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New Methods and Technologies for Mineral Geological and Geophysical Exploration in China

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A special issue of Minerals (ISSN 2075-163X). This special issue belongs to the section "Mineral Exploration Methods and Applications".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (17 June 2022) | Viewed by 28685

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Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Guoqiang Xue

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Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Interests: mineral electromagentic exploration; near-source electromagentic method; data inversion; semi-airborne electromagentic survey; geological interpretation; ore-related/barren rock
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Nannan Zhou

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Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
Interests: electromagnetic theory, electromagnetic methods; geophysical exploration; magmatic Cu-Ni-Co deposits; critical mineral resources
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Dr. Weiying Chen

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Dr. Haiyan Yang

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School of Resources and Geosciences, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
Interests: mineral electromagentic exploration; near-source electromagentic method; data inversion; semi-airborne electromagentic survey; geological interpretation; ore-related/barren rock

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

The sustainable development of China’s social economy is facing the pressure of resource shortages. The external dependence on copper, iron, and potassium reaches 60–85%. With the increase of mineral development, shallow resources are greatly reduced, and the potential of many mines is insufficient, which has become a bottleneck restricting China’s economic development.

Geophysics is an important means of perceiving deep underground targets. Deep geophysical exploration is mainly based on two kinds of methods: acoustic wave, such as seismic exploration (which is similar to B-ultrasound for the earth); and electromagnetic wave, such as electromagnetic exploration (similar to doing CT for the earth). Taking electromagnetic methods as an example, electromagnetic exploration methods play an important role in deep structure, mineral resources, and oil exploration, especially in the analysis of crustal structure and ore field structure, the tracing of regional ore-forming fluid, research on characteristic mineralization and continental geodynamics, research on unconventional natural gas accumulation dynamics, the exploration of concealed deposits and deep oil and gas reservoirs, the investigation of underground water sources, and the exploration of geological environment.

Engineering investigations and works from other fields have made important contributions.

With the development of deep exploration in China, it is of great significance to carry out research on new theories, methods, and technologies of geophysical exploration to ensure the safe supply of mineral resources and promote the sustainable development of the national economy.

We propose a Special Issue in Minerals with title of “New Methods and Technologies for Mineral Geological and Geophysical Exploration in China”. The Issue will include 10–20 articles. We will strictly control the quality of the papers and make sure that the latest credible developments in mineral geological and geophysical exploration will be presented.

Prof. Dr. Guoqiang Xue
Dr. Nannan Zhou
Dr. Weiying Chen
Dr. Haiyan Yang
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Minerals is an international peer-reviewed open access monthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2400 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

electromagnetic exploration
mineral deposit
new methods
deep detection
seismic exploration
ore body

Published Papers (13 papers)

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Research

14 pages, 4749 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Tiny-Fault Detection Strategy Based on Phase Congruency—An Example of Carbonate Reservoir in Ordos Basin, China

by Enli Wang, Hailiang Li, Run He, Wanjin Zhao, Lin Li, Chunhui Xie, Guoliang Yan, Qiyan Chen and Qing Yang

Minerals 2023, 13(3), 306; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/min13030306 - 22 Feb 2023

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1062

Abstract

Tiny-fault detection plays a very important role in the research on the tight oil and gas reservoir in well area X in Ordos Basin, China. In this study, the target formation is the Majiagou dolomite reservoir section under the Ordovician salt with low-amplitude structures generally developed. The conventional attributes extracted from migrated seismic data could not achieve ideal results in detecting hidden faults with small displacement due to slight travel time differences and weak amplitude disturbances. To address this challenge, a segment and fusion strategy was adopted to highlight tiny faults in this region. First, the phase congruency analysis method was used to extract the local edges of coherence to locate the faults. Second, in the extraction process, the coherence was divided into segments according to the fault scales, and then enhanced segment by segment and fused. Third, the empirical formula of the new fault indicator was constructed by the phase congruency features, which can be used to accurately characterize tiny faults. This strategy performs well in both model tests and the migrated seismic data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Methods and Technologies for Mineral Geological and Geophysical Exploration in China)

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16 pages, 5690 KiB

Open AccessArticle

The Test Flight of iFTEM-I Fixed-Wing Airborne Time-Domain Electromagnetic System in Binxian, Heilongjiang Province, China

by Hongshan Zheng, Junfeng Li, Wei Huang, Yu Liu, Fei Li, Qingmin Meng, Qingquan Zhi, Xingchun Wang and Ning Lu

Minerals 2022, 12(7), 890; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/min12070890 - 15 Jul 2022

