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Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Production Chain...
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Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Production Chain

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Food Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 December 2020) | Viewed by 43504

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Live L. Nesse

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Research Food Safety and Animal Health, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750 Sentrum, N-0106 Oslo, Norway
Interests: biofilm; antimicrobial resistance; food safety; one health
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Antimicrobial resistance is one of the biggest threats to global health, food security, and development today. The most important driver of resistance development is the use of antimicrobials. Unfortunately, vast amounts of antimicrobials are used globally in food production chains to combat unwanted bacteria, fungi, and parasitic microorganisms. The observed consequences are the evolution and dissemination of resistant microorganisms, as well as resistance genes. This creates problems, not only within food production chains, but also for consumers and the environment. It is paramount to slow down this development, and our role as scientists is to provide documentation and understanding as the basis for countermeasures.

For this Special Issue, we therefore invite you to contribute original research or review papers on resistant microorganisms and resistance genes in food production chains, as well as their emergence, dissemination, persistence, and prevalence. Studies identifying drivers and risk factors, including biofilm, are welcome. Furthermore, comparisons with resistant microorganisms and resistance genes from consumers or the environment, e.g., wildlife, are of interest. Effect studies on preventive or intervention measures will also be considered.

Dr. Live L. Nesse
Guest Editor

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Keywords

  • food production chains
  • drivers and risk factors
  • emergence, antimicrobial resistant microorganisms and resistance genes
  • dissemination, persistence, and prevalence
  • effects on consumers and the environment
  • effects of preventive or intervention measures

Published Papers (15 papers)

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11 pages, 459 KiB  
Article
Molecular Characterization of Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Raw Milk Samples of Dairy Cows in Manhiça District, Southern Mozambique
by Nilsa Nhatsave, Marcelino Garrine, Augusto Messa, Jr., Arsénia J. Massinga, Anélsio Cossa, Raúl Vaz, Angelina Ombi, Tomás F. Zimba, Hélder Alfredo, Inácio Mandomando and Cesaltina Tchamo
Microorganisms 2021, 9(8), 1684; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/microorganisms9081684 - 08 Aug 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2758
Abstract
Staphylococcal infections are among the most common foodborne diseases. We performed the antibiotic susceptibility and molecular characterization of S. aureus from milk samples of dairy cows in Manhiça District. We observed a high frequency of S. aureus (41%, 58/143), in which 71% (41/58) [...] Read more.
Staphylococcal infections are among the most common foodborne diseases. We performed the antibiotic susceptibility and molecular characterization of S. aureus from milk samples of dairy cows in Manhiça District. We observed a high frequency of S. aureus (41%, 58/143), in which 71% (41/58) were from commercial farms and 29% (17/58) from smallholder farms. Half of the isolates (50%, 29/58) were resistant to at least one antibiotic, with higher rates of resistance to penicillin (43%, 25/58), followed by tetracycline (16%, 9/58). Multidrug-resistant and methicillin-resistant S. aureus isolates were rare (5%, 3/58 and 3%, 2/58, respectively). The genetic diversity was low, with predominance of human-adapted strains being: ST1/CC1-t5388 (78%) and ST152-t1299 (10%), followed by ST8/CC8-t1476 (5%) and ST5/CC5-t002 (3%) and lastly, ST508/CC45-t331 and ST152-t355, with 2% each. The Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL) gene was detected among 14% (8/58) of the isolates, while genes encoding staphylococcal enterotoxins were scarce (3%, 2/58). Our findings revealed a high frequency of S. aureus, with high rates of resistance to the antibiotics commonly used in veterinary and human medicine. Further investigations focusing on the molecular epidemiology of S. aureus from cattle and farmers will provide detailed insights on the genetic relatedness between the strains. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Production Chain )
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18 pages, 320 KiB  
Article
Application of Nanopore Sequencing (MinION) for the Analysis of Bacteriome and Resistome of Bean Sprouts
by Milada Solcova, Katerina Demnerova and Sabina Purkrtova
Microorganisms 2021, 9(5), 937; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/microorganisms9050937 - 27 Apr 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3074
Abstract
The aspiration these days is to apply rapid methods for parallel analysis of bacteriome and resistome of food samples to increase food safety and prevent antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) spreading. In this work, we used nanopore sequencing (NS) to determine the diversity and [...] Read more.
