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Veterinary Drugs

A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Medicinal Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 September 2022) | Viewed by 30876

Special Issue Editors

Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca, 400372 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
Interests: biochemistry and molecular biology; cell biology; veterinary sciences
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Department Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj Napoca, 400372 Cluj Napoca, Romania
Interests: oxidative stress; in vivo antioxidants activity; antioxidant enzymes; natural antioxidants; mammary gland infectious diseases; milk proteomics
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Department Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj Napoca, 400372 Cluj Napoca, Romania
Interests: natural antioxidants; oxidative stress; reactive oxygen species; in vitro antioxidant tests; lipophilic compounds; chromatograph
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Treating diseases with medicinal substances has been attempted since ancestral times, initially in a primitive and empiric way, but gradually developing into a well-defined science, with strict norms and very clear protocols. Up until quite recently, veterinary drugs have been developed together with human drugs, without clear differentiation between the two. Nevertheless, during recent decades, a clear distinction between drugs intended for human and animal use was made, although some molecules are used in both branches of medicine.

Veterinary drugs are substances that are administered to animals in order to prevent or treat a certain disease, to facilitate a certain diagnosis, or to modify various normal behaviors (tranquilizers) or functions (estrus synchronization, ovulation, increase of growth rate, improve milk production or provide chemical castration).

The strict regulations that apply for human drugs production can nowadays be found in the veterinary pharmaceutical industry as well, with very well-established quality control keys, and thorough standard operation procedures that ensure the high-quality standard of the end product. Some of those guidelines imply that veterinary drugs must first and foremost be as harmless as possible to the animal patient, but at the same time, be effective in treating the targeted disease. Moreover, drugs intended for use in food-producing animals must also not pose a risk for human consumers of products derived from treated animals.

In order to prove the high quality of a veterinary drug (as demonstrated by its efficacy and safety), a certain molecule must go through a challenging process of validation, which involves top-quality scientific research and thorough testing. Thus, this Special Issue welcomes original research and reviews of literature that refer to:

  • Pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of veterinary drugs;
  • Toxicology studies on veterinary drugs;
  • Food safety and analytical chemistry of all classes of drugs used in veterinary medicine.

Dr. Mihai Cosmin Cenariu
Dr. Sanda Andrei
Prof. Dr. Adela Pintea
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Molecules is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2700 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • veterinary drugs
  • veterinary pharmacology and pharmacokinetics
  • veterinary drug toxicology
  • food safety
  • analytical chemistry

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Published Papers (12 papers)

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Research

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14 pages, 1476 KiB  
Article
The Effects of Different Doses of ROCK Inhibitor, Antifreeze Protein III, and Boron Added to Semen Extender on Semen Freezeability of Ankara Bucks
by Ömer Faruk Karaşör, Mustafa Numan Bucak, Mihai Cenariu, Mustafa Bodu, Mehmet Taşpınar and Filiz Taşpınar
Molecules 2022, 27(22), 8070; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27228070 - 21 Nov 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1749
Abstract
In the presented study, the effects of ROCK inhibitor Y-27632, antifreeze protein III, and boron at two different doses were investigated on the spermatological parameters of Ankara buck semen after freeze–thawing. Ejaculates were collected from bucks using an electroejaculator during the breeding season. [...] Read more.
