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A special issue of Molecules (ISSN 1420-3049). This special issue belongs to the section "Green Chemistry".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (15 September 2021) | Viewed by 16497

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Special Issue Editors

Mr. Navid Rabiee

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Guest Editor

Department of Chemistry, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
Interests: nanomaterials; polymers; biomaterials; nanoparticle synthesis; cancer diagnostics; nanobiotechnology; nanoparticle preparation; pathogens
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Prof. Dr. Rajender S. Varma

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1. Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Faculty of Science, Palacky University Olomouc, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
2. ORD National Risk Management Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH 45268, USA
Interests: comprehensively broad research interests ranging from eco-friendly synthetic methods using mechanochemical mixing, photocatalysis, microwaves, ultrasound, etc.; to greener assembly of nanomaterials and sustainable appliances of magnetically retrievable nanocatalysts in benign media, preferably utilizing biomass-derived chemicals including biowaste and economic consumption of agricultural residues
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Prof. Dr. Michael R. Hamblin

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Distinguished Visiting Professor, Laser Research Centre, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
Interests: photomedicine; photobiomodulation; photodynamic therapy; new photosensitizers; antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation; nanomedicine; drug delivery
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Synthesis and the use of biomaterials with multiple functions can be a smart approach to treating diseases. The use of green synthesized nanomaterials with the aim of clinical, industrial, and societal purposes would be considered as the critical stages. In this regard, several therapeutics have been used in clinics and biomedical applications, but their side effects resulting from the synthesis procedure, solvents, additives and/or the condition of reactions including temperature and air gases, leads to serious problems. Therefore, the use of simple, cost-effective, environmentally friendly and tunable nanomaterials for biomedical applications including drug delivery, gene delivery, CRISPR/Cas9, biosensors, MRI contrast agents and other related uses would be a wise choice.

Mr. Navid Rabiee
Prof. Dr. Rajender S. Varma
Prof. Dr. Michael R. Hamblin
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

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Keywords

biomaterials
green chemistry
nanomaterials
biomolecules
drug delivery
gene delivery
tissue engineering
CRISPR

Published Papers (6 papers)

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Research

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15 pages, 5512 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Hexaconazole-Micelle Nanodelivery System Prepared Using Different Surfactants for Ganoderma Antifungal Application

by Isshadiba Faikah Mustafa, Mohd Zobir Hussein, Abu Seman Idris, Nur Hailini Zainol Hilmi and Sharida Fakurazi

Molecules 2021, 26(19), 5837; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26195837 - 26 Sep 2021

Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1845

Abstract

Reports on fungicide-based agronanochemicals in combating disastrous basal stem rot disease in the oil palm industry are scant. Herein, we describe the potential of fungicide nanodelivery agents based on hexaconazole-micelle systems produced using three different surfactants; sodium dodecylbenze sulfonate (SDBS), sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) and Tween 80 (T80). The resulting nanodelivery systems were characterized and the results supported the encapsulation of the fungicide into the micelles of the surfactants. We have investigated in detail the size-dependent effects of the as-synthesized micelles towards the inhibition growth of Ganoderma Boninense fungi. All the nanodelivery systems indicate that their size decreased as the surfactant concentration was increased, and it directly affects the fungal inhibition. It was also found that Tween 80, a non-ionic surfactant gave the lowest effective concentration, the EC₅₀ value of 2, on the pathogenic fungus Ganoderma boninense compared to the other anionic surfactants; SDBS and SDS. This study opens up a new generation of agronanofungicide of better efficacy for Ganoderma disease treatment. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Chemistry and Biomaterials)

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22 pages, 7773 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Isolation of Cellulose Nanofibre and Enhancement Properties in Biopolymer Composites

by Olaiya N. G., Abdul Khalil H. P. S., Salah M. El-Bahy, Mohd Rafatullah, Che K. Abdullah, Zeinhom M. El-Bahy and Olaiya F. Grace

Molecules 2021, 26(17), 5276; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26175276 - 31 Aug 2021