The aspiration these days is to apply rapid methods for parallel analysis of bacteriome and resistome of food samples to increase food safety and prevent antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) spreading. In this work, we used nanopore sequencing (NS) to determine the diversity and dynamics of the microbiome and resistome in two types of bean sprouts. We proved that NS provided an easy, quick, and reliable way to identify the microbiome and resistome of a food sample also. The species diversity obtained by NS and by cultivation methods with MALDI-TOF MS identification was comparable. In both samples, before and after cultivation (30 °C, 48 h), the dominant part of bacteriome formed Gammaproteobacteria (Enterobacteriaceae, Erwiniaceae, Pseudomonadaceae, Moraxellaceae) and then Firmicutes (Streptococcaceae). The diversity and abundance of single ARGs groups were comparable for both samples despite bacteriome differences. More than 50% of the detected ARGs alignments were mutations conferring resistance to aminoglycosides (16S rRNA), resistance to fluoroquinolones (gyrA, gyrB, parC, parD) and elfamycin (EF-Tu). ARGs encoding efflux pumps formed more than 30% of the detected alignments. Beta-lactamases were represented by many variants, but were less abundant. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Production Chain )
20 pages, 1403 KiB  
Article
Comparison of Phenotypical Antimicrobial Resistance between Clinical and Non-Clinical E. coli Isolates from Broilers, Turkeys and Calves in Four European Countries
by Octavio Mesa-Varona, Rodolphe Mader, Martina Velasova, Jean-Yves Madec, Sophie A. Granier, Agnes Perrin-Guyomard, Madelaine Norstrom, Heike Kaspar, Mirjam Grobbel, Eric Jouy, Muna F. Anjum and Bernd-Alois Tenhagen
Microorganisms 2021, 9(4), 678; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/microorganisms9040678 - 25 Mar 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2858
Abstract
Livestock data on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are commonly collected from bacterial populations of clinical and non-clinical isolates. In contrast to data on non-clinical isolates from livestock, data on clinical isolates are not harmonized in Europe. The Normalized Resistance Interpretation (NRI) method was applied [...] Read more.
Livestock data on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are commonly collected from bacterial populations of clinical and non-clinical isolates. In contrast to data on non-clinical isolates from livestock, data on clinical isolates are not harmonized in Europe. The Normalized Resistance Interpretation (NRI) method was applied to overcome the lack of harmonization of laboratory methods and interpretation rules between monitoring systems. Statistical analyses were performed to identify associations between the isolate type (clinical vs. non-clinical) and resistance to four antimicrobials (ampicillin, tetracycline, gentamicin, and nalidixic acid) per animal category in Germany and France. Additional statistical analyses comparing clinical and non-clinical isolates were performed with the available data on the same antimicrobial panel and animal categories from the UK and Norway. Higher resistance prevalence was found in clinical isolates compared to non-clinical isolates from calves to all antimicrobials included in Germany and France. It was also found for gentamicin in broilers from France. In contrast, in broilers and turkeys from Germany and France and in broilers from the UK, a higher resistance level to ampicillin and tetracycline in non-clinical isolates was encountered. This was also found in resistance to gentamicin in isolates from turkeys in Germany. Resistance differed within countries and across years, which was partially in line with differences in antimicrobial use patterns. Differences in AMR between clinical and non-clinical isolates of Escherichia coli are associated with animal category (broiler, calf, and turkey) and specific antimicrobials. The NRI method allowed comparing results of non-harmonized AMR systems and might be useful until international harmonization is achieved. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Production Chain )
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16 pages, 2898 KiB  
Article
Prevalence and Multidrug Resistance Pattern of Methicillin Resistant S. aureus Isolated from Frozen Chicken Meat in Bangladesh
by Mst. Sonia Parvin, Md. Yamin Ali, Sudipta Talukder, Azimun Nahar, Emdadul Haque Chowdhury, Md. Tanvir Rahman and Md. Taohidul Islam
Microorganisms 2021, 9(3), 636; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/microorganisms9030636 - 18 Mar 2021
Cited by 16 | Viewed by 3712
Abstract
Infections by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are continuously expanding within the community. Chicken meat is usually contaminated by MRSA, and this contaminated chicken meat is an important source of foodborne infections in humans. In this study, a cross-sectional supershop survey was conducted to [...] Read more.
