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Microorganisms
Special Issues
Disinfection, Sterilization and Decontamination of Microorganisms
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Disinfection, Sterilization and Decontamination of Microorganisms

A special issue of Microorganisms (ISSN 2076-2607). This special issue belongs to the section "Public Health Microbiology".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 June 2022) | Viewed by 19622

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Akikazu Sakudo

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Veterinary Science, Okayama University of Science, Imabari, Ehime 794-8555, Japan
Interests: antimicrobial resistance; bacteria; disinfectants; disinfection and sterilization technologies; food safety; infectious diseases; medical device; prion; public health; virus
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Some microorganisms cause infectious diseases and act as pathogens. Recently, new and re-emerging pathogens have appeared, causing threats to public health. These pathogens include coronaviruses (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 1 (SARS-CoV-1), Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2), highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses, West Nile virus, human metapneumovirus, Japanese encephalitis virus, dengue viruses, hantaviruses, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and Ebola virus, in addition to variant Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease (vCJD) prion. Antimicrobial resistance—sometimes referred to as drug resistance—in bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites is also raising serious public health concerns. In particular, the ongoing pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to SARS-CoV-2 has urged us to elaborate control measures to stop viral transmission and infection.

Decontamination plays a substantial role in reducing and interrupting the environmental spread of pathogens. Recent developments in pathogen inactivation techniques have provided innovative decontamination methods through disinfection and sterilization. It should be noted, however, that some microorganisms are highly resistant to chemical and physical inactivation methods.

Microbial resistance can be classified into the following five categories: very high resistance (prions), high resistance (bacterial spores, protozoan oocysts, and helminth eggs), intermediate resistance (mycobacteria, protozoan cysts, small non-enveloped viruses, and fungal spores), low resistance (vegetative bacteria, protozoa, helminths, fungi, algae, and large non-enveloped viruses), and high susceptibility (enveloped viruses). Understanding the mechanisms of microbial resistance is important for the development of effective inactivation methods. In addition, susceptibility depends on the environment surrounding the microorganism (body fluid, aerosol, water, soil, food), as well as on the presence of microbial resistant structures such as biofilms and spores. Therefore, the susceptibility of microorganisms to disinfection or sterilization needs to be examined under a range of different conditions.

This Special Issue calls for original articles and reviews presenting new and/or improved strategies for microbial chemical and physical inactivation. In particular, new data and discussions are welcomed on the advantages and disadvantages of conventional and newly developed approaches, to achieve more efficient and safe disinfection, sterilization, or decontamination, depending on the type of microorganism.

Dr. Akikazu Sakudo
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Microorganisms is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Aerosol disinfection
  • Antimicrobial resistance
  • Biofilm
  • Disinfection and sterilization technique
  • Environmental hygeine
  • Food safety
  • Healthcare-associated infection
  • Hospital-acquired infection
  • Non-thermal microbial inactivation technology
  • Water disinfection

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

4 pages, 189 KiB  
Editorial
Disinfection, Sterilization, and Decontamination of Pathogens in Medicine
by Akikazu Sakudo
Microorganisms 2023, 11(4), 990; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/microorganisms11040990 - 11 Apr 2023
Viewed by 1625
Abstract
The ongoing coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic caused by SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) is putting our public health services under enormous strain [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disinfection, Sterilization and Decontamination of Microorganisms)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

