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Micromachines
Special Issues
Advanced Energy Conversion and Storage Microdevices
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Advanced Energy Conversion and Storage Microdevices

A special issue of Micromachines (ISSN 2072-666X). This special issue belongs to the section "E：Engineering and Technology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 September 2021) | Viewed by 18464

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Hee-Seok Kim

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Mechanical Engineering, School of Engineering and Technology, University of Washington Tacoma, 1900 Commerce St. Campus Box 358426, Tacoma, WA 98402, USA
Interests: Thermal Science; Energy Conversion and Storage; Wearable Electronics

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Energy conversion and storage systems, the increasing demand for energy, and the environmental impacts of non-sustainable energy resources have attracted much attention over the past few decades. This has led to the development of photovoltaics, thermoelectrics, piezoelectrics, triboelectrics, batteries, fuel cells, supercapacitors, and many other technologies. Recently, advanced energy conversion and storage systems in a smaller form factor have received an immense amount of attention and been integrated into soft electronics, Internet of Things (IoT) devices, personal mobile devices, biomedical systems, and human-machine-interfaced wearable electronics. To drive such compact devices under constrained conditions, a sustainable energy supply is essential, as an example, to the long-term operation of wearable biomedical sensors for continuous monitoring. In addition, on-chip micro/nano technology has been integrated into photovoltaic devices and electrocatalytic devices based on nanostructured materials. Advanced energy conversion and storage systems in microdevices are the key to self-powered, compact electronics. Accordingly, this Special Issue seeks to showcase original research papers and review articles that focus on novel materials, theoretical and experimental studies, and device and system manufacturing for energy conversion and storage in microdevices.

Dr. Hee-Seok Kim
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Micromachines is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2600 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • direct energy conversion and storage
  • heat engines
  • micro coolers
  • advanced materials
  • flexible materials
  • novel material architectures (2D, 3D)
  • electrochemical devices
  • electrocatalytic devices
  • mechanical energy harvesters
  • micro/nanofluidics
  • fuel cells
  • batteries
  • supercapacitors

Published Papers (8 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

3 pages, 145 KiB  
Editorial
Editorial for the Special Issue on Advanced Energy Conversion and Storage Microdevices
by Hee-Seok Kim
Micromachines 2022, 13(1), 138; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi13010138 - 16 Jan 2022
Viewed by 1195
Abstract
Advanced energy conversion and storage systems have attracted much attention in recent decades due to the increasing demand for energy and the environmental impacts of non-sustainable energy resources [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Energy Conversion and Storage Microdevices)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

