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Electrochemical Sensors in Biological Applications, Volume II

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A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X). This special issue belongs to the section "C：Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 January 2023) | Viewed by 18695

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Dr. Iulia Gabriela David

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Department of Analytical Chemistry and Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90-92 Panduri Avenue, Bucharest 5, 060274 Bucharest, Romania
Interests: electrochemical sensors; modified electrodes; voltamperometry; potentiometry; electroanalysis
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Mihaela Buleandra

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Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90-92 Panduri Avenue, Bucharest 5,060274 Bucharest, Romania
Interests: electroanalytical chemistry; electroactive compounds; bioanalysis; carbon-based materials; method development/validation
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Due to their inherent analytical performance characteristics, electrochemical sensors have attracted increasing attention in recent years, being used as detection tools in various applications, an important role being played by biological ones. Plenty of electrode materials as well as methods and compounds developed for modifying the sensor surfaces, coupled with appropriate electrochemical techniques, ensure the sensitivity and selectivity of the sensors, making them suitable for the detection of analytes from complex matrices such as pharmaceuticals, biological fluids, and food or environmental samples. On the other hand, as they can be miniaturized and employed in portable instruments, sometimes as disposable electrodes, they are easy-to-use and cost-effective analytical devices enabling on-site, real time, on-line and in-line analysis. Considering all these aspects, electrochemical sensors are often the best choice for the rapid and simple detection of various biological active compounds from different matrices. Consequently, the purpose of this Special Issue, entitled “Electrochemical Sensors in Biological Applications”, is to present research papers and review articles that highlight both the current state of research and the latest developments in the field of electrochemical sensors used to detect biological important analytes or to explore their function in biological systems based on their redox behavior.

Dr. Iulia Gabriela David
Dr. Mihaela Buleandra
Guest Editors

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Keywords

Electrochemical (bio)sensors
Chemically modified electrodes
Electroanalysis
Redox behavior
Voltamperometry
Bioactive compounds
(Bio)medical and biological applications

Related Special Issues

Electrochemical Sensors in Biological Applications in Micromachines (4 articles)
Electrochemical Sensors in Biological Applications, 3rd Edition in Micromachines

Published Papers (10 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

13 pages, 6775 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperEditor’s ChoiceArticle

TEER and Ion Selective Transwell-Integrated Sensors System for Caco-2 Cell Model

by Elisa Sciurti, Laura Blasi, Carmela Tania Prontera, Amilcare Barca, Lucia Giampetruzzi, Tiziano Verri, Pietro Aleardo Siciliano and Luca Francioso

Micromachines 2023, 14(3), 496; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi14030496 - 21 Feb 2023

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2278

Abstract

Monitoring of ions in real-time directly in cell culture systems and in organ-on-a-chip platforms represents a significant investigation tool to understand ion regulation and distribution in the body and ions’ involvement in biological mechanisms and specific pathologies. Innovative flexible sensors coupling electrochemical stripping analysis (square wave anodic stripping voltammetry, SWASV) with an ion selective membrane (ISM) were developed and integrated in Transwell™ cell culture systems to investigate the transport of zinc and copper ions across a human intestinal Caco-2 cell monolayer. The fabricated ion-selective sensors demonstrated good sensitivity (1 × 10⁻¹¹ M ion concentration) and low detection limits, consistent with pathophysiological cellular concentration ranges. A non-invasive electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis, in situ, across a selected spectrum of frequencies (10–10⁵ Hz), and an equivalent circuit fitting were employed to obtain useful electrical parameters for cellular barrier integrity monitoring. Transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER) data and immunofluorescent images were used to validate the intestinal epithelial integrity and the permeability enhancer effect of ethylene glycol-bis(2-aminoethylether)-N,N,N’,N’-tetraacetic acid (EGTA) treatment. The proposed devices represent a real prospective tool for monitoring cellular and molecular events and for studies on gut metabolism/permeability. They will enable a rapid integration of these sensors into gut-on-chip systems. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors in Biological Applications, Volume II)

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29 pages, 8838 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Design and Manufacturing of Equipment for Investigation of Low Frequency Bioimpedance

by Lucian Pîslaru-Dănescu, George-Claudiu Zărnescu, Gabriela Telipan and Victor Stoica

Micromachines 2022, 13(11), 1858; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi13111858 - 29 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1512

