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Medicina
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Advance in Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance
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Advance in Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance

A special issue of Medicina (ISSN 1648-9144). This special issue belongs to the section "Endocrinology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2022) | Viewed by 41725

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Domenico Sergi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Translational Medicine and for Romagna, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
Interests: nutrition and metabolic health; energy metabolism; obesity; type 2 diabetes; regulation of energy balance by the hypothalamus; Lipotoxicity and fatty acid metabolism; mitochondria dysfunction and insulin resistance; metabolic inflammation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Type 2 diabetes has reached epidemic proportions worldwide and is projected to afflict more than 300 million individuals by the year 2025. Insulin resistance is the hallmark of type 2 diabetes and represents a pivotal metabolic defect in its pathogenesis. Given the importance of insulin resistance as a critical pathogenic factor leading to type 2 diabetes, the journal Medicina is launching a Special Issue entitled “Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance” with the aim of gathering together accurate and up-to-date scientific information on all aspects of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. We are pleased to invite you and your co-workers to submit your original research articles reporting on the biochemical and molecular aspects of insulin resistance including the pathophysiological mechanisms underpinning its development. We also encourage the submission of original manuscripts spanning basic to clinical research and focusing on dietary, lifestyle, and pharmacological interventions to prevent and/or ameliorate insulin resistance. We would also like to invite you to submit review articles aimed at providing a comprehensive overview of the recent advances in understanding the molecular basis of insulin resistance and its treatment and/or prevention.

Dr. Domenico Sergi
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Medicina is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • insulin resistance
  • type 2 diabetes
  • metabolic syndrome
  • carbohydrate metabolism
  • lipid metabolism
  • meta-inflammation
  • lipotoxicity
  • mitochondrial dysfunction

Published Papers (11 papers)

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Research

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8 pages, 1419 KiB  
Article
TyG Index Performs Better Than HOMA-IR in Chinese Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with a BMI < 35 kg/m2: A Hyperglycemic Clamp Validated Study
by Ping Luo, Yaoquan Cao, Pengzhou Li, Weizheng Li, Zhi Song, Zhibing Fu, Hui Zhou, Xianhao Yi, Liyong Zhu and Shaihong Zhu
Medicina 2022, 58(7), 876; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/medicina58070876 - 30 Jun 2022
Cited by 18 | Viewed by 2581
Abstract
Background and objectives: Chinese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients are characterized by a low body mass index (BMI), and significant insulin resistance (IR). The triglyceride glucose (TyG) index has not been studied as a means of assessing IR in Chinese T2DM [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Chinese type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients are characterized by a low body mass index (BMI), and significant insulin resistance (IR). The triglyceride glucose (TyG) index has not been studied as a means of assessing IR in Chinese T2DM patients with a BMI < 35 kg/m2. Materials and Methods: An open-label cross-sectional study recruited 102 Chinese T2DM patients with a BMI < 35 kg/m2. The hyper-insulinemic euglycemic clamp, homeostatic model assessment of IR (HOMA-IR), and TyG index were used to determine the level of IR. Based on Pearson’s correlations, glucose disposal rate (GDR), TyG index, and HOMA-IR were analyzed. HOMA-IR and TyG index for IR were evaluated using multiple linear regression and multivariate logistic regression analyses. On the basis of the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, the sensitivity, specificity, and optimal cut-off value of HOMA-IR and the TyG index were determined. Results: The mean values of GDR, HOMA-IR, and TyG index were 4.25 ± 1.81, 8.05 ± 7.98, and 8.12 ± 0.86 mg/kg/min, respectively. Pearson’s correlation coefficient was −0.418 between GDR and TyG index and −0.324 between GDR and HOMA-IR. ROC curve analysis showed that, among both sexes, the TyG index was a better discriminator of IR than HOMA-IR. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) of the TyG index (0.785, 0.691–0.879) was higher than that of HOMA-IR (0.73, 0.588–0.873) in all genders. The optimal cut-off values of the TyG index and HOMA-IR were 7.99 and 3.39, respectively. Conclusions: The TyG index showed more effectiveness in identifying IR in Chinese T2DM patients with a BMI < 35 kg/m2 compared to HOMA-IR. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance)