In the presented study, the effects of ROCK inhibitor Y-27632, antifreeze protein III, and boron at two different doses were investigated on the spermatological parameters of Ankara buck semen after freeze–thawing. Ejaculates were collected from bucks using an electroejaculator during the breeding season. The ejaculates that showed appropriate characteristics were pooled and used in the dilution and freezing of semen. The extender groups were formed by adding two different doses of three different additives (ROCK inhibitor Y-27632, 5 and 20 µM; antifreeze protein III, 1 and 4 µg/mL; boron, 0.25 and 1 mM) to the control extender. The semen was diluted with the different extenders at 35–37 °C and loaded into straws. Sperm samples frozen in liquid nitrogen vapors, following equilibration, were stored in liquid nitrogen. It was observed that extender supplementation improved post-thaw motility of Ankara buck semen after freeze–thawing. Differences were significant (p < 0.01) for 5 and 10 µM doses of ROCK inhibitor (71.82% and 74.04 % motility), as well as for 0.25 and 1 mM doses of boron (76.36% and 72.08% motility), compared to the control group (66.15% motility). With respect to the evaluation of acrosomal integrity and mitochondrial activity after freeze–thawing, although supplementation provided protection at all doses, the efficacy was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). It was observed that DNA damage was improved by antifreeze protein III at 1 µg/mL (1.23% ± 0.23%) and by boron at all doses (0.25 mM: 1.83% and 1 mM: 1.18%) compared to the control group (3.37%) (p < 0.01), following the thawing process. In the present study, it was determined that some additives added to the extender provided significant improvements in buck spermatozoa motility and DNA damage after thawing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Drugs)
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14 pages, 2179 KiB  
Article
Candida Genus Maximum Incidence in Boar Semen Even after Preservation, Is It Not a Risk for AI though?
by Ștefan G. Ciornei, Dan Drugociu and Petru Roşca
Molecules 2022, 27(21), 7539; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27217539 - 03 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1212
Abstract
There is little information in the literature about the fungal contamination of boar semen and its persistence during storage. The challenge of this study was to perform a mycological screening to identify the yeast in the raw semen at 12/24 h after dilution. [...] Read more.
There is little information in the literature about the fungal contamination of boar semen and its persistence during storage. The challenge of this study was to perform a mycological screening to identify the yeast in the raw semen at 12/24 h after dilution. The research was done in pig farms in the N-E area of Romania, with maximum biosecurity and state-of-the-art technology. All the examined ejaculates (101) were considered to be normal for each spermogram parameter, with microbiological determinations in T0 at the time of ejaculate collection, T1 at the time of dilution, and T2 at 24 h of storage. Microbiological determinations (mycological spermogram) were performed for quantitative (LogCFU/mL) and qualitative (typification of fungal genera) identification. Bacterial burden (×103 LogCFU/mL) after dilution (T1) decreased drastically (p < 0.0001) compared to the one in the raw semen (T0). After 24 h of storage at 17 °C, the mean value of the bacteriospermia remained constant at an average value of 0.44. Mycospermia had a constant trend at T0 (raw) and T1 (0.149 vs. 0.140) and was slightly higher at T2 (0.236). The difference between T1 vs. T2 (p = 0.0419) was close to the statistical reference value (p = 0.05). Of the total genera identified (24), the fungi had a proportion of 37.4% (9/15) and a ratio of 1:1.6. Regarding the total species (34), the fungi had a frequency of 29.42% (10/24) with a ratio between the fungi and bacteria of 1:2.4. A fertility rate of 86% was observed in the L1 group (50 AI sows with doses and mycospermia from T1), and an 82% rate was observed in the L2 group (50 AI sows with doses and mycospermia from T2). The litter size of L1 was 9.63 piglets and 9.56 for L2. Regarding the total number of piglets obtained between the two groups, there was a slight decrease of 22 piglets in group L2, without statistical differences (p > 0.05). The predominant genera persisted after dilution during a 12 h storage at 17 °C, where yeasts, such as Candida parapsilosis and C. sake were identified in more than 92% of AI doses. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Drugs)
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14 pages, 1646 KiB  
Article
Utilization of Rosmarinic and Ascorbic Acids for Maturation Culture Media in Order to Increase Sow Oocyte Quality Prior to IVF
by Oana-Maria Boldura, Simona Marc, Gabriel Otava, Ioan Hutu, Cornel Balta, Camelia Tulcan and Calin Mircu
Molecules 2021, 26(23), 7215; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26237215 - 28 Nov 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1975
Abstract
The beneficial effect of antioxidant supplementation in maturation culture media of sow oocytes was evaluated by the expression quantification of apoptotic genes and the genes that ensure stability of germ cells during fertilization. The oocytes were cultivated for 44 h in conventional medium [...] Read more.
