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Metabolites
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Prevention and Alleviation of Metabolic Syndrome with Food Factors
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Prevention and Alleviation of Metabolic Syndrome with Food Factors

A special issue of Metabolites (ISSN 2218-1989). This special issue belongs to the section "Food Metabolomics".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 April 2022) | Viewed by 16552

Special Issue Editors

Dr. Bungo Shirouchi

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Nursing and Nutrition, University of Nagasaki, Nagasaki, Japan
Interests: food function; bioactive compounds (especially lipids); lipid absorption; gut microbiota; metabolic disease; metabolic syndrome
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Dr. Masashi Inafuku

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Food Science and Nutrition Course, Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa 903-0213, Japan
Interests: food function; food composition; immunity; subtropical bioresources

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Metabolic syndrome, a cluster of risk factors for cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes, is a significant public health problem worldwide. Diets are known to contribute to the development or prevention (alleviation) of metabolic syndrome. Various studies have discovered food factors and bioactive compounds that contribute to preventing and alleviating metabolic syndrome. The accumulation of the above basic research knowledge is essential, and we believe that it will lead to the maintenance and promotion of human health.

Therefore, in this Special Issue of Metabolites, we invite research articles on the “Prevention and Alleviation of Metabolic Syndrome with Food Factors” including in vitro studies using cultured cell lines, in vivo studies using animal models, and dietary intervention studies.

This Special Issue is open for submissions now. The accepted manuscripts will be published rapidly and will be listed together on the Special Issue website.

Dr. Bungo Shirouchi
Dr. Masashi Inafuku
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Metabolites is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • food factors
  • bioactive compounds
  • food function
  • nutrition
  • digestion and absorption
  • metabolism
  • gut microbiota
  • metabolic syndrome
  • metabolic disorders