Infections by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are continuously expanding within the community. Chicken meat is usually contaminated by MRSA, and this contaminated chicken meat is an important source of foodborne infections in humans. In this study, a cross-sectional supershop survey was conducted to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance pattern of MRSA in 113 domestic frozen chicken meat samples purchased from nine branded supershops available in five divisional megacities of Bangladesh. The study also focused on the determination of methicillin resistance gene in MRSA isolates. S. aureus was identified by standard culture-based and molecular methods, and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. MRSA was screened by cefoxitin disk diffusion test. Methicillin resistance gene was identified by PCR. Of samples, 54.9% were positive for S. aureus, and, of these, 37.1% isolates were identified as MRSA. All the isolates were multidrug resistant (MDR): 52.2% were resistant to 6–8 antimicrobial classes, and 47.8% isolates to 9–12 classes. Three (3.2%) isolates of S. aureus were possible extensively drug resistant. The highest rates of resistance were observed against cefoxitin (100%), followed by nalidixic acid, ampicillin and oxacillin (97.7%), colistin (91.3%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid and amoxicillin (87%), penicillin-G and cloxacillin (82.6%), oxytetracycline (78.3%), and cefixime (73.9%). Screening of methicillin resistance gene revealed that 43.5% isolates of MRSA were positive for mecA gene. The high prevalence of MDR MRSA in frozen chicken meat samples in this study emphasizes the need for better sanitary education of food handlers in hygienic practices focusing on their potential role as reservoirs and spreaders of MRSA. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Production Chain )
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18 pages, 3304 KiB  
Article
Exploring Antibiotic Resistance Diversity in Leuconostoc spp. by a Genome-Based Approach: Focus on the lsaA Gene
by Elisa Salvetti, Ilenia Campedelli, Ilaria Larini, Giada Conedera and Sandra Torriani
Microorganisms 2021, 9(3), 491; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/microorganisms9030491 - 26 Feb 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 3230
Abstract
Leuconostoc spp. are environmental microorganisms commonly associated with fermented foods. Absence of antibiotic resistance (AR) in bacteria is a critical issue for global food safety. Herein, we updated the occurrence of AR genes in the Leuconostoc genus through in silico analyses of the [...] Read more.