The beneficial effect of antioxidant supplementation in maturation culture media of sow oocytes was evaluated by the expression quantification of apoptotic genes and the genes that ensure stability of germ cells during fertilization. The oocytes were cultivated for 44 h in conventional medium (C) or in medium supplemented with 105 µM rosmarinic acid (R) and 0.5 mM ascorbic acid (A) and classified into three quality classes by morphological observation from which the total RNA was isolated. The gene expression of Ptx3 and the apoptotic regulator p53, Bax and BCL-2 were evaluated by quantitative PCR technique. The decreased expression of the Bax gene in the A and R groups, compared to the control, indicates a protective role of antioxidants in the cells. Cell homeostasis was maintained, as reflected in the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 in class I COCs (cumulus-oocyte complex) regardless of the experimental group, indicating minimum cellular stress. The expression of p53 genes was higher in all class III COC, but in A1 and R1 the expression was lower than in C1, and a similar Ptx-3 gene decreased significantly in groups A1, A2, A3 and R1 compared with control groups. Antioxidant supplementation showed beneficial effects on all morphological classes of pig COCs. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Drugs)
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15 pages, 317 KiB  
Article
Total Aseptization of Boar Semen, to Increase the Biosecurity of Reproduction in Swine
by Ştefan Ciornei, Dan Drugociu, Liliana Margareta Ciornei, Mihai Mareş and Petru Roşca
Molecules 2021, 26(20), 6183; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26206183 - 13 Oct 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2018
Abstract
The aim of the study was to establish the complete microbiological profile of boar semen (Sus scrofa domesticus) and to choose the most effective antiseptic measures in order to control and optimize AI reproduction in pig farms. One hundred and one [...] Read more.
The aim of the study was to establish the complete microbiological profile of boar semen (Sus scrofa domesticus) and to choose the most effective antiseptic measures in order to control and optimize AI reproduction in pig farms. One hundred and one semen samples were collected and analyzed from several pig farms. The microbiological profile of ejaculates was determined by evaluating the degree of contamination of fresh semen and after dilution with specific extenders. The bacterial and fungal load of fresh boar semen recorded an average value of 82.41/0.149 × 103 CFU/mL, while after diluting the ejaculates the contamination value was 0.354/0.140 × 103 CFU/mL. Twenty-four germs (15 bacterial and 9 fungal species) were isolated, the most common being Candida parapsilosis/sake (92%) and Escherichia coli (81.2%). Modification of the sperm collection protocol (HPBC) reduced contamination in raw sperm by 49.85% in bacteria (significant (p < 0.00001) and by 9.67% in fungi (non-significant (p < 0.111491). The load in bacteria and filamentous fungi can be controllable, but not in levuras fungi. Some fluconazole-added extenders (12.5 mg%), ensure fungal aseptization, and even an increase in sperm progressivity (8.39%) for at least a 12 h shelf life after dilution. Validation of sperm aseptization was done by maintaining sow fecundity unchanged after AI (insignificant p > 0.05). Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Drugs)
18 pages, 3955 KiB  
Article
Oclacitinib, a Janus Kinase Inhibitor, Reduces the Frequency of IL-4- and IL-10-, but Not IFN-γ-, Producing Murine CD4+ and CD8+ T Cells and Counteracts the Induction of Type 1 Regulatory T Cells
by Agnieszka Jasiecka-Mikołajczyk, Jerzy J. Jaroszewski and Tomasz Maślanka
Molecules 2021, 26(18), 5655; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26185655 - 17 Sep 2021
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2724
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to broaden the knowledge and understanding of the effects of oclacitinib (OCL), a Janus kinase inhibitor, on T cells in the context of both the immune mechanisms underlying anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties of the drug and [...] Read more.