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

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11 pages, 879 KiB  
Article
Antihypertensive Effect of Dietary β-Conglycinin in the Spontaneously Hypertensive Rat (SHR)
by Koji Kawabeta, Masahiro Yuasa, Michihiro Sugano and Kazunori Koba
Metabolites 2022, 12(5), 422; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/metabo12050422 - 08 May 2022
Viewed by 1764
Abstract
Dietary β-conglycinin has been shown to increase plasma adiponectin concentration and decrease visceral adipose tissue weight in rats. Since adiponectin is one of the factors regulating blood pressure, as well as modulating lipid metabolism, we examined whether dietary β-conglycinin affects blood pressure in [...] Read more.
Dietary β-conglycinin has been shown to increase plasma adiponectin concentration and decrease visceral adipose tissue weight in rats. Since adiponectin is one of the factors regulating blood pressure, as well as modulating lipid metabolism, we examined whether dietary β-conglycinin affects blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. The experimental diets were prepared according to the AIN-93G formula containing 20% protein, either casein (Control) or casein replaced with soy protein isolate (SOY) or β-conglycinin (β-CON) at the proportion of 50%. Male rats (SHR/Izm, 6 wk-old) were fed the diets for 7 weeks. The SOY compared with the Control significantly suppressed the blood pressure both at week 4 (p = 0.011, Control vs. SOY) and thereafter, and β-CON had even higher suppression (p = 0.0002, Control vs. β-CON). SOY and β-CON increased plasma adiponectin concentration followed by an increase in plasma nitric oxide and possibly a decreasing trend of gene expressions of angiotensinogen in the liver and renin in the kidney. The results indicated suppression by β-conglycinin of increasing blood pressure through an enhancement of plasma adiponectin, probably in combination with a regulation of the renin–angiotensin system in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Alleviation of Metabolic Syndrome with Food Factors)
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17 pages, 4354 KiB  
Article
Soy Phospholipids Exert a Renoprotective Effect by Inhibiting the Nuclear Factor Kappa B Pathway in Macrophages
by Satoshi Ohta, Masashi Asanoma, Nao Irie, Nobuhiko Tachibana and Mitsutaka Kohno
Metabolites 2022, 12(4), 330; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/metabo12040330 - 06 Apr 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1787
Abstract
Complications associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD), which involves kidney inflammation, are a major health problem. Soy protein isolate (SPI) reportedly inhibits CKD exacerbation; however, its detailed action mechanism remains obscure. Therefore, the role of the polar lipid component of SPI in suppressing [...] Read more.
Complications associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD), which involves kidney inflammation, are a major health problem. Soy protein isolate (SPI) reportedly inhibits CKD exacerbation; however, its detailed action mechanism remains obscure. Therefore, the role of the polar lipid component of SPI in suppressing inflammation was investigated. Zucker fatty rats were divided into three groups and fed a diet containing casein, SPI, or casein + SPI ethanol extract (SPIEE) for 16 weeks. The isoflavones and phospholipids of SPIEE were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory effects. Rats in the SPI and casein + SPIEE groups showed reduced levels of the urinary N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase and renal IL-1β mRNA (an inflammatory marker) compared with those in the casein group. In proximal tubular cells, genistein significantly inhibited monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression induced by an IL-1β stimulus. In macrophages, soybean phospholipids suppressed lipopolysaccharide-induced IL-1β gene expression by inhibiting the phosphorylation of inhibitor κB and p65. Phosphatidylinositol (PI) was found to be essential for inhibition of IL-1β expression. SPIEE inhibited the exacerbation of kidney disease. Genistein and soybean phospholipids, especially soybean-specific phospholipids containing PI, effectively inhibited the inflammatory spiral in vitro. Hence, daily soybean intake may be effective for inhibiting chronic inflammation and slowing kidney disease progression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Alleviation of Metabolic Syndrome with Food Factors)
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12 pages, 3087 KiB  
Article
Beneficial Effects of the Consumption of Hot-Water Extracts of Thinned Immature Mangos (Mangifera indica “Irwin”) on the Hypertriglyceridemia of Apolipoprotein E-Deficient Mice
by Hayato Tajiri, Wataru Tanaka, Hiroki Matsuyama, Takuya Sugita, Kenta Hidaka, Daigo Yokoyama and Hiroyuki Sakakibara
Metabolites 2022, 12(2), 116; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/metabo12020116 - 25 Jan 2022
Viewed by 2126
Abstract
The thinned immature fruit of the mango tree (Mangifera indica “Irwin”) are regarded as waste products. In this study, we evaluated the effects of daily consumption of a hot-water extract of thinned immature mango fruits (TIMEx) on the dyslipidemia of apolipoprotein E-deficient [...] Read more.
The thinned immature fruit of the mango tree (Mangifera indica “Irwin”) are regarded as waste products. In this study, we evaluated the effects of daily consumption of a hot-water extract of thinned immature mango fruits (TIMEx) on the dyslipidemia of apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE−/−) mice. ApoE−/− mice and wild-type BALB/c mice were fed a 20% fat diet containing 0%, 0.1%, or 1.0% TIMEx for 8 weeks. Their body mass, food intake, and water consumption were unaffected by the TIMEx. The 1.0% TIMEx supplementation significantly reduced serum triglyceride, but not total cholesterol concentration. This effect was significant in ApoE−/− mice, but less marked under normal conditions in wild-type mice. In addition, the circulating concentrations of three hormones that regulate metabolism, resistin, leptin, and glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide, were reduced by TIMEx consumption, which may be involved in its effect to prevent hypertriglyceridemia. However, none of the concentrations of TIMEx reduced the size of atherosclerotic plaque lesions. In conclusion, daily consumption of TIMEx ameliorates hypertriglyceridemia but not hypercholesterolemia in genetically predisposed mice. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Alleviation of Metabolic Syndrome with Food Factors)
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16 pages, 3624 KiB  
Article
Unlike Glycerophosphocholine or Choline Chloride, Dietary Phosphatidylcholine Does Not Increase Plasma Trimethylamine-N-Oxide Levels in Sprague-Dawley Rats