Leuconostoc spp. are environmental microorganisms commonly associated with fermented foods. Absence of antibiotic resistance (AR) in bacteria is a critical issue for global food safety. Herein, we updated the occurrence of AR genes in the Leuconostoc genus through in silico analyses of the genomes of 17 type strains. A total of 131 putative AR traits associated with the main clinically relevant antibiotics were detected. We found, for the first time, the lsaA gene in L. fallax ATCC 700006T and L. pseudomesenteroides NCDO 768T. Their amino acid sequences displayed high similarities (59.07% and 52.21%) with LsaA of Enterococcusfaecalis V583, involved in clindamycin (CLI) and quinupristin-dalfopristin (QUD) resistance. This trait has different distribution patterns in Leuconostoc nontype strains—i.e., L. pseudomesenteroides, L. lactis and L. falkenbergense isolates from fermented vegetables, cheeses, and starters. To better explore the role of lsaA, MIC for CLI and QUD were assessed in ATCC 700006T and NCDO 768T; both strains were resistant towards CLI, potentially linking lsaA to their resistant phenotype. Contrarily, NCDO 768T was sensitive towards QUD; however, expression of lsaA increased in presence of this antibiotic, indicating an active involvement of this trait and thus suggesting a revision of the QUD thresholds for this species. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Production Chain )
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11 pages, 1003 KiB  
Article
Phenotypic Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Escherichia coli from Raw Meats, Ready-to-Eat Meats, and Their Related Samples in One Health Context
by Frederick Adzitey, Nurul Huda and Amir Husni Mohd Shariff
Microorganisms 2021, 9(2), 326; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/microorganisms9020326 - 05 Feb 2021
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2747
Abstract
Meat is an important food source that can provide a significant amount of protein for human development. The occurrence of bacteria that are resistant to antimicrobials in meat poses a public health risk. This study evaluated the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of E. [...] Read more.
Meat is an important food source that can provide a significant amount of protein for human development. The occurrence of bacteria that are resistant to antimicrobials in meat poses a public health risk. This study evaluated the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance of E. coli (Escherichia coli) isolated from raw meats, ready-to-eat (RTE) meats and their related samples in Ghana. E. coli was isolated using the USA-FDA Bacteriological Analytical Manual and phenotypic antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by the disk diffusion method. Of the 200 examined meats and their related samples, 38% were positive for E. coli. Notably, E. coli was highest in raw beef (80%) and lowest in RTE pork (0%). The 45 E. coli isolates were resistant ≥ 50% to amoxicillin, trimethoprim and tetracycline. They were susceptible to azithromycin (87.1%), chloramphenicol (81.3%), imipenem (74.8%), gentamicin (72.0%) and ciprofloxacin (69.5%). A relatively high intermediate resistance of 33.0% was observed for ceftriaxone. E. coli from raw meats, RTE meats, hands of meat sellers and working tools showed some differences and similarities in their phenotypic antimicrobial resistance patterns. Half (51.1%) of the E. coli isolates exhibited multidrug resistance. The E. coli isolates showed twenty-two different resistant patterns, with a multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.0 to 0.7. The resistant pattern amoxicillin (A, n = 6 isolates) and amoxicillin-trimethoprim (A-TM, n = 6 isolates) were the most common. This study documents that raw meats, RTE meats and their related samples in Ghana are potential sources of antimicrobial-resistant E. coli and pose a risk for the transfer of resistant bacteria to the food chain, environment and humans. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Production Chain )
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19 pages, 1392 KiB  
Article
Antibiotic Resistance and Phylogeny of Pseudomonas spp. Isolated over Three Decades from Chicken Meat in the Norwegian Food Chain
by Even Heir, Birgitte Moen, Anette Wold Åsli, Marianne Sunde and Solveig Langsrud
Microorganisms 2021, 9(2), 207; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/microorganisms9020207 - 20 Jan 2021
Cited by 21 | Viewed by 3349
Abstract
Pseudomonas is ubiquitous in nature and a predominant genus in many foods and food processing environments, where it primarily represents major food spoilage organisms. The food chain has also been reported to be a potential reservoir of antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas. The purpose of [...] Read more.