21 pages, 3606 KiB  
Article
Theoretical Study on Widening Bandwidth of Piezoelectric Vibration Energy Harvester with Nonlinear Characteristics
by Zhang Qichang, Yang Yang and Wang Wei
Micromachines 2021, 12(11), 1301; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi12111301 - 23 Oct 2021
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 1532
Abstract
In order to make a piezoelectric vibration energy harvester collect more energy on a broader frequency range, nonlinearity is introduced into the system, allowing the harvester to produce multiple steady states and deflecting the frequency response curve. However, the harvester can easily maintain [...] Read more.
In order to make a piezoelectric vibration energy harvester collect more energy on a broader frequency range, nonlinearity is introduced into the system, allowing the harvester to produce multiple steady states and deflecting the frequency response curve. However, the harvester can easily maintain intra-well motion rather than inter-well motion, which seriously affects its efficiency. The aim of this paper is to analyze how to take full advantage of the nonlinear characteristics to widen the bandwidth of the piezoelectric vibration energy harvester and obtain more energy. The influence of the inter-permanent magnet torque on the bending of the piezoelectric cantilever beam is considered in the theoretical modeling. The approximate analytical solutions of the primary and 1/3 subharmonic resonance of the harvester are obtained by using the complex dynamic frequency (CDF) method so as to compare the energy acquisition effect of the primary resonance and subharmonic resonance, determine the generation conditions of subharmonic resonance, and analyze the effect of primary resonance and subharmonic resonance on broadening the bandwidth of the harvester under different external excitations. The results show that the torque significantly affects the equilibrium point and piezoelectric output of the harvester. The effective frequency band of the bistable nonlinear energy harvester is 270% wider than that of the linear harvester, and the 1/3 subharmonic resonance broadens the band another 92% so that the energy harvester can obtain more than 0.1 mW in the frequency range of 18 Hz. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the influence of torque when modeling. The introduction of nonlinearity can broaden the frequency band of the harvester when it is in primary resonance, and the subharmonic resonance can make the harvester obtain more energy in the global frequency range. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Energy Conversion and Storage Microdevices)
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8 pages, 1651 KiB  
Article
Influence of Temperature on Exciton Dynamic Processes in CuPc/C60 Based Solar Cells
by Lijia Chen, Lun Cai, Lianbin Niu, Pan Guo and Qunliang Song
Micromachines 2021, 12(11), 1295; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi12111295 - 22 Oct 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1591
Abstract
Although the effect of high temperature on the performance of organic solar cells has been widely investigated, it is inevitably influenced by the associated annealing effect (which usually leads to film morphology change and variation in electrical properties), which makes the discussion more [...] Read more.
Although the effect of high temperature on the performance of organic solar cells has been widely investigated, it is inevitably influenced by the associated annealing effect (which usually leads to film morphology change and variation in electrical properties), which makes the discussion more sophisticated. In this study, we simplified the issue and investigated the influence of low temperatures (from room temperature to 77 K) on the photocurrent and internal/external quantum efficiency of a CuPc/C60 based solar cell. We found that besides the charge dynamic process (charge transport), one or more of the exciton dynamic processes, such as exciton diffusion and exciton dissociation, also play a significant role in affecting the photocurrent of organic solar cells at different temperatures. Additionally, the results showed that the temperature had negligible influence on the absorption of the CuPc film as well as the exciton generation process, but obviously influenced the other two exciton dynamic processes (exciton diffusion and exciton dissociation). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Energy Conversion and Storage Microdevices)
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8 pages, 1665 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Inlet Blockage and Electrical Driving Mode on the Performance of a Needle-Ring Ionic Wind Pump
by Jia-Cheng Ye and Tsrong-Yi Wen
Micromachines 2021, 12(8), 900; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi12080900 - 29 Jul 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1438
Abstract
The thermal management of microelectronics is important because overheating can lead to various reliability issues. The most common thermal solution used in microelectronics is forced convection, which is usually initiated and sustained by an airflow generator, such as rotary fans. However, traditional rotary [...] Read more.
The thermal management of microelectronics is important because overheating can lead to various reliability issues. The most common thermal solution used in microelectronics is forced convection, which is usually initiated and sustained by an airflow generator, such as rotary fans. However, traditional rotary fans might not be appropriate for microelectronics due to the space limit. The form factor of an ionic wind pump can be small and, thus, could play a role in the thermal management of microelectronics. This paper presents how the performance of a needle-ring ionic wind pump responds to inlet blockage in different electrical driving modes (direct current), including the flow rate, the corona power, and the energy efficiency. The results show that the performance of small needle-ring ionic wind pumps is sensitive to neither the inlet blockage nor the electrical driving mode, making needle-ring ionic wind pumps a viable option for microelectronics. On the other hand, it is preferable to drive needle-ring ionic wind pumps by a constant current if consistent performance is desired. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Energy Conversion and Storage Microdevices)
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20 pages, 4836 KiB  
Article
A Study on the Energy-Harvesting Device with a Magnetic Spring for Improved Durability in High-Speed Trains
by Jaehoon Kim
Micromachines 2021, 12(7), 830; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi12070830 - 16 Jul 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1972
Abstract
Durability is a critical issue concerning energy-harvesting devices. Despite the energy-harvesting device’s excellent performance, moving components, such as the metal spring, can be damaged during operation. To solve the durability problem of the metal spring in a vibration-energy-harvesting (VEH) device, this study applied [...] Read more.
Durability is a critical issue concerning energy-harvesting devices. Despite the energy-harvesting device’s excellent performance, moving components, such as the metal spring, can be damaged during operation. To solve the durability problem of the metal spring in a vibration-energy-harvesting (VEH) device, this study applied a non-contact magnetic spring to a VEH device using the repulsive force of permanent magnets. A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the potential energy-harvesting power using the magnetic spring VEH device. In addition, the characteristics of the generated power were studied using the magnetic spring VEH device in a high-speed train traveling at 300 km/h. Through the high-speed train experiment, the power generated by both the metal spring VEH device and magnetic spring VEH device was measured, and the performance characteristics required for a power source for wireless sensor nodes in high-speed trains are discussed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Energy Conversion and Storage Microdevices)
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16 pages, 840 KiB  
Article
A Thermoelectric Energy Harvester Based on Microstructured Quasicrystalline Solar Absorber
by Vinícius Silva Oliveira, Marcelo Miranda Camboim, Cleonilson Protasio de Souza, Bruno Alessandro Silva Guedes de Lima, Orlando Baiocchi and Hee-Seok Kim
Micromachines 2021, 12(4), 393; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi12040393 - 02 Apr 2021
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2889
Abstract
As solar radiation is the most plentiful energy source on earth, thermoelectric energy harvesting emerges as an interesting solution for the Internet of Things (IoTs) in outdoor applications, particularly using semiconductor thermoelectric generators (TEGs) to power IoT devices. However, when a TEG is [...] Read more.
As solar radiation is the most plentiful energy source on earth, thermoelectric energy harvesting emerges as an interesting solution for the Internet of Things (IoTs) in outdoor applications, particularly using semiconductor thermoelectric generators (TEGs) to power IoT devices. However, when a TEG is under solar radiation, the temperature gradient through TEG is minor, meaning that the TEG is useless. A method to keep a significant temperature gradient on a TEG is by using a solar absorber on one side for heating and a heat sink on the other side. In this paper, a compact TEG-based energy harvester that features a solar absorber based on a new class of solid matter, the so-called quasicrystal (QC), is presented. In addition, a water-cooled heat sink to improve the temperature gradient on the TEG is also proposed. The harvester is connected to a power management circuit that can provide an output voltage of 3 V and store up to 1.38 J in a supercapacitor per day. An experimental evaluation was carried out to compare the performance of the proposed QC-based harvester with another similar harvester but with a solar absorber based on conventional black paint. As a result, the QC-based harvester achieved 28.6% more efficient energy generation and achieved full charge of a supercapacitor around two hours earlier. At last, a study on how much the harvested energy can supply power to a sensor node for Smart agriculture during a day while considering a trade-off between the maximum number of measurements and the maximum number of transmission per day is presented. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Energy Conversion and Storage Microdevices)
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Review