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33 pages, 134169 KiB  
Article
Evaluation of Dose-Dependent Obesity and Diabetes-Related Complications of Water Chestnut (Fruit of Trapa japonica) Extracts in Type II Obese Diabetic Mice Induced by 45% Kcal High-Fat Diet
by Hyun-Gu Kang, Khawaja Muhammad Imran Bashir, Ki-Young Kim, Su Shin, Min-Woo Choi, Eun-Jin Hong, Seong-Hun Choi, Joo-Wan Kim, Jae-Suk Choi and Sae-Kwang Ku
Medicina 2022, 58(2), 189; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/medicina58020189 - 26 Jan 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3017
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The currently used pharmacological agents for metabolic disorders such as type II diabetes have several limitations and adverse effects; thus, there is a need for alternative therapeutic drugs and health functional foods. Materials and Methods: This study investigated [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: The currently used pharmacological agents for metabolic disorders such as type II diabetes have several limitations and adverse effects; thus, there is a need for alternative therapeutic drugs and health functional foods. Materials and Methods: This study investigated the pharmacological effects of water chestnut (fruit of Trapa japonica) extracts (WC: 50–200 mg/kg) for type II diabetes using a 45% Kcal high-fat diet (HFD)-fed type II obese diabetic mice model for a period of 84 days, and the effects were compared to those of metformin (250 mg/kg). Results: Increases in body weight, serum biochemical indices such as triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein, and blood urea nitrogen, increases in antioxidant defense system enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione, and mRNA expressions (such as AMPKα1 and AMPKα2) in the liver tissue and mRNA expressions (such as AMPKα2 mRNA, leptin, and C/EBPα) in the adipose tissue were observed in the HFD control group. The WC (50 mg/kg)-administered group showed no significant improvements in diabetic complications. However, HFD-induced obesity and diabetes-related complications such as hyperlipidemia, diabetic nephropathy, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), oxidative stress, activity of antioxidant defense systems, and gene expressions were significantly and dose-dependently inhibited and/or normalized by oral administration of WC (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg), particularly at a dose of 100 mg/kg. Conclusions: The results of this study suggest that WC at an appropriate dose could be used to develop an effective therapeutic drug or functional food for type II diabetes and various associated complications, including NAFLD. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance)
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17 pages, 585 KiB  
Article
Effect of Clinical Inertia on Diabetes Complications among Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes: A Retrospective Cohort Study
by Piranee Kaewbut, Natapong Kosachunhanun, Arintaya Phrommintikul, Dujrudee Chinwong, John J Hall and Surarong Chinwong
Medicina 2022, 58(1), 63; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/medicina58010063 - 31 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1924
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Clinical inertia is a key obstacle that leads to suboptimal care in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It can occur at any stage of T2DM treatment. However, the effect of clinical inertia on diabetes complications has not [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Clinical inertia is a key obstacle that leads to suboptimal care in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It can occur at any stage of T2DM treatment. However, the effect of clinical inertia on diabetes complications has not been studied sufficiently. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of clinical inertia on the risk of diabetes complications among patients with T2DM. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a tertiary teaching hospital in Thailand between 2011 and 2017. Outpatients with T2DM, aged 40–65 years, presenting an HbA1c greater than 7% were included in this study. Clinical inertia was identified when patients did not get treatment intensification at the index date and a subsequent prescription. The association between clinical inertia and diabetes complications, including a composite of macrovascular complications and a composite of microvascular complications, was determined using a Cox proportional hazard model. Propensity score methods were applied, to control confounding by indication. Results: Of 686 patients with T2DM, 165 (24.0%) experienced clinical inertia. Baseline low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, blood