The purpose of the present study was to broaden the knowledge and understanding of the effects of oclacitinib (OCL), a Janus kinase inhibitor, on T cells in the context of both the immune mechanisms underlying anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic properties of the drug and its safety. The results indicate that beneficial effects of OCL in the treatment of skin allergic diseases may be partially mediated by the inhibition of IL-4 production in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. To a certain extent, the antiproliferative effect of OCL on CD8+ T cells may also contribute to its therapeutic effect. The study found that OCL does not affect the proliferation of CD4+ T cells or the number of IFN-γ- and IL-17-producing CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Moreover, OCL was found to counteract the induction of type 1 regulatory T (Tr1) cells and to act as a strong inhibitor of IL-10 production in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Thus, these results indicate that beneficial effects of OCL in the treatment of skin allergic diseases are not mediated through: (a) the abolishment of IFN-γ and IL-17-production in CD4+ and CD8+ T cells; (b) generation of Tr1 cells; (c) inhibition of CD4+ T cell proliferation; (d) induction of IL-10 production in CD4+ T cells. The results of this study strongly suggest that, with respect to the evaluated parameters, OCL exerts a suppressive effect on Th2- but not Th1-mediated immunity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Drugs)
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16 pages, 2785 KiB  
Article
Species Differences in Metabolism of Soluble Epoxide Hydrolase Inhibitor, EC1728, Highlight the Importance of Clinically Relevant Screening Mechanisms in Drug Development
by Cindy B. McReynolds, Jun Yang, Alonso Guedes, Christophe Morisseau, Roberto Garcia, Heather Knych, Caitlin Tearney, Briana Hamamoto, Sung Hee Hwang, Karen Wagner and Bruce D. Hammock
Molecules 2021, 26(16), 5034; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26165034 - 19 Aug 2021
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1920
Abstract
There are few novel therapeutic options available for companion animals, and medications rely heavily on repurposed drugs developed for other species. Considering the diversity of species and breeds in companion animal medicine, comprehensive PK exposures in the companion animal patient is often lacking. [...] Read more.
There are few novel therapeutic options available for companion animals, and medications rely heavily on repurposed drugs developed for other species. Considering the diversity of species and breeds in companion animal medicine, comprehensive PK exposures in the companion animal patient is often lacking. The purpose of this paper was to assess the pharmacokinetics after oral and intravenous dosing in domesticated animal species (dogs, cats, and horses) of a novel soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor, EC1728, being developed for the treatment of pain in animals. Results: Intravenous and oral administration revealed that bioavailability was similar for dogs, and horses (42 and 50% F) but lower in mice and cats (34 and 8%, respectively). Additionally, clearance was similar between cats and mice, but >2× faster in cats vs. dogs and horses. Efficacy with EC1728 has been demonstrated in mice, dogs, and horses, and despite the rapid clearance of EC1728 in cats, analgesic efficacy was demonstrated in an acute pain model after intravenous but not oral dosing. Conclusion: These results demonstrate that exposures across species can vary, and investigation of therapeutic exposures in target species is needed to provide adequate care that addresses efficacy and avoids toxicity. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Drugs)
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18 pages, 934 KiB  
Article
Modulation of the PGE2-Mediated Pathway in the Eclosion Blocking Effect of Flumethrin and Terpenoid Subfraction Isolated from Artemesia nilagirica in Rhipicephalus annulatus
by Panicker Devyani Ramachandran, Mahesh Doddadasarahalli Muniyappa, Sreelekha Kanapadinchareveetil, Suresh Narayanan Nair, Karapparambu Gopalan Ajithkumar, Sujith Samraj, Anoopraj Rajappan, Anju Varghese, Deepa Chundayil Kalarickal, Reghu Ravindran, Srikanta Ghosh and Sanis Juliet
Molecules 2021, 26(16), 4905; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26164905 - 13 Aug 2021
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2011
Abstract
Prostaglandins are a group of important cell-signaling molecules involved in the regulation of ovarian maturation, oocyte development, egg laying and associated behaviors in invertebrates. However, the presence of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the key enzymes for PGE2 biosynthesis and its [...] Read more.