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18 pages, 4151 KiB  
Review
Progress and Perspectives in Designing Flexible Microsupercapacitors
by La Li, Chuqiao Hu, Weijia Liu and Guozhen Shen
Micromachines 2021, 12(11), 1305; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi12111305 - 24 Oct 2021
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 2725
Abstract
Miniaturized flexible microsupercapacitors (MSCs) that can be integrated into self-powered sensing systems, detecting networks, and implantable devices have shown great potential to perfect the stand-alone functional units owing to the robust security, continuously improved energy density, inherence high power density, and long service [...] Read more.
Miniaturized flexible microsupercapacitors (MSCs) that can be integrated into self-powered sensing systems, detecting networks, and implantable devices have shown great potential to perfect the stand-alone functional units owing to the robust security, continuously improved energy density, inherence high power density, and long service life. This review summarizes the recent progress made in the development of flexible MSCs and their application in integrated wearable electronics. To meet requirements for the scalable fabrication, minimization design, and easy integration of the flexible MSC, the typical assembled technologies consist of ink printing, photolithography, screen printing, laser etching, etc., are provided. Then the guidelines regarding the electrochemical performance improvement of the flexible MSC by materials design, devices construction, and electrolyte optimization are considered. The integrated prototypes of flexible MSC-powered systems, such as self-driven photodetection systems, wearable sweat monitoring units are also discussed. Finally, the future challenges and perspectives of flexible MSC are envisioned. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Energy Conversion and Storage Microdevices)
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15 pages, 1887 KiB  
Review
Fiber-Based Thermoelectric Materials and Devices for Wearable Electronics
by Pengxiang Zhang, Biao Deng, Wenting Sun, Zijian Zheng and Weishu Liu
Micromachines 2021, 12(8), 869; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/mi12080869 - 24 Jul 2021
Cited by 14 | Viewed by 4122
Abstract
Fiber-based thermoelectric materials and devices have the characteristics of light-weight, stability, and flexibility, which can be used in wearable electronics, attracting the wide attention of researchers. In this work, we present a review of state-of-the-art fiber-based thermoelectric material fabrication, device assembling, and its [...] Read more.
Fiber-based thermoelectric materials and devices have the characteristics of light-weight, stability, and flexibility, which can be used in wearable electronics, attracting the wide attention of researchers. In this work, we present a review of state-of-the-art fiber-based thermoelectric material fabrication, device assembling, and its potential applications in temperature sensing, thermoelectric generation, and temperature management. In this mini review, we also shine some light on the potential application in the next generation of wearable electronics, and discuss the challenges and opportunities. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Energy Conversion and Storage Microdevices)
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