by Bungo Shirouchi, Ayano Fukuda and Taiki Akasaka
Metabolites 2022, 12(1), 64; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/metabo12010064 - 11 Jan 2022
Cited by 11 | Viewed by 3284
Abstract
Choline, betaine, and L-carnitine are transformed into trimethylamine (TMA) by gut microbiota, absorbed into the liver, and oxidized into trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) by flavin-containing monooxygenases. Elevated TMAO levels may negatively affect human health. As phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the main source of dietary [...] Read more.
Choline, betaine, and L-carnitine are transformed into trimethylamine (TMA) by gut microbiota, absorbed into the liver, and oxidized into trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) by flavin-containing monooxygenases. Elevated TMAO levels may negatively affect human health. As phosphatidylcholine (PC) is the main source of dietary choline, its intake or PC-rich foods may be harmful to human health; however, quantitative comparative information among dietary choline compounds (PC, glycerophosphocholine [GPC], and choline chloride [CC]) regarding in vivo generation of TMAO is lacking. Here, we compared the effects of PC, GPC, and CC on plasma TMAO levels in rats. Furthermore, we investigated their effects on gut microbiota at the genus level. Dietary PC did not affect plasma TMAO levels, whereas dietary GPC and CC significantly increased them. At the genus level, plasma TMAO levels were significantly negatively correlated with relative abundances of Anaerotruncus, Actinomyces, Enterococcus, Dialister, Clostridium XIVa, and Granulicatella; they were significantly positively correlated with that of Coprobacter. Moreover, the relative abundances of Anaerotruncus and Coprobacter were found to predict plasma TMAO levels. Therefore, dietary PC, unlike GPC or CC, does not increase plasma TMAO levels in rats. Furthermore, several gut microbes are associated with changes in plasma TMAO levels in rats fed with choline compounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Alleviation of Metabolic Syndrome with Food Factors)
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17 pages, 2709 KiB  
Article
Dietary Alaska Pollock Protein Attenuates the Experimental Colitis Induced by Dextran Sulfate Sodium via Regulation of Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolites in Mice
by Genki Tanaka, Nozomi Hagihara, Ryota Hosomi, Takaki Shimono, Seiji Kanda, Toshimasa Nishiyama, Munehiro Yoshida and Kenji Fukunaga
Metabolites 2022, 12(1), 44; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/metabo12010044 - 07 Jan 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1876
Abstract
Protein derived from fish has not only nutritional properties but also health-promoting properties. Few studies have examined the effect of dietary Alaska pollock protein (APP) on the anticolitis effect reported to be associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study investigated the effect of [...] Read more.
Protein derived from fish has not only nutritional properties but also health-promoting properties. Few studies have examined the effect of dietary Alaska pollock protein (APP) on the anticolitis effect reported to be associated with metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study investigated the effect of APP intake on colitis symptoms, gut microbiota, and its metabolites in the experimental colitis mouse model induced by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). Male C57BL/6J mice were divided into three groups: (1) DSS-untreated mice fed an American Institute of Nutrition (AIN) 93G diet (protein source is casein), (2) DSS-treated mice fed an AIN93G diet, and (3) DSS-treated mice fed an APP diet. After the mice were fed the diets for 21 days, experimental colitis was induced by three cycles of 2% DSS administration for 5 days followed by washouts over the course of 5 days. APP-reduced body weight loss increased the disease activity index, and elevated spleen weight and alleviated colon length shortening and colonic tissue damage. Furthermore, APP altered the structure and composition of the microbiota and short-chain fatty acids in feces. Since APP intake alleviates experimental colitis induced by DSS administration through alterations in the gut microbiota and its metabolites, we deduced that APP would inhibit MetS progression via colitis suppression. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Alleviation of Metabolic Syndrome with Food Factors)
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11 pages, 1802 KiB  
Article
The Cholesterol Metabolite Cholest-5-en-3-One Alleviates Hyperglycemia and Hyperinsulinemia in Obese (db/db) Mice
by Koji Nagao, Nao Inoue, Kunio Suzuki, Takeshi Shimizu and Teruyoshi Yanagita
Metabolites 2022, 12(1), 26; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/metabo12010026 - 29 Dec 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 1740
Abstract
Dietary sterols are catabolized into various substances in the intestinal tract. Dietary 3-oxo derivatives of cholesterol and plant sterols (e.g., cholest-4-en-3-one and campest-5-en-3-one) have been shown to have anti-obesity effects. In this study, we tested whether feeding cholest-5-en-3-one (5-cholestenone), a cholesterol metabolite, to [...] Read more.
Dietary sterols are catabolized into various substances in the intestinal tract. Dietary 3-oxo derivatives of cholesterol and plant sterols (e.g., cholest-4-en-3-one and campest-5-en-3-one) have been shown to have anti-obesity effects. In this study, we tested whether feeding cholest-5-en-3-one (5-cholestenone), a cholesterol metabolite, to db/db mice protects them from obesity-associated metabolic disorders. In db/db mice, dietary 5-cholestenone significantly alleviated hepatomegaly and elevated serum triglyceride levels; however, the effect was not sufficient to improve hepatic steatosis and obesity. On the other hand, hyperglycemia and severe hyperinsulinemia in control db/db mice were markedly attenuated in 5-cholestenone-fed db/db mice. The production of inflammatory cytokines, such as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα), was decreased, suggesting that the suppressive actions of 5-cholestenone were attributable to the alleviation of chronic inflammation in db/db mice. Additionally, 5-cholestenone showed an inhibitory effect on TNFα-induced nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB) activation in the NFκB luciferase gene reporter assay. These results suggest that obesity-induced abnormal glucose metabolism could be alleviated in 5-cholestenone-fed db/db mice by reducing the production of inflammatory cytokines through suppression of the NFκB signaling pathway. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Alleviation of Metabolic Syndrome with Food Factors)
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Review