Prostaglandins are a group of important cell-signaling molecules involved in the regulation of ovarian maturation, oocyte development, egg laying and associated behaviors in invertebrates. However, the presence of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), the key enzymes for PGE2 biosynthesis and its interference by drugs were not investigated previously in the ovary of ticks. The present study was undertaken to assess the modulation of the PGE2-mediated pathway in the eclosion blocking effect of flumethrin and terpenoid subfraction isolated from Artemisia nilagirica in Rhipicephalus annulatus ticks. The acaricidal activities and chemical profiling of the terpenoid subfraction were performed. The localization of the cyclooxygenase1 (COX1) and prostaglandin E synthase (PGES) enzymes and the quantification of PGE2 in the ovaries of the ticks treated with methanol (control), flumethrin and terpenoid subfraction were also undertaken. In addition, the vitellogenin concentration in hemolymph was also assayed. Both flumethrin and the terpenoid subfraction of A. nilagirica elicited a concentration-dependent inhibition of fecundity and blocking of hatching of the eggs. The COX1 could not be detected in the ovaries of treated and control ticks, while there was no significant difference observed in the concentration of vitellogenin (Vg) in them. The presence of PGES in the oocytes of control ticks was confirmed while the immunoreactivities against PGES were absent in the vitellogenic oocytes of ticks treated with flumethrin and terpenoid subfraction. The levels of PGE2 were below the detection limit in the ovaries of the flumethrin-treated ticks, while it was significantly lower in the ovaries of the terpenoid subfraction-treated ticks. Hence, the prostaglandin E synthase and PGE2 were identified as very important mediators for the signaling pathway for ovarian maturation and oviposition in ticks. In addition, the key enzyme for prostaglandin biosynthesis, PGES and the receptors for PGE2 can be exploited as potential drug targets for tick control. The detection of PGES by immunohistochemistry and quantification of PGE2 by LC-MSMS can be employed as valuable tools for screening newer compounds for their eclosion blocking acaricidal effects. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Drugs)
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10 pages, 961 KiB  
Article
Disposition Kinetics of Amitraz in Lactating Does
by Sathish Nanjundappa, Suresh Narayanan Nair, Darsana Udayan, Sreelekha Kanapadinchareveetil, Mathew Jacob, Reghu Ravindran and Sanis Juliet
Molecules 2021, 26(16), 4769; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26164769 - 06 Aug 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2187
Abstract
Amitraz, a member of the formamidine pesticide family, commonly used for ectoparasite control, is applied as a dip or low-pressure hand spray to cattle and swine, and the neck collar on dogs. Data on amitraz were generated mainly on laboratory animals, hens, dogs, [...] Read more.