Pseudomonas is ubiquitous in nature and a predominant genus in many foods and food processing environments, where it primarily represents major food spoilage organisms. The food chain has also been reported to be a potential reservoir of antibiotic-resistant Pseudomonas. The purpose of the current study was to determine the occurrence of antibiotic resistance in psychrotrophic Pseudomonas spp. collected over a time span of 26 years from retail chicken in Norway and characterize their genetic diversity, phylogenetic distribution and resistance genes through whole-genome sequence analyses. Among the 325 confirmed Pseudomonas spp. isolates by 16S rRNA gene sequencing, antibiotic susceptibility profiles of 175 isolates to 12 antibiotics were determined. A subset of 31 isolates being resistant to ≥3 antibiotics were whole-genome sequenced. The isolates were dominated by species of the P. fluorescens lineage. Isolates susceptible to all antibiotics or resistant to ≥3 antibiotics comprised 20.6% and 24.1%, respectively. The most common resistance was to aztreonam (72.6%), colistin (30.2%), imipenem (25.6%) and meropenem (12.6%). Resistance properties appeared relatively stable over the 26-year study period but with taxa-specific differences. Whole-genome sequencing showed high genome variability, where isolates resistant to ≥3 antibiotics belonged to seven species. A single metallo-betalactmase gene (cphA) was detected, though intrinsic resistance determinants dominated, including resistance–nodulation (RND), ATP-binding cassette (ABC) and small multidrug resistance (Smr) efflux pumps. This study provides further knowledge on the distribution of psychrotrophic Pseudomonas spp. in chicken meat and their antibiotic resistance properties. Further monitoring should be encouraged to determine food as a source of antibiotic resistance and maintain the overall favorable situation with regard to antibiotic resistance in the Norwegian food chain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Production Chain )
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13 pages, 1878 KiB  
Communication
Genomic Features of MCR-1 and Extended-Spectrum β-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacterales from Retail Raw Chicken in Egypt
by Mustafa Sadek, José Manuel Ortiz de la Rosa, Mohamed Abdelfattah Maky, Mohamed Korashe Dandrawy, Patrice Nordmann and Laurent Poirel
Microorganisms 2021, 9(1), 195; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/microorganisms9010195 - 19 Jan 2021
Cited by 22 | Viewed by 2821
Abstract
Colistin is considered as a last resort agent for treatment of severe infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE). Recently, plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes (mcr type) have been reported, mainly corresponding to mcr-1 producers. Those mcr-1-positive Enterobacterales have been identified not only [...] Read more.
Colistin is considered as a last resort agent for treatment of severe infections caused by carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE). Recently, plasmid-mediated colistin resistance genes (mcr type) have been reported, mainly corresponding to mcr-1 producers. Those mcr-1-positive Enterobacterales have been identified not only from human isolates, but also from food samples, from animal specimens and from environmental samples in various parts of the world. Our study focused on the occurrence and characterization of mcr-1-positive Enterobacterales recovered from retail raw chicken in Egypt. From the 345 retail chicken carcasses collected, a total of 20 samples allowed to recover mcr-1-positive isolates (Escherichia coli, n = 19; Citrobacter freundii, n = 1). No mcr-2- to mcr-10-positive isolate was identified from those samples. The colistin resistance trait was confirmed for all those 20 isolates with a positivity of the Rapid Polymyxin NP (Nordmann-Poirel) test. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of colistin for all MCR-1-producing isolates ranged between 4 and 16 μg/mL. Noticeably, 9 out of the 20 mcr-1-positive isolates produced an extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL), respectively producing CTX-M-9 (n = 2), CTX-M-14 (n = 4), CTX-M-15 (n = 2), and SHV-12 (n = 1). Noteworthy, the fosA4 gene encoding resistance to fosfomycin was found in a single mcr-1-positive E. coli isolate, in which both genes were located on different conjugative plasmids. The pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns were identified, corresponding to 10 different sequence types (STs), highlighting the genetic diversity of those different E. coli. Whole-genome sequencing revealed three major types of mcr-1-bearing plasmids, corresponding to IncI2, IncX4, and IncHI2 scaffolds. The occurrence of MCR-1-producing multidrug-resistant Enterobacterales in retail raw chicken is of great concern, considering the possibility of transmission to humans through the food chain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Production Chain )
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13 pages, 733 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Antimicrobial Resistance Plasmids Carrying blaCMY-2 on Biofilm Formation by Escherichia coli from the Broiler Production Chain
by Live L. Nesse, Solveig S. Mo, Silje N. Ramstad, Ingun L. Witsø, Camilla Sekse, Anna Eline E. Bruvoll, Anne Margrete Urdahl and Lene K. Vestby
Microorganisms 2021, 9(1), 104; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/microorganisms9010104 - 05 Jan 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 2658
Abstract
Extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli (ESCR E. coli) with plasmids carrying the blaCMY-2 resistance gene have been isolated from the Norwegian broiler production chain through the Norwegian monitoring program for antimicrobial resistance in animals, food and feed, NORM-VET. The aim of the [...] Read more.