pressure, body mass index, the estimated glomerular filtration rate, and medication between the two groups did not differ significantly. Our study found that clinical inertia was associated with a significantly increased risk of diabetic nephropathy (adjusted HR 1.51, 95% CI 1.01–2.27). The results remained the same as when using propensity score methods. According to the post hoc analysis, lowering the HbA1c levels by 1% results in a significant decrease in the rate of diabetic complications (adjusted HR 0.92, 95% CI 0.86–0.99), the composite of microvascular complications (adjusted HR 0.91, 95% CI 0.84–0.98) and diabetic nephropathy (adjusted HR 0.89, 95% CI 0.80–0.98). Conclusions: Our results demonstrated a significant effect of clinical inertia on diabetic nephropathy. Patients with an HbA1c level over the target range should have their medication intensified to reduce the risk of diabetic nephropathy. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance)
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15 pages, 1557 KiB  
Article
Association of Two Indices of Insulin Resistance Marker with Abnormal Liver Function Tests: A Cross-Sectional Population Study in Taiwanese Adults
by Adi-Lukas Kurniawan, Chien-Yeh Hsu, Jane C.-J. Chao, Rathi Paramastri, Hsiu-An Lee and Amadou-Wurry Jallow
Medicina 2022, 58(1), 4; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/medicina58010004 - 21 Dec 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2604
Abstract
Background and objectives: Insulin resistance (IR) is frequently associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and has an important role as a mediator in the development of liver disease. Thus, this study aimed to explore the relationship between two indexes of IR and abnormal liver [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Insulin resistance (IR) is frequently associated with chronic low-grade inflammation and has an important role as a mediator in the development of liver disease. Thus, this study aimed to explore the relationship between two indexes of IR and abnormal liver function parameters. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study obtained data of 41,510 men and 92,357 women aged ≥30 years from a private health screening institute in Taiwan. Two IR indexes namely triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (TG/HDL-C) ratio were used to examine their relationship to predict abnormal liver function parameters (aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP)). Results: Positive trend was shown for the association of TyG index in the highest quintile (Q5) and risk of high AST (OR = 1.45, 95% CI: 1.33–1.57), high ALT (OR = 1.85, 95% CI: 1.73–1.97), high GGT (OR = 2.04, 95% CI: 1.93–2.15), and high ALP (OR = 1.13, 95% CI: 1.07–1.19) compared with the median quintile (Q3) in the fully adjusted model. Similarly, participants in the Q5 of the TG/HDL-C ratio were associated with 1.38 (95% CI: 1.27–1.49), 1.71 (95% CI: 1.61–1.82), 1.75 (95% CI: 1.66–1.84), and 1.21 (1.16–1.27) odds for having high AST, ALT, GGT, and ALP respectively. The AUC (95% CI) value of the TyG index for predicting high AST, high ALT, and high GGT was 0.699 (0.692–0.705), 0.738 (0.734–0.742), and 0.752 (0.749–0.755), respectively. Meanwhile, the AUC (95% CI) of the TG/HDL-C ratio for predicting high AST, high ALT, and high GGT was 0.680 (0.673–0.686), 0.738 (0.734–0.742), 0.734 (0.731–0.738), respectively. Conclusions: Our study supported that the TyG index and TG/HDL-C ratio may be useful as non-invasive methods to predict the existence of impaired liver function in the early stage. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance)
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10 pages, 1330 KiB  
Article
Relation between Exogenous Insulin and Cognitive Function in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
by Diana Šimonienė and Džilda Veličkienė
Medicina 2021, 57(9), 943; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/medicina57090943 - 07 Sep 2021
Viewed by 1954
Abstract
Background and objectives: Although the role of insulin in the periphery is well understood, not as much is known about its multifactorial role in the brain. The aim of this study is to determine whether exogenous insulin, evaluated by daily insulin requirement, [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Although the role of insulin in the periphery is well understood, not as much is known about its multifactorial role in the brain. The aim of this study is to determine whether exogenous insulin, evaluated by daily insulin requirement, has an impact on mild cognitive impairment (MCI), and whether this relationship is mediated by insulin doses and other risk factors. Materials and methods: A sample of 100 participants with type 2 diabetes aged 40 and over was divided into case and control groups, according to their insulin requirement. Patients with an insulin requirement >1 IU/kg/day were assessed as the case group whereas those with an insulin dose <1 IU/kg were