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to highlight a method of making equipment for the investigation of low frequency bioimpedance. A constant current with an average value of I = 100 µA is injected into the human body via means of current injection electrodes, and the biological signal is taken from the electrodes of electric potential charged with the biopotentials generated by the human body. The resulting voltage, ΔU is processed by the electronic conditioning system. The mathematical model of the four-electrode system in contact with the skin, and considering a target organ, was simplified to a single equivalent impedance. The capacitive filter low passes down from the differential input of the first instrumentation amplifier together with the isolated capacitive barrier integrated in the precision isolated secondary amplifier and maintains the biological signal taken from the electrodes charged with the undistorted biopotentials generated by the human body. Mass loops are avoided, and any electric shocks or electrostatic discharges are prevented. In addition, for small amplitudes of the biological signal, electromagnetic interferences of below 100 Hz of the power supply network were eliminated by using an active fourth-order Bessel filtering module. The measurements performed for the low frequency of f = 100 Hz on the volunteers showed for the investigated organs that the bioelectrical resistivities vary from 90 Ωcm up to 450 Ωcm, and that these are in agreement with other published and disseminated results for each body zone. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors in Biological Applications, Volume II)

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14 pages, 4289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Simultaneous Determination of Dopamine and Uric Acid in Real Samples Using a Voltammetric Nanosensor Based on Co-MOF, Graphene Oxide, and 1-Methyl-3-butylimidazolium Bromide

by Maryam Roostaee, Hadi Beitollahi and Iran Sheikhshoaie

Micromachines 2022, 13(11), 1834; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi13111834 - 27 Oct 2022

Cited by 20 | Viewed by 1537

Abstract

A chemically modified carbon paste electrode, based on a CoMOF-graphene oxide (GO) and an ionic liquid of 1-methyl-3-butylimidazolium bromide (CoMOF-GO/1-M,3-BB/CPE), was fabricated for the simultaneous determination of dopamine (DA) and uric acid (UA). The prepared CoMOF/GO nanocomposite was characterized by field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), the X-ray diffraction (XRD) method, a N₂ adsorption–desorption isotherm, and an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The electrochemical sensor clearly illustrated catalytic activity towards the redox reaction of dopamine (DA), which can be authenticated by comparing the increased oxidation peak current with the bare carbon paste electrode. The CoMOF-GO/1-M,3-BB/CPE exhibits a wide linear response for DA in the concentration range of 0.1 to 300.0 µM, with a detection limit of 0.04 µM. The oxidation peaks’ potential for DA and uric acid (UA) were separated well in the mixture containing the two compounds. This study demonstrated a simple and effective method for detecting DA and UA in real samples. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors in Biological Applications, Volume II)

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8 pages, 1425 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Molecular Recognition and Quantification of HER-3, HER-4 and HRG-α in Whole Blood and Tissue Samples Using Stochastic Sensors

by Raluca-Ioana Stefan-van Staden and Damaris-Cristina Gheorghe

Micromachines 2022, 13(10), 1749; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi13101749 - 15 Oct 2022

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1087

Abstract

Human epidermal growth factor receptor-3, human epidermal growth factor-receptor-4, and heregulin-α are some of the biomarkers related to gastric cancer currently being used for early detection, personalized treatment, and evaluation of the efficiency of the treatment. Two stochastic sensors based on graphene decorated with TiO₂ and/or Au modified with maltodextrin were proposed for the screening of two types of whole blood and tissue samples for the simultaneous recognition and analysis of the three biomarkers. The sensitivity of the two sensors showed high values, whereas the limits of determination were of fg mL⁻¹ magnitude order. Thus, the proposed screening method can perform the quantitative analysis of both of the biomarkers of interest in whole blood and tissue samples, with recoveries higher than 96.00% and relative standard deviations lower than 1.00%. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors in Biological Applications, Volume II)

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14 pages, 4482 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Sodium Metabisulfite in Food and Biological Samples: A Rapid and Ultra-Sensitive Electrochemical Detection Method

by Ruxandra-Maria Ilie-Mihai, Bianca Cristina Ion and Jacobus (Koos) Frederick van Staden

Micromachines 2022, 13(10), 1707; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi13101707 - 10 Oct 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2930