Extended-spectrum cephalosporin-resistant Escherichia coli (ESCR E. coli) with plasmids carrying the blaCMY-2 resistance gene have been isolated from the Norwegian broiler production chain through the Norwegian monitoring program for antimicrobial resistance in animals, food and feed, NORM-VET. The aim of the present study was to investigate the biofilm forming abilities of these strains, and in particular to see whether these might be influenced by the carriage of blaCMY-2 plasmids. The ESCR E. coli from the broiler production chain displayed relatively low biofilm forming abilities in the crystal violet biofilm assay as compared to quinolone-resistant E. coli (QREC) from the same population (mean ± SD = 0.686 ± 0.686 vs. 1.439 ± 0.933, respectively). Acquisition of two different blaCMY-2 plasmids by QREC strains reduced their biofilm production in microtiter plates, but not their biofilm production on Congo Red agar plates. Furthermore, motility was reduced, but not planktonic growth. We hypothesize that genes carried by these plasmids may have caused the observed reduction in biofilm formation, possibly mediated through changes in flagellar expression or function. Furthermore, this may help explain the different biofilm forming abilities observed between ESCR E. coli and QREC. The results also indicate that the risk of biofilm reservoirs of antimicrobial resistant E. coli on in the broiler production is lower for ESCR E. coli than for QREC. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Production Chain )
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7 pages, 593 KiB  
Communication
Identification of a blaVIM-1-Carrying IncA/C2 Multiresistance Plasmid in an Escherichia coli Isolate Recovered from the German Food Chain
by Natalie Pauly, Jens Andre Hammerl, Mirjam Grobbel, Annemarie Käsbohrer, Bernd-Alois Tenhagen, Burkhard Malorny, Stefan Schwarz, Diana Meemken and Alexandra Irrgang
Microorganisms 2021, 9(1), 29; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/microorganisms9010029 - 24 Dec 2020
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2386
Abstract
Within the German national monitoring of zoonotic agents, antimicrobial resistance determination also targets carbapenemase-producing (CP) Escherichia coli by selective isolation from food and livestock. In this monitoring in 2019, the CP E. coli 19-AB01133 was recovered from pork shoulder. The isolate was assigned [...] Read more.
Within the German national monitoring of zoonotic agents, antimicrobial resistance determination also targets carbapenemase-producing (CP) Escherichia coli by selective isolation from food and livestock. In this monitoring in 2019, the CP E. coli 19-AB01133 was recovered from pork shoulder. The isolate was assigned to the phylogenetic group B1 and exhibited the multi-locus sequence-type ST5869. Molecular investigations, including whole genome sequencing, of 19-AB01133 revealed that the isolate carried the resistance genes blaVIM-1, blaSHV-5 and blaCMY-13 on a self-transmissible IncA/C2 plasmid. The plasmid was closely related to the previously described VIM-1-encoding plasmid S15FP06257_p from E. coli of pork origin in Belgium. Our results indicate an occasional spread of the blaVIM-1 gene in Enterobacteriaceae of the European pig population. Moreover, the blaVIM-1 located on an IncA/C2 plasmid supports the presumption of a new, probably human source of carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) entering the livestock and food chain sector. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Production Chain )
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11 pages, 529 KiB  
Article
The Effect of Disinfectants on Quinolone Resistant E. coli (QREC) in Biofilm
by Ane Mohr Osland, Lene K. Vestby and Live L. Nesse
Microorganisms 2020, 8(11), 1831; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/microorganisms8111831 - 20 Nov 2020
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 2413
Abstract
The aim of disinfection is to reduce the number of microorganisms on surfaces which is a challenge due to biofilms. In the present study, six quinolone resistant Escherichia coli (QREC) strains with three different biofilm matrix compositions were included to assess the log [...] Read more.