used as the control group. All participants underwent cognitive testing using MoCA questionnaire scoring and blood analysis to determine lipid and uric acid levels in plasma. Subjects were categorized as having normal cognitive function or MCI. Results: Results showed that the prevalence of MCI in Lithuanian elderly diabetic patients was high in the groups with a normal insulin requirement or high insulin requirement at 84.8% and 72.5%, respectively (p = 0.14). Age (p = 0.001) and insulin dose (p < 0.0001) were related to the MCI. Using ROC curve analysis, the highest rate risk of MCI occurred when the insulin dose was lower than 144 IU/d. Conclusions: In summary, the results of this study provided evidence that increased exogenous insulin supply improves cognitive function. Higher insulin dose (>144 IU/d) demonstrated a positive effect on cognitive function, especially in individuals with poorly controlled diabetes (HbA1c ≥ 9%). Finally, the prevalence of MCI in the T2DM population was found to be very high. Future research is needed to determine whether high exogenous insulin doses have a protective effect on MCI. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance)
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Review

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18 pages, 688 KiB  
Review
Salivary Biomarkers Associated with Psychological Alterations in Patients with Diabetes: A Systematic Review
by Guillermo Bargues-Navarro, Vanessa Ibáñez-del Valle, Nisrin El Mlili and Omar Cauli
Medicina 2022, 58(8), 1091; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/medicina58081091 - 12 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2631
Abstract
The care of individuals with diabetes needs a holistic perspective, taking into account both the physical disease and the mental health problems that may be associated. Different studies show a higher prevalence of depression or anxiety issues in diabetes patients than in the [...] Read more.
The care of individuals with diabetes needs a holistic perspective, taking into account both the physical disease and the mental health problems that may be associated. Different studies show a higher prevalence of depression or anxiety issues in diabetes patients than in the general population, which is why diabetes can be considered one of the chronic diseases in which psychological care is crucial to maintain quality of life. The objective of this review is to examine the published articles that relate the bidirectional associations between objective and subjective measures of anxiety, depressive symptomatology, stress, sleep quality, and salivary biomarkers in patients with diabetes. For this, a search was carried out in the electronic databases PubMed, Cochrane, and SCOPUS using the keywords “diabetes”, “saliva”, “sleep”, “anxiety”, “depression”, and “stress” for works published up until May 2022 and limited to the English and Spanish languages. The sample comprised 14 articles, 5 of which analysed the associations between depressive symptomatology and salivary biomarkers in people with diabetes. Among the salivary biomarkers most frequently used to evaluate psychological alterations in persons with diabetes are cortisol and melatonin. Thus, significant changes in the levels of these biomarkers were observed in most studies. Four out of five studies reported a statistically significant relationship between increased salivary cortisol in the evening/midnight or the cortisol awakening response and depressive symptoms. In contrast, lower cortisol levels upon waking in the morning were observed when there was no depression or anxiety. Regarding the association between salivary cortisol values and sleep quality in patients with diabetes, lower morning cortisol values related to prolonged nighttime sleep were common in the analysed studies. Low melatonin concentrations showed a negative correlation with sleep quality. As it is an easy-to-apply and non-invasive method, the measurement of salivary biomarkers can be very useful for predicting psychological alterations in patients with diabetes. Further scientific studies are required to determine the sensitivity of these biological substances acting as biomarkers for detecting sleep disorders and psychological alterations. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance)
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18 pages, 5994 KiB  
Review
Hypokalemia in Diabetes Mellitus Setting
by Lucas Coregliano-Ring, Kleber Goia-Nishide and Érika Bevilaqua Rangel
Medicina 2022, 58(3), 431; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/medicina58030431 - 16 Mar 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 12456
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a public health problem that affects millions of people worldwide regardless of age, sex, and ethnicity. Electrolyte disturbances may occur as a consequence of disease progression or its treatment, in particular potassium disorders. The prevalence of hypokalemia in diabetic individuals [...] Read more.