Viewed by 1349

Abstract

The fixed-wing time-domain airborne electromagnetic method (FTEM) has been widely used in metal mining exploration, groundwater mapping and other fields worldwide, and in recent decades, its use has gradually also become more prevalent in China. The first generation of the fixed-wing time-domain airborne electromagnetic system (iFTEM-I), researched and developed by the Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration (IGGE), has been demonstrated in recent years. In this article, we introduce the brief working principle and system parameters of iFTEM-I, and we show that the effective prospecting depth of iFTEM-I is up to 350 m, which is indicated by a comparison of the results between iFTEM-I and a ground TEM system (TEM-30B) carried out in Binxian. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Methods and Technologies for Mineral Geological and Geophysical Exploration in China)

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15 pages, 4492 KiB

Open AccessFeature PaperArticle

Potential of Phase-Amplitude-Based Multi-Scale Full Waveform Inversion with Total-Variation Regularization for Seismic Imaging of Deep-Seated Ores

by Yongzhong Xu, Yong Hu, Zhou Xie, Liguo Han, Yintao Zhang, Jingyi Yuan, Xiaoguo Wan and Xingliang Deng

Minerals 2022, 12(7), 877; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/min12070877 - 12 Jul 2022

Viewed by 1267

Abstract

As the demand for ore resources increases, the target for mineral exploration gradually shifts from shallow to deep parts of the Earth (>1 km). However, for the ore-hosting strata, it is difficult to obtain high-resolution images by using the electromagnetic method. Seismic full waveform inversion (FWI) is an optimization algorithm which aims at minimizing the prestack seismic data residual between synthetic and observed data. In this case, FWI provides an effective way to achieve high-resolution imaging of subsurface structures. However, acquired seismic data usually lack low frequencies, resulting in severe cycle skipping of FWI, when the initial velocity model is far away from the true one. Phase information in the seismic data provides the kinematic characteristics of waves and has a quasi-linearly relationship with subsurface structures. In this article, we propose to use a phase-amplitude-based full waveform inversion with total-variation regularization (TV-PAFWI) to invert the deep-seated ores. The ore-hosting velocity model test results demonstrate that the TV-PAFWI is suitable for high-resolution velocity model building, especially for deep-seated ores. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Methods and Technologies for Mineral Geological and Geophysical Exploration in China)

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13 pages, 4313 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improving Inversion Quality of IP-Affected TEM Data Using Dual Source

by Qingquan Zhi, Junjie Wu, Xiu Li, Xingchun Wang and Xiaohong Deng

Minerals 2022, 12(6), 684; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/min12060684 - 28 May 2022

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1442

Abstract

The induced polarization (IP) effects in transient electromagnetic (TEM) responses pose difficulties to the TEM data interpretation and inversion. The IP effects break the monotony in TEM decay curves and can even cause sign reversals and lead to the singularity and non-monotony of inversion. The singularity problem is still urgent to be solved. In this paper, the forward modeling method of IP-affected TEM responses is developed using the Cole–Cole model and a frequency-time domain transformation. A TEM data acquisition scheme using a dual-source method without a significant increase in field work is proposed to weaken the singularity and improve the inversion quality finally. Based on the modeling and analysis, the dual-source scheme is designed to guarantee all stations be measured twice with different loops. The joint inversion of dual-source datasets is realized by using an objective combing function and the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm. The synthetic data test proved the validity of the algorithm and illustrated that the joint dual-source method greatly weakened the singularity and stabilized the inversion. The field example of the Baiyun golden deposit showed well consistency with resistivity logging and TEM logging results and predicted the gold mineralization below 2000 m. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Methods and Technologies for Mineral Geological and Geophysical Exploration in China)

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16 pages, 5830 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Improved Integral Equation Method for Rapid 3-D Forward Modeling of Magnetotelluric

by Tianya Luo, Longwei Chen and Xiangyun Hu

Minerals 2022, 12(5), 504; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/min12050504 - 19 Apr 2022