The aim of disinfection is to reduce the number of microorganisms on surfaces which is a challenge due to biofilms. In the present study, six quinolone resistant Escherichia coli (QREC) strains with three different biofilm matrix compositions were included to assess the log10 colony forming units (CFU) reduction effect of three disinfectants at various exposure times on biofilm of different ages and morphotypes. Biofilm was formed on stainless steel coupons for two and five days before transferred to tubes with Virocid 0, 25%, VirkonS 1%, and TP990 1% and left for various exposure times. The biofilms were scraped off and serial dilutions were spread on blood agar plates where colony forming units (CFU) were counted. A mean log10 CFU reduction ≥4 was seen on two-day-old biofilm with VirkonS and Virocid (30 min) but not on five-day old biofilm. TP990 did not display sufficient effect under the conditions tested. The bactericidal effect was inferior to that reported on planktonic bacteria. The findings of this study should be considered when establishing both disinfectant routines and standard susceptibility tests, which further should accommodate E. coli biofilms and not only Pseudomonas as is the case today. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Production Chain )
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19 pages, 1098 KiB  
Article
Antibiogram Signatures of Some Enterobacteria Recovered from Irrigation Water and Agricultural Soil in two District Municipalities of South Africa
by Chidozie Declan Iwu, Erika M du Plessis, Lise Korsten, Nolonwabo Nontongana and Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
Microorganisms 2020, 8(8), 1206; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/microorganisms8081206 - 07 Aug 2020
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2620
Abstract
This study was undertaken to evaluate the antibiogram fingerprints of some Enterobacteria recovered from irrigation water and agricultural soil in two District Municipalities of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa using standard culture-based and molecular methods. The prevalent resistance patterns in the isolates [...] Read more.
This study was undertaken to evaluate the antibiogram fingerprints of some Enterobacteria recovered from irrigation water and agricultural soil in two District Municipalities of the Eastern Cape Province, South Africa using standard culture-based and molecular methods. The prevalent resistance patterns in the isolates follow the order: Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium [tetracycline (92.3%), ampicillin (69.2%)]; Enterobacter cloacae [amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (77.6%), ampicillin (84.5%), cefuroxime (81.0%), nitrofurantoin (81%), and tetracycline (80.3%)]; Klebsiella pneumoniae [amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (80.6%), ampicillin (88.9%), and cefuroxime (61.1%)]; and Klebsiella oxytoca [chloramphenicol (52.4%), amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (61.9%), ampicillin (61.9%), and nitrofurantoin (61.9%)]. Antibiotic resistance genes detected include tetC (86%), sulII (86%), and blaAmpC (29%) in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium., tetA (23%), tetB (23%), tetC (12%), sulI (54%), sulII (54%), catII (71%), blaAmpC (86%), blaTEM (43%), and blaPER (17%) in Enterobacter cloacae., tetA (20%), tetC (20%), tetD (10%), sulI (9%), sulII (18%), FOX (11%) and CIT (11%)-type plasmid-mediated AmpC, blaTEM (11%), and blaSHV (5%) in Klebsiella pneumoniae and blaAmpC (18%) in Klebsiella oxytoca. Our findings document the occurrence of some antibiotic-resistant Enterobacteria in irrigation water and agricultural soil in Amathole and Chris Hani District Municipalities, Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, thus serving as a potential threat to food safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Production Chain )
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7 pages, 766 KiB  
Communication
Spill-Over from Public Health? First Detection of an OXA-48-Producing Escherichia coli in a German Pig Farm
by Alexandra Irrgang, Natalie Pauly, Bernd-Alois Tenhagen, Mirjam Grobbel, Annemarie Kaesbohrer and Jens A. Hammerl
Microorganisms 2020, 8(6), 855; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/microorganisms8060855 - 05 Jun 2020
Cited by 26 | Viewed by 2755
Abstract
Resistance to carbapenems is a severe threat to human health. These last resort antimicrobials are indispensable for the treatment of severe human infections with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. In accordance with their increasing medical impact, carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) might be disseminated from colonized humans [...] Read more.
