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Medicina
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The Role of Vitamin D in Obesity
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The Role of Vitamin D in Obesity

A special issue of Medicina (ISSN 1648-9144). This special issue belongs to the section "Endocrinology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2019) | Viewed by 29360

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Franck Tourniaire

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Guest Editor
Project manager; CriBioM, Center for cardiovascular and Nutrition Research, C2VN, Université d’Aix-Marseille, INRA, INSERM, Marseille, France
Interests: micronutrients; lipophilic vitamins; bioavailabity; adipose tissue; inflammation
Dr. Jean-François Landrier

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
C2VN, INSERM, INRAE, Aix Marseille Université, 13005 Marseille, France
Interests: obesity; obesity programming; micronutrients deficiencies; vitamins deficiencies; mineral deficiency; DOHaD; energy homeostasis; adiposity
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,                                               

During the last two decades, numerous studies have unravelled the ability of many tissues to convert calciferol into 25(OH)-calciferol and 1,25 di(OH)-calciferol (vitamin D–VD–metabolites). This was recognized as a mechanism contributing to the tight adjustment of VD metabolites’ local concentration, whereas circulating concentration is regulated by the liver and the kidneys. Hence, the implication of VD metabolites outside of phosphocalcic metabolism (including inflammation, lipid metabolism, immunity, etc.) is now well documented. Underlying molecular mechanisms are mediated not only via VDR-dependent but also VDR-independent pathways.

As the major calciferol storage site, adipose tissue might be both a regulator of VD status and a site of action for VD metabolites. In agreement, various in vitro studies have highlighted the possibility of VD to interfere with adipocyte differentiation, but also to improve glucose uptake and to limit inflammation in the context of inflammatory stress. Similarly, animal models indicate that VD supplementation limits the development of obesity and its associated disorders in the context of a high-fat diet, whereas vitamin D-deficient diets increase adiposity. In perinatal studies in rodents, VD status not only resulted in offspring that were underweight, but also prone to obesity and other associated disorders.

In humans, the prevalence of obesity is increasing worldwide and is associated with vitamin D insufficiency. Such an association has been widely reported in observational studies. Interestingly, prospective studies suggested that VD status could be a good predictor of body weight evolution. Several polymorphisms in VD metabolism-related genes have been associated withobesity. Nevertheless, intervention studies failed to demonstrate any effect on obesity, and Mendelian randomization did not establish the causality between VD insufficiency and obesity. Recent observational studies in humans also support that maternal VD insufficiency may be associated with increased occurrence of small or gestational-age newborns, a well-known risk factor for adulthood obesity.

This Special Issue will cover the different aspects underlying vitamin D effects on adipose tissue and obesity in different models and physiological situations.

Dr. Franck Tourniaire
Dr. Jean-François Landrier
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 1800 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • clinical trials
  • adipocyte
  • adipose tissue
  • vitamin D (calciferol, 25(OH)-calciferol
  • 1,25-di(OH)-calciferol)
  • genetic polymorphisms
  • free vitamin D
  • inflammation
  • perinatal programming
  • animal models
  • metabolism
  • energy homeostasis