Viewed by 1478

Abstract

Computational cost tremendously restricts the wide application of conventional integral equation (IE) method in large-scale magnetotelluric (MT) modeling. A couple of obstacles limit the developments of traditional MT modeling based on the IE method. They are: O (N2) space complexity of memory requirements for storing coefficients of dense matrix; singularity of Dyadic Green’s function; low efficiency of using digital filtering, such as Hankel transform, to calculate the Bessel function integral within the dyadic Green’s function, as well as inefficiency of accumulative calculation of 3-D discrete convolution. To solve these problems, we use an analytical formula instead of the Hankel transform to compute the integral of the Bessel function and replace a block cell by a spherical cell with the same volume to integrate through the singularity. Because the coefficient matrices are symmetric and antisymmetric three-level block-Toeplitz (BT) and Toeplitz + Hankel matrices, only non-redundant entities of the matrix are computed and stored. Afterwards, 3-D fast Fourier transform (FFT) is used to expedite matrix–vector multiplication at each successive iteration when using the contraction iterative method to solve the system of equations, which decreases memory and time consumption sharply compared with the traditional IE method. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Methods and Technologies for Mineral Geological and Geophysical Exploration in China)

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14 pages, 11281 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

NHF as an Edge Detector of Potential Field Data and Its Application in the Yili Basin

by Tao Chen and Guibin Zhang

Minerals 2022, 12(2), 149; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/min12020149 - 27 Jan 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2217

Abstract

Edge enhancement is a frequently used transformation of potential field data. Its goal is to sharpen the position of the subsurface structures. Here we propose a new method to enhance the edges of the sources causing the potential anomalies called normalized Harris filter (NHF), which is based on the Harris filter and amplitude balance. Three synthetic data sets are used to evaluate the performance of the proposed approach. The presented approach provides a better estimation of the sources’ edges when compared to the other methods. The proposed method is robust to noisy data and can avoid the generation of artificial edges, thereby reducing the ambiguity of interpretation. The testing on real data set from the Yili basin in Northwestern China demonstrates that the new approach highlights several anomalies not shown in the geological map or other methods. The proposed approach also shows the advantages of gradually enhancing the edges of the deep-seated structure. The results demonstrate that the proposed approach may be a better detector in qualitatively determining the edges of sources causing potential field data. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Methods and Technologies for Mineral Geological and Geophysical Exploration in China)

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12 pages, 5362 KiB

Open AccessEditor’s ChoiceArticle

Deep Gold Exploration with SQUID TEM in the Qingchengzi Orefield, Eastern Liaoning, Northeast China

by Junjie Wu, Qingquan Zhi, Xiaohong Deng, Xingchun Wang, Xiaodong Chen, Yi Zhao and Yue Huang

Minerals 2022, 12(1), 102; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/min12010102 - 16 Jan 2022

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2071

Abstract

The Qingchengzi orefield is an important polymetallic ore concentration zone in the northern margin of the North China Craton (NCC). The region has significant metallogenic potential for deep mining. Many areas with gold mineralization have been found in the shallow area of Taoyuan–Xiaotongjiapuzi–Linjiasandaogou in the east of the Qingchengzi orefield. To assess the distribution of mineralization levels, we carried out deep exploration using the transient electromagnetic method (TEM). A superconductive quantum interference device (SQUID) magnetometer and a conventional induction coil were used for field data acquisition. The SQUID data inversion results reflect the bottom interface of the high-conductivity area, the fold state of the underlying dolomite marble stratum, and the deep structural characteristics of the syncline. Secondary crumples appear in the inversion results of the southern segment of TEM, which is inferred as a favorable area for deep gold mineralization. Negative values appear in the SQUID data of some stations, to varying degrees. This induced polarization phenomenon may be related to deep gold mineralization. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Methods and Technologies for Mineral Geological and Geophysical Exploration in China)

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15 pages, 9947 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Three-Dimensional Audio-Magnetotelluric Imaging including Surface Topography of the Cimabanshuo Porphyry Copper Deposit, Tibet

by Ping Qi, Yaotian Yin, Sheng Jin, Wenbo Wei, Liuyang Xu, Hao Dong and Jinhui Huang

Minerals 2021, 11(12), 1424; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/min11121424 - 16 Dec 2021

Cited by 3 | Viewed by 3394

Abstract

Cimabanshuo deposit is a newly discovered porphyry copper (Cu) deposit with giant metallogenic potential, found in the western segment of the Gangdese metallogenic belt, Tibet. The average elevation of the deposit is greater than 5500 m and the terrain on which it is found is steep and complex. Therefore, it is untraversed, and the existing exploration works on it are weak. We used 59 AMT sites belonging to an array covering the main, proven mineralization zone and ore bodies of this deposit for an analysis of its underground electrical structure. Dimensionality and strike analysis revealed the apparent three-dimensional (3D) features near the Cu ore bodies. 3D inversion with topography was conducted for the AMT array data. A large range of high-resistivity anomaly (~500–2000 Ωm) appears beneath the proven Cu mineralization zone and ore bodies, which is interpreted as intrusive rocks with potassic alteration. Although containing chalcopyrite, it is characterized by middle–high resistivity due to a low sulfide content and poor connectivity. Moreover, a series of scattered conductors (~10–300 Ωm) around the Cu ore bodies are distributed in the shallow layer from near the surface to ~200 m, possibly indicating phyllic alteration containing pyritization and connected metal sulfides. The proven ore bodies of Cimabanshuo are mainly located at the junction regions between high-resistivity intrusive rocks and high-conductivity sericitization alteration zones. According to this research, the 3D inversion with topography of AMT data can visually display the 3D distribution of intrusive rocks and alteration zones beneath porphyry Cu deposits in high-elevation regions, and provides a reference for further exploration works. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Methods and Technologies for Mineral Geological and Geophysical Exploration in China)