Abstract

The primary benefit of using sulfites as a food additive is their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties, which stop fungi and bacteria from growing in a variety of foods. The application of analytical methods is necessary to ensure food quality control related to the presence of sulfites in a variety of foods. For the detection of sodium metabisulfite in food and urine samples, two sensors based on reduced graphene oxide doped with Pd paste and modified with 5,10,15,20-tetraphenyl-21H,23H-porphyrin and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis (pentafluorophenyl chloride)-21H,23H-iron (III) porphyrin were proposed. The new sensors were evaluated and characterized using square wave voltammetry. The response characteristics showed that the detection limits for the sensors were 3.0 × 10⁻¹² mol L⁻¹ for TPP/rGO@Pd0 based sensors and 3.0 × 10⁻¹¹ mol L⁻¹ for Fe(TPFPP)Cl/rGO@Pd0 based sensors while the quantification limits were 1.0 × 10⁻¹¹ mol L⁻¹ for TPP/rGO@Pd0 based sensors and 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁰ mol L⁻¹ for Fe(TPFPP)Cl/rGO@Pd0 based sensors. The sensors can be used to determine sodium metabisulfite in a concentration range between 1.0 × 10⁻¹¹ and 1.0 × 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹ for TPP/rGO@Pd0 based sensors and between 1.0 × 10⁻¹⁰ mol L⁻¹ and 1.0 × 10⁻⁶ mol L⁻¹ for Fe(TPFPP)Cl/rGO@Pd0 based sensors. A comparison between the proposed methods’ results and other analytical applications is also presented. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors in Biological Applications, Volume II)

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12 pages, 2395 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Facile Electrochemical Sensor for Sensitive and Selective Determination of Guaifenesin, Phenylephrine and Paracetamol on Electrochemically Pretreated Pencil Graphite Electrode

by Mihaela Buleandră, Anca Aurelia Pătrașcu, Dana Elena Popa, Iulia Gabriela David, Irinel Adriana Badea and Anton Alexandru Ciucu

Micromachines 2022, 13(8), 1213; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi13081213 - 29 Jul 2022

Viewed by 1587

Abstract

Guaifenesin (GFS), phenylephrine (PHE) and paracetamol (PAR), drugs used in combination for the relief of cold and flu symptoms, were determined at electrochemically pretreated pencil graphite electrode. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used for the first time for the concomitant determination of the target compounds based on the electro-oxidation of PAR at 0.43 V, PHE at 0.74 V and GFS at 1.14 V in Britton–Robinson buffer pH 6.0. Under optimized experimental conditions, two linear ranges were obtained for PAR (2.50 × 10⁻⁶ M–1.00 × 10⁻⁵ M and 1.00 × 10⁻⁵ M–1.00 × 10⁻⁴ M) and for PHE and GFS linearity was proved between 5.00 × 10⁻⁶ M–2.00 × 10⁻⁴ M and 2.50 × 10⁻⁶ M–2.00 × 10⁻⁴ M, respectively. The detection limits were 8.12 × 10⁻⁷ M for PAR, 1.80 × 10⁻⁶ M for PHE and 8.29 × 10⁻⁷ M for GFS. The selective and sensitive DPV method and the electrochemically treated electrode were employed for simultaneous analysis of the analytes in pharmaceutical samples with good recoveries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors in Biological Applications, Volume II)

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14 pages, 2322 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Voltammetric Determination of Isoniazid in the Presence of Acetaminophen Utilizing MoS₂-Nanosheet-Modified Screen-Printed Electrode

by Somayeh Tajik, Zahra Dourandish, Fariba Garkani Nejad, Abbas Aghaei Afshar and Hadi Beitollahi

Micromachines 2022, 13(3), 369; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi13030369 - 26 Feb 2022

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 2144

Abstract

We used MoS₂ nanosheets (MoS₂ NSs) for surface modification of screen-printed electrode (MoS₂NSs-SPE) aimed at detecting isoniazid (INZ) in the presence of acetaminophen (AC). According to analysis, an impressive catalytic performance was found for INZ and AC electro-oxidation, resulting in an appreciable peak resolution (~320 mV) for both analytes. Chronoamperometry, differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), linear sweep voltammogram (LSV), and cyclic voltammetry (CV) were employed to characterize the electrochemical behaviors of the modified electrode for the INZ detection. Under the optimal circumstances, there was a linear relationship between the peak current of oxidation and the various levels of INZ (0.035–390.0 µM), with a narrow limit of detection (10.0 nM). The applicability of the as-developed sensor was confirmed by determining the INZ and AC in tablets and urine specimens, with acceptable recoveries. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors in Biological Applications, Volume II)