Diabetes mellitus is a public health problem that affects millions of people worldwide regardless of age, sex, and ethnicity. Electrolyte disturbances may occur as a consequence of disease progression or its treatment, in particular potassium disorders. The prevalence of hypokalemia in diabetic individuals over 55 years of age is up to 1.2%. In patients with acute complications of diabetes, such as diabetic ketoacidosis, this prevalence is even higher. Potassium disorders, either hypokalemia or hyperkalemia, have been associated with increased all-cause mortality in diabetic individuals, especially in those with associated comorbidities, such as heart failure and chronic kidney disease. In this article, we discuss the main conditions for the onset of hypokalemia in diabetic individuals, briefly review the pathophysiology of acute complications of diabetes mellitus and their association with hypokalemia, the main signs, symptoms, and laboratory parameters for the diagnosis of hypokalemia, and the management of one of the most common electrolyte disturbances in clinical practice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance)
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13 pages, 1031 KiB  
Review
Prickly Pear Cacti (Opuntia spp.) Cladodes as a Functional Ingredient for Hyperglycemia Management: A Brief Narrative Review
by Rao Raahim Kashif, Nathan M. D’Cunha, Duane D. Mellor, Natalie I. Alexopoulos, Domenico Sergi and Nenad Naumovski
Medicina 2022, 58(2), 300; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/medicina58020300 - 16 Feb 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3957
Abstract
The worldwide prevalence of obesity is increasing along with its comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). From a pathophysiological perspective, T2DM arises as a consequence of insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, which together induce chronic hyperglycemia. The pharmacological treatment of T2DM [...] Read more.
The worldwide prevalence of obesity is increasing along with its comorbidities, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). From a pathophysiological perspective, T2DM arises as a consequence of insulin resistance and pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, which together induce chronic hyperglycemia. The pharmacological treatment of T2DM specifically focuses on its management, rather than remission, with a lack of pharmacological agents to prevent the onset of the disease. Considering the role of unhealthy dietary patterns on the development of T2DM, identifying novel food ingredients and bioactive substances may provide new avenues by which to address the T2DM epidemic. In this brief review, we have summarized the latest findings on the consumption of the prickly pear (PP; Opuntia spp.) cladode as a potential nutritional tool for the management of hyperglycemia. The consumption of prickly pear cladodes was reported to exert hypoglycemic effects, making it a potential cost-effective nutritional intervention for the management of T2DM. Several studies have demonstrated that the consumption of prickly pear cladodes and the related products reduced post-prandial glucose levels. The cladodes’ high fiber content may be implicated in improving glycemic control, by affecting glucose absorption and effectively slowing its release into the blood circulation. Given these potential hypoglycemic effects, prickly pear cladodes may represent a potential functional food ingredient to improve glycemic control and counter the negative metabolic effects of the modern Western diet. Nonetheless, in consideration of the lack of evidence on the chronic effects of the prickly pear cladode, future research aimed at evaluating its long-term effects on glycemic control is warranted. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance)
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13 pages, 932 KiB  
Review
Wearable Sensor for Assessing Gait and Postural Alterations in Patients with Diabetes: A Scoping Review
by Lorenzo Brognara, Antonio Mazzotti, Alberto Di Martino, Cesare Faldini and Omar Cauli
Medicina 2021, 57(11), 1145; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/medicina57111145 - 22 Oct 2021
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2672
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Diabetes mellitus is considered a serious public health problem due to its high prevalence and related complications, including gait and posture impairments due to neuropathy and vascular alterations and the subsequent increased risk of falls. The gait of patients with [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Diabetes mellitus is considered a serious public health problem due to its high prevalence and related complications, including gait and posture impairments due to neuropathy and vascular alterations and the subsequent increased risk of falls. The gait of patients with diabetes is characterized by alterations of the main spatiotemporal gait parameters such as gait velocity, cadence, stride time and length, which are also known to worsen with disease course. Wearable sensor systems can be used for gait analysis by providing spatiotemporal parameters and postural control (evaluated from the perspective of body sway), useful for investigating the disease progression. Thanks to their small size and low cost of their components, inertial