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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9 pages, 283 KiB  
Article
Assessment of Physical Fitness after Bariatric Surgery and Its Association with Protein Intake and Type of Cholecalciferol Supplementation
by Hendrika J. M. Smelt, Sjaak Pouwels, Alper Celik, Adarsh Gupta and Johannes F. Smulders
Medicina 2019, 55(6), 281; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/medicina55060281 - 17 Jun 2019
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2063
Abstract
Background and objectives: Several studies showed that there is a relationship between vitamin and mineral status and muscle strength. In particular this is the case for handgrip strength (HS) and vitamin D deficiency. In bariatric surgery there is a risk of decrease in [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Several studies showed that there is a relationship between vitamin and mineral status and muscle strength. In particular this is the case for handgrip strength (HS) and vitamin D deficiency. In bariatric surgery there is a risk of decrease in muscle strength after surgery and also vitamin and mineral deficiencies are not uncommon. The aim of this study is to assess the effect of low vitamin 25 (OH) cholecalciferol levels, high dose cholecalciferol supplementation regime and protein intake on physical fitness, measured using handgrip strength (HS) and the shuttle walk run test (SWRT). Materials and Methods: For this retrospective study, 100 patients who have had bariatric surgery were included. Group A (n = 50) used 800 IU oral cholecalciferol per day. Group B (n = 50) used 800 IU oral cholecalciferol daily and 50,000 IU liquid cholecalciferol monthly lifelong. Both groups were matched on common variables. To measure physical fitness, we used the HS manometer of Jamar and the Shuttle Walk Run Test (SWRT) to assess physical capacity. Results: No significant differences in HS and SWRT outcomes were found between patients with serum 25 (OH) cholecalciferol < 75 nmol/L or >75 nmol/L. The postoperative HS is significantly influenced by protein intake (p = 0.017) and no significant influence was seen in outcomes of the SWRT (p = 0.447). Conclusion: We have found that serum 25 (OH) cholecalciferol and different cholecalciferol supplementation regimes do not have a significant effect on HS and SWRT before, three and 6 months after surgery. It seems that protein intake plays a more important role in maintaining adequate muscle strength. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Vitamin D in Obesity)
6 pages, 267 KiB  
Article
The Influence of Different Cholecalciferol Supplementation Regimes on 25(OH) Cholecalciferol, Calcium and Parathyroid Hormone after Bariatric Surgery
by Hendrika J.M. Smelt, Sjaak Pouwels and Johannes F. Smulders
Medicina 2019, 55(6), 252; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/medicina55060252 - 06 Jun 2019
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2047
Abstract
Background and objectives: Vitamin D is an essential vitamin that plays a key role in maintaining physiological calcium balance, and is also a pivotal element in the formation of bone structure. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with a wide array of clinical symptoms. [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Vitamin D is an essential vitamin that plays a key role in maintaining physiological calcium balance, and is also a pivotal element in the formation of bone structure. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with a wide array of clinical symptoms. Vitamin and mineral deficiencies are quite common prior to and after bariatric surgery, and therefore we have evaluated the effects of two different cholecalciferol supplementation regimes on serum calcium, 25(OH) cholecalciferol, and parathyroid hormone (PTH). Materials and Methods: In this retrospective matched cohort study, two different cholecalciferol supplementation regimes were compared. Group A consisted of 50 patients who had 1000 mg calcium and 800 IU cholecalciferol. In Group B, 50 patients had 1000 mg calcium and 800 IU cholecalciferol with an additional 1 mL liquid cholecalciferol (50,000 IU) monthly. The primary outcome was the effects on blood serum levels of calcium, 25(OH) cholecalciferol, and PTH. Results: In group A and group B, there were significant increases in 25(OH) cholecalciferol, with a higher delta in favor of group B (for all three p < 0.001). A decrease was seen in PTH (p < 0.001), and no differences were measured in calcium levels in both groups. Conclusion: Our study suggests that an additional 1 mL cholecalciferol (50,000 IU) monthly can result in less biochemically 25(OH) cholecalciferol deficient patients after bariatric surgery. No effects were seen on the calcium balance. However, larger randomized clinical trials need to be done to assess the effects on clinical outcomes like bone health and fracture risk. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Vitamin D in Obesity)
9 pages, 323 KiB  
Article
Lower Vitamin D Levels, but Not VDR Polymorphisms, Influence Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in Brazilian Population Independently of Obesity
by Kathryna Fontana Rodrigues, Nathalia Teixeira Pietrani, Adriana Aparecida Bosco, Maira Cândida Rodrigues de Sousa, Ieda de Fátima Oliveira Silva, Josianne Nicácio Silveira and Karina Braga Gomes
Medicina 2019, 55(5), 188; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/medicina55050188 - 22 May 2019
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 2143
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Vitamin D levels have been associated with a diversity of diseases, including obesity. Vitamin D presents a pleiotropic action, and can regulate insulin secretion and inflammatory responses. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms are involved in the [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: Vitamin D levels have been associated with a diversity of diseases, including obesity. Vitamin D presents a pleiotropic action, and can regulate insulin secretion and inflammatory responses. Vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene polymorphisms are involved in the gene expression regulation and have been associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study aimed to evaluate the association between the polymorphisms ApaI (rs7975232), BsmI (rs1544410), FokI (rs10735810), and TaqI (rs731236) in the VDR gene in people diagnosed with T2DM, and plasma 25-hydroxivitamin D levels [25(OH)D]. Materials and Methods: A total of 101 T2DM patients and 62 gender, age, and body mass index (BMI) matched non-diabetic controls were included in this study. Molecular analyzes were performed by polymerase chain reaction–restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The plasma 25(OH)D levels were measured by high performance liquid chromatography. Results: The plasma 25(OH)D levels were lower in T2DM patients (17.2 (16.6) ng/mL) when compared with the control subjects (30.8 (16.2) ng/mL, p < 0.0001), independently of obesity status. We found no difference between genotypic and allelic frequencies of the VDR polymorphisms when comparing the T2DM group and control group (p > 0.05 for all), and did not show any association with plasma 25(OH)D levels. Conclusions: These results suggest that T2DM is associated with lower plasma 25(OH)D levels, which are not related to BMI and VDR gene polymorphisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Vitamin D in Obesity)
9 pages, 296 KiB  
Article
Reduced Serum Vitamin D Levels Are Associated with Insulin Resistance in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
by Kostas Archontogeorgis, Nikolaos Papanas, Evangelos C. Rizos, Evangelia Nena, Athanasios Zissimopoulos, Christina Tsigalou, Athanasios Voulgaris, Dimitri P. Mikhailidis, Moses S. Elisaf, Marios E. Froudarakis and Paschalis Steiropoulos
Medicina 2019, 55(5), 174; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/medicina55050174 - 20 May 2019
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2328
Abstract
Background and objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is associated with cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors, such as insulin resistance. Furthermore, OSAS has been associated with decreased levels of vitamin D (Vit D). The aim of the study was to assess the [...] Read more.
Background and objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS) is associated with cardiovascular and metabolic risk factors, such as insulin resistance. Furthermore, OSAS has been associated with decreased levels of vitamin D (Vit D). The aim of the study was to assess the association between Vit D levels (expressed as 25(OH)D serum levels) and insulin resistance in patients with OSAS. Materials and Methods: Serum 25(OH)D levels were measured in consecutive subjects who had undergone polysomnography and pulmonary function testing. OSAS patients were divided into those with (homeostatic model assessment [HOMA-IR] ≥ 2) and without insulin resistance (HOMA-IR < 2). Results: Overall, 92 patients (81 males) were included in the study. OSAS patients with insulin resistance significantly differed from those without insulin resistance in terms of the body-mass index (BMI) (36.3 ± 5.8 compared to 32 ± 5.6 kg/m2, respectively, p = 0.001), apnoea-hypopnoea index (AHI) (57.4 ± 28.9 compared to 40.9 ± 27.9 events/h, respectively, p = 0.009) and indices of hypoxia during sleep. Patients with OSAS and insulin resistance had lower levels of serum 25 (OH) D compared with OSAS but without insulin resistance (19.3 ± 11.5 vs 26.7 ± 12.2 ng/mL, respectively, p = 0.005). Regression analysis demonstrated a negative association of 25(OH)D levels (β = −0.048, odds ratio [OR]: 0.953, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.913–0.995, p = 0.030) and a positive association of BMI (β = 0.110, OR: 1.116, 95% CI: 1.007–1.237, p = 0.036) with insulin resistance. Conclusions: Vit D insufficiency was significantly more frequent among OSAS patients with insulin resistance. Both low 25(OH)D levels and high BMI were associated with the risk of insulin resistance in this population. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Vitamin D in Obesity)