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Review

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39 pages, 19174 KiB

Open AccessReview

Recent Advances in Electrochemical Sensors for Sulfur-Containing Antioxidants

by Guzel Ziyatdinova and Liliya Gimadutdinova

Micromachines 2023, 14(7), 1440; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi14071440 - 18 Jul 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1215

Abstract

Sulfur-containing antioxidants are an important part of the antioxidant defense systems in living organisms under the frame of a thiol–disulfide equilibrium. Among them, l-cysteine, l-homocysteine, l-methionine, glutathione, and α-lipoic acid are the most typical representatives. Their actions in living systems are briefly discussed. Being electroactive, sulfur-containing antioxidants are interesting analytes to be determined using various types of electrochemical sensors. Attention is paid to the chemically modified electrodes with various nanostructured coverages. The analytical capabilities of electrochemical sensors for sulfur-containing antioxidant quantification are summarized and discussed. The data are summarized and presented on the basis of the electrode surface modifier applied, i.e., carbon nanomaterials, metal and metal oxide nanoparticles (NPs) and nanostructures, organic mediators, polymeric coverage, and mixed modifiers. The combination of various types of nanomaterials provides a wider linear dynamic range, lower limits of detection, and higher selectivity in comparison to bare electrodes and sensors based on the one type of surface modifier. The perspective of the combination of chromatography with electrochemical detection providing the possibility for simultaneous determination of sulfur-containing antioxidants in a complex matrix has also been discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors in Biological Applications, Volume II)

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27 pages, 4111 KiB

Open AccessReview

Review on Surface-Modified Electrodes for the Enhanced Electrochemical Detection of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs)

by Simone C. L. Barry, Candice Franke, Takalani Mulaudzi, Keagan Pokpas and Rachel Fanelwa Ajayi

Micromachines 2023, 14(7), 1334; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi14071334 - 29 Jun 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1178

Abstract

Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are one of the most commonly prescribed classes of antidepressants used for the treatment of moderate to severe depressive disorder, personality disorders and various phobias. This class of antidepressants was created with improved margins of safety. However, genetic polymorphism may be responsible for the high variability in patients’ responses to treatment, ranging from failure to delayed therapeutic responses to severe adverse effects of treatment. It is crucial that the appropriate amount of SSRI drugs is administered to ensure the optimum therapeutic efficacy and intervention to minimise severe and toxic effects in patients, which may be the result of accidental and deliberate cases of poisoning. Determining SSRI concentration in human fluids and the environment with high sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility, and at a low cost and real-time monitoring, is imperative. Electrochemical sensors with advanced functional materials have drawn the attention of researchers as a result of these advantages over conventional techniques. This review article aims to present functional materials such as polymers, carbon nanomaterials, metal nanomaterials as well as composites for surface modification of electrodes for sensitive detection and quantification of SSRIs, including fluoxetine, citalopram, paroxetine, fluvoxamine and sertraline. Sensor fabrication, sensor/analyte interactions, design rationale and properties of functional material and the electrocatalytic effect of the modified electrode on SSRI detection are discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors in Biological Applications, Volume II)

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21 pages, 2093 KiB

Open AccessReview

Strategies for the Voltammetric Detection of Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification

by Jesse M. Marangoni, Kenneth K. S. Ng and Arezoo Emadi

Micromachines 2023, 14(2), 472; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi14020472 - 18 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1946

Abstract

Loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) is rapidly developing into an important tool for the point-of-use detection of pathogens for both clinical and environmental samples, largely due to its sensitivity, rapidity, and adaptability to portable devices. Many methods are used to monitor LAMP, but not all are amenable to point-of-use applications. Common methods such as fluorescence often require bulky equipment, whereas colorimetric and turbidimetric methods can lack sensitivity. Electrochemical biosensors are becoming increasingly important for these applications due to their potential for low cost, high sensitivity, and capacity for miniaturization into integrated devices. This review provides an overview of the use of voltammetric sensors for monitoring LAMP, with a specific focus on how electroactive species are used to interface between the biochemical products of the LAMP reaction and the voltammetric sensor. Various strategies for the voltammetric detection of DNA amplicons as well as pyrophosphate and protons released during LAMP are presented, ranging from direct DNA binding by electroactive species to the creative use of pyrophosphate-detecting aptamers and pH-sensitive oligonucleotide structures. Hurdles for adapting these devices to point-of-use applications are also discussed. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Electrochemical Sensors in Biological Applications, Volume II)

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