12 pages, 3644 KiB  
Article
Dialkyl Carbamoyl Chloride–Coated Dressing Prevents Macrophage and Fibroblast Stimulation via Control of Bacterial Growth: An In Vitro Assay
by Silvestre Ortega-Peña, Mario Chopin-Doroteo, Alberto Tejeda-Fernández de Lara, David M. Giraldo-Gómez, Rosa M. Salgado and Edgar Krötzsch
Microorganisms 2022, 10(9), 1825; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/microorganisms10091825 - 13 Sep 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1549
Abstract
In this work, we evaluated the direct effect of a dialkyl carbamoyl chloride (DACC)-coated dressing on Staphylococcus aureus adhesion and growth in vitro, as well as the indirect effect of the dressing on fibroblast and macrophage activity. S. aureus cultures were treated with [...] Read more.
In this work, we evaluated the direct effect of a dialkyl carbamoyl chloride (DACC)-coated dressing on Staphylococcus aureus adhesion and growth in vitro, as well as the indirect effect of the dressing on fibroblast and macrophage activity. S. aureus cultures were treated with the dressing or gauze in Müller-Hinton medium or serum-supplemented Dulbecco’s modified Eagle medium. Bacterial growth and attachment were assessed through colony-forming units (CFU) and residual biomass analyses. Fibroblast and macrophage co-cultures were stimulated with filtered supernatants from the bacterial cultures treated with the DACC-coated dressing, following which tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α/transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 expression and gelatinolytic activity were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) and zymography, respectively. The DACC-coated dressing bound 1.8–6.1% of all of the bacteria in the culture. Dressing-treated cultures presented biofilm formation in the dressing (enabling mechanical removal), with limited formation outside of it (p < 0.001). Filtered supernatants of bacterial cultures treated with the DACC-coated dressing did not over-stimulate TNF-α or TGF-β1 expression (p < 0.001) or increase gelatinolytic activity in eukaryotic cells, suggesting that bacterial cell integrity was maintained. Based on the above data, wound caregivers should consider the use of hydrophobic dressings as a first option for the management of acute or chronic wounds. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disinfection, Sterilization and Decontamination of Microorganisms)
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14 pages, 1971 KiB  
Article
Antiseptic Effects and Biosafety of a Controlled-Flow Electrolyzed Acid Solution Involve Electrochemical Properties, Rather than Free Radical Presence
by Alejandro Cabrera-Wrooman, Silvestre Ortega-Peña, Rosa M. Salgado, Belinda Sandoval-Cuevas and Edgar Krötzsch
Microorganisms 2022, 10(4), 745; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/microorganisms10040745 - 30 Mar 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1712
Abstract
Electrolyzed acid solutions produced by different methods have antiseptic properties due to the presence of chlorine and reactive oxygen species. Our aim was to determine whether a controlled-flow electrolyzed acid solution (CFEAS) has the ability to improve wound healing due to its antiseptic [...] Read more.
Electrolyzed acid solutions produced by different methods have antiseptic properties due to the presence of chlorine and reactive oxygen species. Our aim was to determine whether a controlled-flow electrolyzed acid solution (CFEAS) has the ability to improve wound healing due to its antiseptic and antibiofilm properties. First, we demonstrated in vitro that Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria were susceptible to CFEAS, and the effect was partially sustained for 24 h, evidencing antibiofilm activity (p < 0.05, CFEAS-treated vs. controls). The partial cytotoxicity of CFEAS was mainly observed in macrophages after 6 h of treatment; meanwhile, fibroblasts resisted short-lived free radicals (p < 0.05, CFEAS treated vs. controls), perhaps through redox-regulating mechanisms. In addition, we observed that a single 24 h CFEAS treatment of subacute and chronic human wounds diminished the CFU/g of tissue by ten times (p < 0.05, before vs. after) and removed the biofilm that was adhered to the wound, as we observed via histology from transversal sections of biopsies obtained before and after CFEAS treatment. In conclusion, the electrolyzed acid solution, produced by a novel method that involves a controlled flow, preserves the antiseptic and antibiofilm properties observed in other, similar formulas, with the advantage of being safe for eukaryotic cells; meanwhile, the antibiofilm activity is sustained for 24 h, both in vitro and in vivo. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disinfection, Sterilization and Decontamination of Microorganisms)
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7 pages, 212 KiB  
Communication
Virucidal Effect of the Mesoscopic Structure of CAC-717 on Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2
by Takashi Yokoyama, Tomoyasu Nishimura, Yoshifumi Uwamino, Kenjiro Kosaki, Koichi Furusaki, Rumiko Onishi, Takashi Onodera, Makoto Haritani, Katsuaki Sugiura, Rikio Kirisawa and Naoki Hasegawa
Microorganisms 2021, 9(10), 2096; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/microorganisms9102096 - 04 Oct 2021
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 2485
Abstract
Here, the virucidal effect of calcium bicarbonate with a mesoscopic structure (CAC-717) on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was determined. Assays showed that CAC-717 had a strong virucidal effect on all examined SARS-CoV-2 isolates, including variant strains. The viral infectivity decreased within [...] Read more.
Here, the virucidal effect of calcium bicarbonate with a mesoscopic structure (CAC-717) on severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) was determined. Assays showed that CAC-717 had a strong virucidal effect on all examined SARS-CoV-2 isolates, including variant strains. The viral infectivity decreased within 15 s, and the virucidal activity of CAC-717 at a 1:49 ratio was similar to that of ethanol disinfectant. CAC-717 neutralization eliminated this virucidal effect, indicating that the alkaline condition of CAC-717 is important for virus inactivation and is an indicator of its mesoscopic structure and virucidal activity. The virucidal effect was observed in the presence of organic matter (bovine serum albumin). CAC-717 is a non-invasive and non-flammable substance with a low environmental burden, and its usefulness as a novel disinfectant has been confirmed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disinfection, Sterilization and Decontamination of Microorganisms)

Review

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19 pages, 17280 KiB  
Review
New Clinical Applications of Electrolyzed Water: A Review
by Pianpian Yan, Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri and Deog-Hwan Oh
Microorganisms 2021, 9(1), 136; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/microorganisms9010136 - 08 Jan 2021
Cited by 49 | Viewed by 10866
Abstract
As the situation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still deteriorating, there has been a huge increase in the demand and use of disinfectants. Electrolyzed water (EW), as a novel broad-spectrum disinfectant and cleaner, has been widely used for [...] Read more.
As the situation of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is still deteriorating, there has been a huge increase in the demand and use of disinfectants. Electrolyzed water (EW), as a novel broad-spectrum disinfectant and cleaner, has been widely used for several years. EW can be produced in an electrolysis chamber which contains dilute salt and tap water. It is an effective antimicrobial and antibiofilm agent, with several advantages such as on-the-spot, cheap, environmentally friendly and safe for human beings. Therefore, EW holds potential significance for high-risk settings in hospitals and other clinical facilities. EW can also be applied for wound healing, advanced tissue care, and dental clinics. The present review article highlights the latest developments and new perspectives of EW, especially in clinical fields. Furthermore, the main action modes of antibiofilm and antimicrobial will be summarized. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Disinfection, Sterilization and Decontamination of Microorganisms)
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