Dear Colleagues,

We are pleased to be guest editing the second Issue on the subject "Immune Responses to Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications”. The number of novel nanodevices and nanomaterials with successful application is growing astonishingly. Their importance has been emphasized by the use of mRNA-new generation vaccine-nanocarriers for ceasing SARS-CoV-2 infection as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Many nanomaterials are still on the research bench or are at pre-clinical stage. More information on their interaction with the immune system is needed in order to drive future applications safely. A huge part of these nanotools require deep investigation in order to define the adverse outcome pathway in immunotoxicity (AOP) of nanomaterials in order to create safe-by-design nanotools for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.

Even synthetic or natural molecules, which are biocompatible as a single-molecule compound, could show a completely different behavior once organized in nanostructures. Early nanoparticle-induced immune responses, such as complement opsonization, phagocytosis, or hypersensitivity reactions using in vitro or in vivo models, are at the core of this comprehensive issue. Nevertheless, the direct or indirect involvement of nanoparticle mediated effects on adaptive responses, especially humoral responses to polymer nanoparticles or T cell mediated processing of protein viral-like particles, is of relevance to this topic.

The present Special Issue is intended to provide information on the several interactions that the immune system has with nanomaterials developed to biomedical applications. Novel results on immune cells, tissues, or diverse animal models in order to unravel their inflammatory responses to nanomaterials will be welcomed, as well as critical review articles challenging the present knowledge and offering an expert platform for discussion.

Dr. Giuseppe Bardi
Dr. Monica Neagu
Guest Editors

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