Amitraz, a member of the formamidine pesticide family, commonly used for ectoparasite control, is applied as a dip or low-pressure hand spray to cattle and swine, and the neck collar on dogs. Data on amitraz were generated mainly on laboratory animals, hens, dogs, and baboons. The data on the toxicity and disposition of amitraz in animals and its residues in the milk are inadequate. Therefore, the present study was intended to analyze the disposition kinetics of amitraz and its pattern of elimination in the milk of lactating does after a single dermal application at a concentration of 0.25%. Blood at predetermined time intervals and milk twice daily were collected for eight days post application. The drug concentration was assayed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Amitraz was detected in whole blood as early as 0.5 h, which attained a peak concentration at 12 ± 5 h, followed by a steady decline; however, detection persisted until 168 h. Amitraz was present in the blood at its 50% Cmax even after 48 h, and was still detectable after 7 days. The disposition after a single dermal application was best described non-compartmentally. The mean terminal half-life (t1/2), mean residence time (MRT), and area under the curve (AUC0–t) were 111 ± 31 h, 168 ± 39 h, and 539 ± 211 µg/mL/h, respectively. The apparent volume of distribution (Vdarea) was 92 ± 36 mL/g with an observed clearance (Cl) of 0.57 ± 0.33 mL/kg/h. Thus, the drug was well absorbed, widely distributed and slowly eliminated from the animal body. Amitraz achieved milk concentration approximating 0.2 per cent of the total dose after a single exposure and the steady-state elimination of amitraz in milk above the recommended maximum residue limit (MRL) of 0.01 mg/kg can act as a source of public health concern when applied on lactating animals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Drugs)
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9 pages, 282 KiB  
Article
Prevalence of Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria from Conjunctival Flora in an Eye Infection Prone Breed (Saint Bernard)
by George Cosmin Nadăș, Cristiana Ștefania Novac, Ioana Adriana Matei, Cosmina Maria Bouari, Zoltan Miklos Gal, Octavia Maria Tamas-Krumpe, Adrian Maximilian Macri and Nicodim Iosif Fiț
Molecules 2021, 26(8), 2219; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26082219 - 12 Apr 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2204
Abstract
The conjunctival bacterial resident and opportunistic flora of dogs may represent a major source of dissemination of pathogens throughout the environment or to other animals and humans. Nevertheless, contamination with bacteria from external sources is common. In this context, the study of the [...] Read more.
The conjunctival bacterial resident and opportunistic flora of dogs may represent a major source of dissemination of pathogens throughout the environment or to other animals and humans. Nevertheless, contamination with bacteria from external sources is common. In this context, the study of the antimicrobial resistance (AMR) pattern may represent an indicator of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains exchange. The present study was focused on a single predisposed breed—Saint Bernard. The evaluated animals were healthy, but about half had a history of ocular disease/treatment. The swabs collected from conjunctival sacs were evaluated by conventional microbiological cultivation and antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST). The most prevalent Gram-positive was Staphylococcus spp.; regardless of the history, while Gram-negative was Pseudomonas spp.; exclusively from dogs with a history of ocular disease/treatment. Other identified genera were represented by Bacillus, Streptococcus, Trueperella, Aeromonas and Neisseria. The obtained results suggest a possible association between the presence of mixed flora and a history of ocular disease/treatment. A high AMR was generally observed (90%) in all isolates, especially for kanamycin, doxycycline, chloramphenicol and penicillin. MDR was recorded in Staphylococcus spp. and Pseudomonas spp. This result together with a well-known zoonotic potential may suggest an exchange of these strains within animal human populations and the environment. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Drugs)
8 pages, 1074 KiB  
Article
Efficacy of Souroubea-Platanus Dietary Supplement Containing Triterpenes in Beagle Dogs Using a Thunderstorm Noise-Induced Model of Fear and Anxiety
by Aleksandar Masic, Gary Landsberg, Bill Milgram, Zul Merali, Tony Durst, Pablo Sanchez Vindas, Mario Garcia, John Baker, Rui Liu and John Arnason
Molecules 2021, 26(7), 2049; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26072049 - 03 Apr 2021
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 2066
Abstract
A novel botanical dietary supplement, formulated as a chewable tablet containing a defined mixture of Souroubea spp. vine and Platanus spp. Bark, was tested as a canine anxiolytic for thunderstorm noise-induced stress (noise aversion). The tablet contained five highly stable triterpenes and delivered [...] Read more.