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17 pages, 3641 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A Geological-Geophysical Prospecting Model for Deep-Seated Gold Deposits in the Jiaodong Peninsula, China

by Mingchun Song, Guoqiang Xue, Hongbo Liu, Yixin Li, Chunyan He, Hongjun Wang, Bin Wang, Yingxin Song and Shiyong Li

Minerals 2021, 11(12), 1393; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/min11121393 - 09 Dec 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 3344

Abstract

The North China Craton is one of China’s major gold-producing areas. Breakthroughs have been continually made in deep prospecting at depths of 500–2000 m in the Jiaodong Peninsula, and geophysical methods have played an important role. Given that the geophysical signals of deep-seated gold deposits are difficult to detect, due to their thick overburden layers, conventional geophysical methods are not suitable for deep prospecting. Therefore, this study upgrades the geological-geophysical prospecting model, which is based on the deep metallogenic model and geophysical method of large exploration depths. Based on the analysis of the metallogenic geological factors of the altered-rock-type gold deposits in the fracture zones of the Jiaodong Peninsula, this study proposes that the gold deposits are controlled by large-scale faults, generally occur near the contact interfaces between the Early Precambrian metamorphic rock series and Mesozoic granitoids, and exhibit a stepped metallogenic model. This model then becomes the prerequisite and basic condition for deep prospecting by geophysical methods. For this reason, the traditional geophysical model, which focuses on the exploration of shallow mineralization anomalies, is transformed into a comprehensive multi-parameter geological-geophysical qualitative prospecting model highlighting the exploration of ore-controlling structural planes. The model adopts various frequency domain methods (e.g., CSAMT, AMT, WFEM), reflection seismology, and other methods to detect the deep geological structure. The characteristics of parameters such as gravity and magnetism, resistivity, polarizability, and the seismic reflection spectrum are applied to identify the ore-controlling fault location and dip angle change, and to estimate the ore-bearing location according to the stepped metallogenic model. The prospecting demonstration of deep-seated gold deposits in the Shuiwangzhuang mining area indicates the effectiveness of the comprehensive model. The comprehensive deep prospecting model effectively solves the problem of deep prospecting of gold deposits controlled by faults, promotes the great breakthrough of deep prospecting in the Jiaodong Peninsula, and provides an important technology demonstration for deep prospecting throughout China. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Methods and Technologies for Mineral Geological and Geophysical Exploration in China)

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14 pages, 7674 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Application of the AMT Method to Gold Deposits: A Case Study in the Qinling Metallogenic Belt of North China Craton

by Fengchun Li, Qingdong Zeng, Rixiang Zhu, Shaoxiong Chu, Wei Xie, Bolin Zhang and Xingxing Zhang

Minerals 2021, 11(11), 1200; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/min11111200 - 28 Oct 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2059

Abstract

The Lushi gold polymetallic ore-concentration area, located in the southern margin of North China Craton, is an important polymetallic ore district in the Qinling metallogenic belt. The Jianbeigou gold deposit is an important quartz vein type gold deposit in this district. In order to reveal the geological structure of the Jianbeigou gold deposit to guide deep prospecting, the EH4 conductivity image system was used in the Jianbeigou area. The sections obtained by the audio magnetotellurics method (AMT) indicate that the steeply dipping low resistivity zone in the area has a good corresponding relationship with the location of the known shallow ore bodies, and an extension in the deep. The low resistivity anomaly zone obtained by the inversion results are well correlated with the gold mineralization zone of the ore bodies, indicating good deep prospecting and exploration potential in this area. Based on geological and geophysical evidences, this paper inferred the possible occurrence location and depth range of the buried ore bodies. The AMT survey results reflect good exploration potential of the mining area and provide a geophysical basis for deep prospecting. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Methods and Technologies for Mineral Geological and Geophysical Exploration in China)