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14 pages, 3490 KiB  
Review
Mechanism of Soy Isoflavone Daidzein-Induced Female-Specific Anorectic Effect
by Mina Fujitani, Takafumi Mizushige, Sudhashree Adhikari, Keshab Bhattarai and Taro Kishida
Metabolites 2022, 12(3), 252; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/metabo12030252 - 16 Mar 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2480
Abstract
Epidemiological studies suggest that regular intake of soy isoflavone exerts a preventive effect on postmenopausal obesity and other forms of dysmetabolism. Estrogens inhibit eating behavior. Soy isoflavones may act as estrogen agonist in estrogen-depleted conditions, whereas they may either act as an estrogen [...] Read more.
Epidemiological studies suggest that regular intake of soy isoflavone exerts a preventive effect on postmenopausal obesity and other forms of dysmetabolism. Estrogens inhibit eating behavior. Soy isoflavones may act as estrogen agonist in estrogen-depleted conditions, whereas they may either act as an estrogen antagonist or be ineffective in estrogen-repleted conditions. We investigated the effects of dietary soy isoflavone on food intake under various estrogen conditions using male, ovariectomized (OVX), and non-OVX female rats, and compared the effects with those of estradiol. We found that soy isoflavones reduced food intake in females specifically, regardless of whether ovariectomy had been performed, whereas subcutaneous implantation of estradiol pellet did not reduce food intake in intact female rats, but did so in OVX female and male rats. Contrary to this hypothesis, the reduction in food intake may not be caused by the estrogenic properties of soy isoflavones. It is of great interest to understand the mechanisms underlying the anorectic effects of soy isoflavones. In this non-systematic review, we summarize our recent studies that have investigated the bioactive substances of anorectic action, pharmacokinetic properties of soy isoflavones, and the modification of central and peripheral signals regulating appetite by soy isoflavones, and selected studies that were identified via database mining. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Prevention and Alleviation of Metabolic Syndrome with Food Factors)
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