Cited by 1 | Viewed by 2197

Abstract

The physical properties, such as the fibre dimension and crystallinity, of cellulose nanofibre (CNF) are significant to its functional reinforcement ability in composites. This study used supercritical carbon dioxide as a fibre bundle defibrillation pretreatment for the isolation of CNF from bamboo, in order to enhance its physical properties. The isolated CNF was characterised through zeta potential, TEM, XRD, and FT-IR analysis. Commercial CNF was used as a reference to evaluate the effectiveness of the method. The physical, mechanical, thermal, and wettability properties of the bamboo and commercial CNF-reinforced PLA/chitin were also analysed. The TEM and FT-IR results showed the successful isolation of CNF from bamboo using this method, with good colloidal stability shown by the zeta potential results. The properties of the isolated bamboo CNF were similar to the commercial type. However, the fibre diameter distribution and the crystallinity index significantly differed between the bamboo and the commercial CNF. The bamboo CNF had a smaller fibre size and a higher crystallinity index than the commercial CNF. The results from the CNF-reinforced biocomposite showed that the physical, mechanical, thermal, and wettability properties were significantly different due to the variations in their fibre sizes and crystallinity indices. The properties of bamboo CNF biocomposites were significantly better than those of commercial CNF biocomposites. This indicates that the physical properties (fibre size and crystallinity) of an isolated CNF significantly affect its reinforcement ability in biocomposites. The physical properties of isolated CNFs are partly dependent on their source and production method, among other factors. These composites can be used for various industrial applications, including packaging. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Chemistry and Biomaterials)

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23 pages, 38900 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Biocompatibility Study of Electrospun Nanocomposite Membranes Based on Chitosan/Polyvinyl Alcohol/Oxidized Carbon Nano-Onions

by Jorge Iván Castro, Manuel N. Chaur, Carlos Humberto Valencia Llano, Mayra Eliana Valencia Zapata, José Herminsul Mina Hernandez and Carlos David Grande-Tovar

Molecules 2021, 26(16), 4753; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26164753 - 06 Aug 2021

Cited by 11 | Viewed by 1816

Abstract

In recent decades, the number of patients requiring biocompatible and resistant implants that differ from conventional alternatives dramatically increased. Among the most promising are the nanocomposites of biopolymers and nanomaterials, which pretend to combine the biocompatibility of biopolymers with the resistance of nanomaterials. However, few studies have focused on the in vivo study of the biocompatibility of these materials. The electrospinning process is a technique that produces continuous fibers through the action of an electric field imposed on a polymer solution. However, to date, there are no reports of chitosan (CS) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) electrospinning with carbon nano-onions (CNO) for in vivo implantations, which could generate a resistant and biocompatible material. In this work, we describe the synthesis by the electrospinning method of four different nanofibrous membranes of chitosan (CS)/(PVA)/oxidized carbon nano-onions (ox-CNO) and the subdermal implantations after 90 days in Wistar rats. The results of the morphology studies demonstrated that the electrospun nanofibers were continuous with narrow diameters (between 102.1 nm ± 12.9 nm and 147.8 nm ± 29.4 nm). The CS amount added was critical for the diameters used and the successful electrospinning procedure, while the ox-CNO amount did not affect the process. The crystallinity index was increased with the ox-CNO introduction (from 0.85% to 12.5%), demonstrating the reinforcing effect of the nanomaterial. Thermal degradation analysis also exhibited reinforcement effects according to the DSC and TGA analysis, with the higher ox-CNO content. The biocompatibility of the nanofibers was comparable with the porcine collagen, as evidenced by the subdermal implantations in biological models. In summary, all the nanofibers were reabsorbed without a severe immune response, indicating the usefulness of the electrospun nanocomposites in biomedical applications. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Chemistry and Biomaterials)

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16 pages, 5864 KiB

Open AccessArticle

Synthesis of Novel Arginine-Based Flame Retardant and Its Application in Lyocell Fabric

by Jiayi Chen, Yansong Liu, Jiayue Zhang, Yuanlin Ren and Xiaohui Liu

Molecules 2021, 26(12), 3588; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26123588 - 11 Jun 2021

Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2461

Abstract

Lyocell fabrics are widely applied in textiles, however, its high flammability increases the risk of fire. Therefore, to resolve the issue, a novel biomass-based flame retardant with phosphorus and nitrogen elements was designed and synthesized by the reaction of arginine with phosphoric acid and urea. It was then grafted onto the lyocell fabric by a dip-dry-cure technique to prepare durable flame-retardant lyocell fabric (FR-lyocell). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis demonstrated that the flame retardant was successfully introduced into the lyocell sample. Thermogravimetric (TG) and Raman analyses confirmed that the modified lyocell fabric featured excellent thermal stability and significantly increased char residue. Vertical combustion results indicated that FR-lyocell before and after washing formed a complete and dense char layer. Thermogravimetric Fourier-transform infrared (TG-FTIR) analysis suggested that incombustible substances (such as H₂O and CO₂) were produced and played a significant fire retarding role in the gas phase. The cone calorimeter test corroborated that the peak of heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) declined by 89.4% and 56.4%, respectively. These results indicated that the flame retardancy of the lyocell fabric was observably ameliorated. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Chemistry and Biomaterials)

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Review

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34 pages, 3584 KiB

Open AccessReview

Biogenic Sulfur-Based Chalcogenide Nanocrystals: Methods of Fabrication, Mechanistic Aspects, and Bio-Applications

by Oscar P. Yanchatuña Aguayo, Lynda Mouheb, Katherine Villota Revelo, Paola A. Vásquez-Ucho, Prasad P. Pawar, Ashiqur Rahman, Clayton Jeffryes, Thibault Terencio and Si Amar Dahoumane

Molecules 2022, 27(2), 458; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules27020458 - 11 Jan 2022

Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2782

Abstract

Bio-nanotechnology has emerged as an efficient and competitive methodology for the production of added-value nanomaterials (NMs). This review article gathers knowledge gleaned from the literature regarding the biosynthesis of sulfur-based chalcogenide nanoparticles (S-NPs), such as CdS, ZnS and PbS NPs, using various biological resources, namely bacteria, fungi including yeast, algae, plant extracts, single biomolecules, and viruses. In addition, this work sheds light onto the hypothetical mechanistic aspects, and discusses the impact of varying the experimental parameters, such as the employed bio-entity, time, pH, and biomass concentration, on the obtained S-NPs and, consequently, on their properties. Furthermore, various bio-applications of these NMs are described. Finally, key elements regarding the whole process are summed up and some hints are provided to overcome encountered bottlenecks towards the improved and scalable production of biogenic S-NPs. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Chemistry and Biomaterials)

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18 pages, 2133 KiB

Open AccessReview

Selenium Nanomaterials to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance

by Linh B. Truong, David Medina-Cruz, Ebrahim Mostafavi and Navid Rabiee

Molecules 2021, 26(12), 3611; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/molecules26123611 - 12 Jun 2021

Cited by 39 | Viewed by 4118

Abstract

The rise of antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics (AMR) as a healthcare crisis has led to a tremendous social and economic impact, whose damage poses a significant threat to future generations. Current treatments either are less effective or result in further acquired resistance. At the same time, several new antimicrobial discovery approaches are expensive, slow, and relatively poorly equipped for translation into the clinical world. Therefore, the use of nanomaterials is presented as a suitable solution. In particular, this review discusses selenium nanoparticles (SeNPs) as one of the most promising therapeutic agents based in the nanoscale to treat infections effectively. This work summarizes the latest advances in the synthesis of SeNPs and their progress as antimicrobial agents using traditional and biogenic approaches. While physiochemical methods produce consistent nanostructures, along with shortened processing procedures and potential for functionalization of designs, green or biogenic synthesis represents a quick, inexpensive, efficient, and eco-friendly approach with more promise for tunability and versatility. In the end, the clinical translation of SeNPs faces various obstacles, including uncertain in vivo safety profiles and mechanisms of action and unclear regulatory frameworks. Nonetheless, the promise possessed by these metalloid nanostructures, along with other nanoparticles in treating bacterial infections and slowing down the AMR crisis, are worth exploring. Full article

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Green Chemistry and Biomaterials)

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