effect (the so-called PLC effect) was observed for tests of specimens cut from sheet plates, which was strongly reflected in the temperature fluctuations. The course of temperature change during tensile tests was divided into four characteristic stages related to the occurrence of a clear or offset yield strength. It was found that if there is a clear yield strength, the value of the thermoelasto-plastic limit stress was greater than this yield strength. If there was an offset yield strength, the value of the thermoelasto-plastic limit stress was lower than this yield strength. The differences in the aforementioned values of individual yield strengths did not exceed several percent. Thus, it can be concluded that the thermoelasto-plastic limit stress determined on the basis of the course of specimen temperature changes during the tensile test is well correlated with the value of the yield strength of the material. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermography Technique in Materials Science)

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17 pages, 8078 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Pulsed Thermography Inspection of Composite Anticorrosive Coatings: Defect Detection and Analysis of Their Thermal Behavior through Computational Simulation

by Marcella Grosso, Isabel C. P. Margarit-Mattos and Gabriela R. Pereira

Materials 2020, 13(21), 4812; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/ma13214812 - 28 Oct 2020

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1482

Abstract

The use of anticorrosive coatings has been a powerful method to be applied on the surface of metallic materials to mitigate the corrosive process. In this study, the focus is composite coatings that are commonly used on the internal surface of storage tanks in petrochemical industries. The development of non-destructive methods for inspection of faults in this field is desired due to unhealthy access and mainly because undercoating corrosion is difficult to detect by visual inspection. Pulsed thermography (PT) was employed to detect undercoating corrosion and adhesion loss of anticorrosive composite coatings defects. Additionally, a computational simulation model was developed to complement the PT tests. According to the experimental results, PT was able to detect all types of defects evaluated. The results obtained by computational simulation were compared with experimental ones. Good correlation (similarity) was verified, regarding both the defect detection and thermal behavior, validating the developed model. Additionally, by reconstructing the thermal behavior according to the defect parameters evaluated in the study, it was estimated the limit of the remaining thickness of the defect for which it would be possible to obtain its detection using the pulsed modality. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Thermography Technique in Materials Science)

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