A novel botanical dietary supplement, formulated as a chewable tablet containing a defined mixture of Souroubea spp. vine and Platanus spp. Bark, was tested as a canine anxiolytic for thunderstorm noise-induced stress (noise aversion). The tablet contained five highly stable triterpenes and delivered 10 mg of the active ingredient betulinic acid (BA) for an intended 1 mg/kg dose in a 10 kg dog. BA in tablets was stable for 30 months in storage at 23 °C. Efficacy of the tablets in reducing anxiety in dogs was assessed in a blinded, placebo-controlled study by recording changes in blood cortisol levels and measures of behavioral activity in response to recorded intermittent thunder. Sixty beagles were assigned into groups receiving: placebo, 0.5×, 1×, 2×, and 4× dose, or the positive control (diazepam), for five days. Reduction in anxiety measures was partially dose-dependent and the 1× dose was effective in reducing inactivity time (p = 0.0111) or increased activity time (p = 0.0299) compared with placebo, indicating a decrease in anxiety response. Cortisol measures also showed a dose-dependent reduction in cortisol in dogs treated with the test tablet. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Drugs)
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Review

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10 pages, 843 KiB  
Review
Pain Management and Analgesics Used in Small Mammals during Post-Operative Period with an Emphasis on Metamizole (Dipyrone) as an Alternative Medication
by Georgiana Lupu, Lucia Bel and Sanda Andrei
Molecules 2022, 27(21), 7434; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27217434 - 01 Nov 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 4317
Abstract
Metamizole (dipyrone) is a widely used non-opioid analgesic in both human and animal medicine. Metamizole’s safety has been the topic of numerous opposing debates, given the fact that in certain countries metamizole is frequently used as an over-the-counter (OTC) medicine, while in others [...] Read more.
Metamizole (dipyrone) is a widely used non-opioid analgesic in both human and animal medicine. Metamizole’s safety has been the topic of numerous opposing debates, given the fact that in certain countries metamizole is frequently used as an over-the-counter (OTC) medicine, while in others it is banned due to the risk of agranulocytosis. Further, small mammals such as rabbits, ferrets, rodents, and hedgehogs have become some of the most common pets present in veterinary practice, and each of these species has specific analgesic needs due to their anatomy and physiology. The key to providing appropriate medical care is in finding a substance that has minimal negative effects. In small mammals, analgesia is an important factor and, it happens frequently that, pain in these patients is not well managed. Post-operative pain management is an important topic in the welfare of animals. The objectives of this review, thus, were to provide a concise overview of analgesics that are used in the treatment of postoperative pain in small mammals (e.g., rabbits and rodents) and to highlight the importance of this product, metamizole, in veterinary medicine, as well as the potential of this substance as an alternative analgesic for the treatment of postoperative pain in small mammals. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Drugs)
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19 pages, 739 KiB  
Review
Fate of Biodegradable Engineered Nanoparticles Used in Veterinary Medicine as Delivery Systems from a One Health Perspective
by Constantin Cerbu, Melanie Kah, Jason C. White, Carlos E. Astete and Cristina M. Sabliov
Molecules 2021, 26(3), 523; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26030523 - 20 Jan 2021
Cited by 17 | Viewed by 3995
Abstract
The field of veterinary medicine needs new solutions to address the current challenges of antibiotic resistance and the need for increased animal production. In response, a multitude of delivery systems have been developed in the last 20 years in the form of engineered [...] Read more.
The field of veterinary medicine needs new solutions to address the current challenges of antibiotic resistance and the need for increased animal production. In response, a multitude of delivery systems have been developed in the last 20 years in the form of engineered nanoparticles (ENPs), a subclass of which are polymeric, biodegradable ENPs, that are biocompatible and biodegradable (pbENPs). These platforms have been developed to deliver cargo, such as antibiotics, vaccines, and hormones, and in general, have been shown to be beneficial in many regards, particularly when comparing the efficacy of the delivered drugs to that of the conventional drug applications. However, the fate of pbENPs developed for veterinary applications is poorly understood. pbENPs undergo biotransformation as they are transferred from one ecosystem to another, and these transformations greatly affect their impact on health and the environment. This review addresses nanoparticle fate and impact on animals, the environment, and humans from a One Health perspective. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Veterinary Drugs)
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