Resistance to carbapenems is a severe threat to human health. These last resort antimicrobials are indispensable for the treatment of severe human infections with multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria. In accordance with their increasing medical impact, carbapenemase-producing Enterobacteriaceae (CPE) might be disseminated from colonized humans to non-human reservoirs (i.e., environment, animals, food). In Germany, the occurrence of CPE in livestock and food has been systematically monitored since 2016. In the 2019 monitoring, an OXA-48-producing E. coli (19-AB01443) was recovered from a fecal sample of a fattening pig. Phenotypic resistance was confirmed by broth microdilution and further characterized by PFGE, conjugation, and combined short-/long-read whole genome sequencing. This is the first detection of this resistance determinant in samples from German meat production. Molecular characterization and whole-genome sequencing revealed that the blaOXA-48 gene was located on a common pOXA-48 plasmid-prototype. This plasmid-type seems to be globally distributed among various bacterial species, but it was frequently associated with clinical Klebsiella spp. isolates. Currently, the route of introduction of this plasmid/isolate combination into the German pig production is unknown. We speculate that due to its strong correlation with human isolates a transmission from humans to livestock has occurred. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Production Chain )
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Article
Phenotypic and Genotypic Traits of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci from Healthy Food-Producing Animals
by Valerie Wist, Marina Morach, Marianne Schneeberger, Nicole Cernela, Marc J.A. Stevens, Katrin Zurfluh, Roger Stephan and Magdalena Nüesch-Inderbinen
Microorganisms 2020, 8(2), 261; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/microorganisms8020261 - 15 Feb 2020
Cited by 19 | Viewed by 3580 | Correction
Abstract
Food-producing animals may be a reservoir of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), potentially posing a threat to animal and public health. The aims of this study were to estimate the faecal carriage of VRE among healthy cattle (n = 362), pigs (n = [...] Read more.
Food-producing animals may be a reservoir of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), potentially posing a threat to animal and public health. The aims of this study were to estimate the faecal carriage of VRE among healthy cattle (n = 362), pigs (n = 350), sheep (n = 218), and poultry (n = 102 flocks) in Switzerland, and to characterise phenotypic and genotypic traits of the isolates. VRE were isolated from caecum content of six bovine, and 12 porcine samples respectively, and from pooled faecal matter collected from 16 poultry flock samples. All isolates harboured vanA. Two different types of Tn1546-like elements carrying the vanA operon were identified. Conjugal transfer of vanA to human Enterococcus faecalis strain JH2-2 was observed for porcine isolates only. Resistance to tetracycline and erythromycin was frequent among the isolates. Our data show that VRE harbouring vanA are present in healthy food-producing animals. The vanA gene from porcine isolates was transferable to other enterococci and these isolates might play a role in the dissemination of VRE in the food production chain. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Production Chain )
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Correction
Correction: Wist et al. Phenotypic and Genotypic Traits of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci from Healthy Food-Producing Animals. Microorganisms 2020, 8, 261
by Valerie Wist, Marina Morach, Marianne Schneeberger, Nicole Cernela, Marc J. A. Stevens, Katrin Zurfluh, Roger Stephan and Magdalena Nüesch-Inderbinen
Microorganisms 2021, 9(4), 847; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/microorganisms9040847 - 15 Apr 2021
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Abstract
The authors wish to make the following correction to this paper [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Antimicrobial Resistance in the Food Production Chain )
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