measurement units (IMUs) are easy to wear and are cheap tools for movement analysis. Materials and Methods: The aim of this study is to review articles published in the last 21 years (from 2000 to 2021) concerning the application of wearable sensors to assess spatiotemporal parameters of gait and body postural alterations in patients with diabetes mellitus. Relevant articles were searched in the Medline database using PubMed, Ovid and Cochrane libraries. Results: One hundred and four articles were initially identified while searching the scientific literature on this topic. Thirteen were selected and analysed in this review. Wearable motion sensors are useful, noninvasive, low-cost, and objective tools for performing gait and posture analysis in diabetic patients. The IMUs can be worn at the lumber levels, tibias or feet, and different spatiotemporal parameters of movement and static posture can be assessed. Conclusions: Future research should focus on standardizing the measurement setup and selecting the most informative spatiotemporal parameters for gait and posture analysis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance)
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11 pages, 578 KiB  
Review
A 2021 Update on the Use of Liraglutide in the Modern Treatment of ‘Diabesity’: A Narrative Review
by Mariana Cornelia Tilinca, Robert Aurelian Tiuca, Alexandru Burlacu and Andreea Varga
Medicina 2021, 57(7), 669; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/medicina57070669 - 29 Jun 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 4436
Abstract
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus have become a significant public health problem in the past decades. Their prevalence is increasing worldwide each year, greatly impacting the economic and personal aspects, mainly because they frequently coexist, where the term “diabesity” may be used. [...] Read more.
Obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus have become a significant public health problem in the past decades. Their prevalence is increasing worldwide each year, greatly impacting the economic and personal aspects, mainly because they frequently coexist, where the term “diabesity” may be used. The drug class of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) is one of the most modern therapy options in managing these metabolic disorders. This review focuses on the effects of liraglutide, a long-acting GLP-1 RA, in diabesity and non-diabetic excess weight. This drug class improves glycemic control by enhancing insulin secretion from the beta-pancreatic cells and inhibiting glucagon release. Furthermore, other effects include slowing gastric emptying, increasing postprandial satiety, and reducing the appetite and food consumption by influencing the central nervous system, with weight reduction effects. It also reduces cardiovascular events and has positive effects on blood pressure and lipid profile. A lower-dose liraglutide (1.2 or 1.8 mg/day) is used in patients with diabetes, while the higher dose (3.0 mg/day) is approved as an anti-obesity drug. In this review, we have summarized the role of liraglutide in clinical practice, highlighting its safety and efficacy as a glucose-lowering agent and a weight-reduction drug in patients with and without diabetes. Full article
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Other

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6 pages, 852 KiB  
Case Report
Remitting Seronegative Symmetrical Synovitis with Pitting Edema Syndrome Worsen after the Administration of Dulaglutide
by Toshitaka Sawamura, Shigehiro Karashima, Ai Ohmori, Kei Sawada, Mitsuhiro Kometani, Yoshiyu Takeda and Takashi Yoneda
Medicina 2022, 58(2), 289; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/medicina58020289 - 14 Feb 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2183
Abstract
Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema (RS3PE) syndrome is characterized by symmetrical polyarthritis and limb pitting edema. Although the detailed mechanisms of this syndrome have not been clearly understood, some agents including dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors have been reported to induce RS3PE syndrome. [...] Read more.
Remitting seronegative symmetrical synovitis with pitting edema (RS3PE) syndrome is characterized by symmetrical polyarthritis and limb pitting edema. Although the detailed mechanisms of this syndrome have not been clearly understood, some agents including dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors have been reported to induce RS3PE syndrome. However, glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) analogues have not been reported to be associated with this syndrome. A 91-year-old woman was admitted to our hospital with complaints of severe polyarthritis and limb edema. She was diagnosed with RS3PE syndrome. Oral prednisolone improved her symptoms. However, her symptoms worsened after the administration of dulaglutide, with elevated serum inflammatory markers. Discontinuation of dulaglutide without additional treatment improved her symptoms and laboratory findings. This case might indicate the possibility of development and worsening of RS3PE syndrome caused after GLP-1 analogue. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advance in Type 2 Diabetes and Insulin Resistance)
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