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17 pages, 5338 KiB

Open AccessArticle

A FORTRAN Program to Model Magnetic Gradient Tensor at High Susceptibility Using Contraction Integral Equation Method

by Longwei Chen and Fang Ouyang

Minerals 2021, 11(10), 1129; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/min11101129 - 14 Oct 2021

Viewed by 2452

Abstract

The magnetic gradient tensor provides a powerful tool for detecting magnetic bodies because of its ability to emphasize detailed features of the magnetic anomalies. To interpret field measurements obtained by magnetic gradiometry, the forward calculation of magnetic gradient fields is always necessary. In this paper, we present a contraction integral equation method to simulate the gradient fields produced by 3-D magnetic bodies of arbitrary shapes and high susceptibilities. The method employs rectangular prisms to approximate the source region with the assumption that the magnetization in each element is homogeneous. The gradient fields are first solved in the Fourier domain and then transformed into the spatial domain by 2-D Gauss-FFT. This calculation is performed iteratively until the required accuracy is reached. The convergence of the iterative procedure is ensured by a contraction operator. To facilitate application, we introduce a FORTRAN program to implement the algorithm. This program is intended for users who show interests in 3D magnetic modeling at high susceptibility. The performance of the program, including its computational accuracy, efficiency and convergence behavior, is tested by several models. Numerical results show that the code is computationally accurate and efficient, and performs well at a wide range of magnetic susceptibilities from 0 SI to 1000 SI. This work, therefore, provides a significant tool for 3D forward modeling of magnetic gradient fields at high susceptibility. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Methods and Technologies for Mineral Geological and Geophysical Exploration in China)

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25 pages, 8289 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Prospecting Potential of the Yanjingou Gold Deposit in the East Kunlun Orogen, NW China: Evidence from Primary Halo Geochemistry and In Situ Pyrite Thermoelectricity

by Jinjian Wu, Qingdong Zeng, Zhanhao Wei, Hongrui Fan, Kuifeng Yang, Zheming Zhang, Xinghui Li, Gaizhong Liang and Fan Xia

Minerals 2021, 11(10), 1117; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/min11101117 - 12 Oct 2021

Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1814

Abstract

The Wulonggou Au district in the East Kunlun Orogen is one of the most important Au producing regions in China. The Yanjingou Au deposit occurs within a shear zone in the northeastern Wulonggou Au district. Based on detailed field investigations, geochemical data for the primary halo, and in situ thermoelectric data for pyrite, the following key results were obtained: (1) the Yanjingou Au deposit has the fractured-altered-rock type gold mineralization that is arsenopyrite-rich; (2) elemental correlations and cluster analysis show that Au and As are the most diagnostic elements; (3) geochemical data for the primary halo indicate the deposit is a shallow supra-ore halo ore body; and (4) in situ pyrite thermoelectric data show that the proportion of P-type pyrite is >80% and the detachment rate is 50%, which can be inferred that the location of the ore body is shallow. Based on our data, we present a mineralization prediction model for the ore body. The Yanjingou Au deposit has a good mineralization and high prospecting potential, with at least half of the ore body being concealed at depth, which has important scientific guiding significance for the breakthrough of prospecting and exploration. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Methods and Technologies for Mineral Geological and Geophysical Exploration in China)

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20 pages, 3792 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Seismic Random Noise Attenuation Using a Tied-Weights Autoencoder Neural Network

by Huailai Zhou, Yangqin Guo and Ke Guo

Minerals 2021, 11(10), 1089; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/min11101089 - 03 Oct 2021

Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2306

Abstract

Random noise is unavoidable in seismic data acquisition due to anthropogenic impacts or environmental influences. Therefore, random noise suppression is a fundamental procedure in seismic signal processing. Herein, a deep denoising convolutional autoencoder network based on self-supervised learning was developed herein to attenuate seismic random noise. Unlike conventional methods, our approach did not use synthetic clean data or denoising results as a training label to build the training and test sets. We directly used patches of raw noise data to establish the training set. Subsequently, we designed a robust deep convolutional neural network (CNN), which only depended on the input noise dataset to learn hidden features. The mean square error was then evaluated to establish the cost function. Additionally, tied weights were used to reduce the risk of over-fitting and improve the training speed to tune the network parameters. Finally, we denoised the target work area signals using the trained CNN network. The final denoising result was obtained after patch recombination and inverse operation. Results based on synthetic and real data indicated that the proposed method performs better than other novel denoising methods without loss of signal quality loss. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue New Methods and Technologies for Mineral Geological and Geophysical Exploration in China)

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