Review

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10 pages, 977 KiB  
Review
Vitamin D Deficiency: Consequence or Cause of Obesity?
by Luka Vranić, Ivana Mikolašević and Sandra Milić
Medicina 2019, 55(9), 541; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/medicina55090541 - 28 Aug 2019
Cited by 178 | Viewed by 13942
Abstract
Obesity is defined as an excess amount of body fat and represents a significant health problem worldwide. High prevalence of vitamin D (VD) deficiency in obese subjects is a well-documented finding, most probably due to volumetric dilution into the greater volumes of fat, [...] Read more.
Obesity is defined as an excess amount of body fat and represents a significant health problem worldwide. High prevalence of vitamin D (VD) deficiency in obese subjects is a well-documented finding, most probably due to volumetric dilution into the greater volumes of fat, serum, liver, and muscle, even though other mechanisms could not completely be excluded, as they may contribute concurrently. Low VD could not yet be excluded as a cause of obesity, due to its still incompletely explored effects through VD receptors found in adipose tissue (AT). VD deficiency in obese people does not seem to have consequences for bone tissue, but may affect other organs, even though studies have shown inconsistent results and VD supplementation has not yet been clearly shown to benefit the dysmetabolic state. Hence, more studies are needed to determine the actual role of VD deficiency in development of those disorders. Thus, targeting lifestyle through healthy diet and exercise should be the first treatment option that will affect both obesity-related dysmetabolic state and vitamin D deficiency, killing two birds with one stone. However, VD supplementation remains a treatment option in individuals with residual VD deficiency after weight loss. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Vitamin D in Obesity)
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9 pages, 407 KiB  
Review
Is Vitamin D Supplementation Useful for Weight Loss Programs? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
by Simone Perna
Medicina 2019, 55(7), 368; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/medicina55070368 - 12 Jul 2019
Cited by 39 | Viewed by 6198
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The controversy about the impact of vitamin D supplementation on weight loss treatment was observed in several randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This meta-analysis investigates the effects of vitamin D supplementation (cholecalciferol or ergocalciferol) on weight loss through holistic measurements of [...] Read more.
Background and Objectives: The controversy about the impact of vitamin D supplementation on weight loss treatment was observed in several randomized controlled trials (RCTs). This meta-analysis investigates the effects of vitamin D supplementation (cholecalciferol or ergocalciferol) on weight loss through holistic measurements of Body Mass Index (BMI), weight and waist circumference. Materials and Methods: Google Scholar, WOS, PubMed and Scopus were explored to collect relevant studies. The selected articles focused on vitamin D supplementation in overweight and obese individuals with different conditions. Eleven RCTs were included into this meta-analysis with a total of 947 subjects, with a mean of the follow-up from 1 to 12 months and different vitamin D interventions (from 25,000 to 600,000 IU/monthly of cholecalciferol). Results: The meta-analyzed mean differences for random effects showed that cholecalciferol supplementation deceases the BMI by −0.32 kg/m2 (CI95% −0.52, −0.12 kg/m2, p = 0.002) and the waist circumference by −1.42 cm (CI95% −2.41, −0.42 cm, p = 0.005), but does not statistically affect weight loss −0.43 kg (CI95% −1.05, +0.19 kg, p = 0.17). Conclusions: This meta-analysis lays the foundation for defining the potential clinical efficacy of vitamin D supplementation as a potential therapeutic option for weight loss programs, but further studies are needed to confirm the validity of these findings and delineate potential underlying mechanisms. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Vitamin D in Obesity)
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