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Nanomaterials
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Advanced Nanomaterials in Biomedical Application
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Advanced Nanomaterials in Biomedical Application

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Biology and Medicines".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 January 2023) | Viewed by 39690

Printed Edition Available!
A printed edition of this Special Issue is available here.

Special Issue Editors

Prof. Dr. Goran Kaluđerović

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Guest Editor
Department of Engineering and Natural Sciences, University of Applied Sciences Merseburg, Eberhard-Leibnitz-Strasse 2, 06217 Merseburg, Germany
Interests: antitumor drugs; molecular oncology; drug targeting; medicinal chemistry
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals
Prof. Dr. Nebojša Pantelić

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
Interests: inorganic chemistry; bioinorganic chemistry; nanomaterials; metal-based complexes; anticancer drugs
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

In the last few decades, many efforts have been focused on the discovery of various types of nanomaterials. The goal for such research, in addition to basic research on the synthesis of nanoconstructs, has been to identify nanoparticles applicable in different fields, for instance, in technological (catalysis), medical applications (drug delivery), and others. Thus, because of the growing possibility of purposes, the need for novel nanomaterials is growing fast.

This Special Issue on “Advanced Nanomaterials in Biomedical Application” aims to showcase the most recent advances of nanomaterials not only in synthesis and characterization, but also their technological application. This Special Issue welcomes original research articles and reviews. Research areas may include all types of nanomaterials used in the development of medical applications (e.g., therapeutic: anticancer, antibacterial, toxicology; diagnostic: imaging; nanodevices, and others).

We look forward to receiving your contributions.

Prof. Dr. Goran Kaluđerović
Prof. Dr. Nebojša Pantelić
Guest Editors

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nanomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • nanoparticles
  • medicine
  • anticancer
  • antibacterial
  • antiviral
  • imaging
  • drug delivery

Published Papers (18 papers)

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Editorial

Jump to: Research, Review

5 pages, 213 KiB  
Editorial
Advanced Nanomaterials in Biomedical Application
by Goran N. Kaluđerović and Nebojša Đ. Pantelić
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(10), 1625; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano13101625 - 12 May 2023
Viewed by 888
Abstract
Over the last few decades, great efforts have been dedicated to the discovery of various nanomaterials [...] Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Biomedical Application)

Research

Jump to: Editorial, Review

16 pages, 3692 KiB  
Article
Preparation, Drug Distribution, and In Vivo Evaluation of the Safety of Protein Corona Liposomes for Liraglutide Delivery
by Ruihuan Ding, Zhenyu Zhao, Jibiao He, Yuping Tao, Houqian Zhang, Ranran Yuan, Kaoxiang Sun and Yanan Shi
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(3), 540; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano13030540 - 29 Jan 2023
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1922
Abstract
The development of oral drug delivery systems is challenging, and issues related to the mucus layer and low intestinal epithelial permeability have not yet been surmounted. The purpose of this study was to develop a promising formulation that is more adapted to in [...] Read more.
The development of oral drug delivery systems is challenging, and issues related to the mucus layer and low intestinal epithelial permeability have not yet been surmounted. The purpose of this study was to develop a promising formulation that is more adapted to in vivo absorption and to facilitate the administration of oral liraglutide. Cationic liposomes (CLs) linked to AT-1002 were prepared using a double-emulsion method, and BSA was adsorbed on the surface of the AT-CLs, resulting in protein corona cationic liposomes with AT-1002 (Pc-AT-CLs). The preparation method was determined by investigating various process parameters. The particle size, potential, and encapsulation efficiency (EE%) of the Pc-AT-CLs were 202.9 ± 12.4 nm, 1.76 ± 4.87 mV, and 84.63 ± 5.05%, respectively. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging revealed a nearly spherical structure of the Pc-AT-CLs, with a recognizable coating. The circular dichroism experiments confirmed that the complex preparation process did not affect the secondary structure of liraglutide. With the addition of BSA and AT-1002, the mucosal accumulation of the Pc-AT-CLs was nearly two times lower than that of the AT-CLs, and the degree of enteric metaplasia was 1.35 times higher than that of the PcCLs. The duration of the intestinal absorption of the Pc-AT-CLs was longer, offering remarkable biological safety. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Biomedical Application)
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17 pages, 4254 KiB  
Article
Biocompatibility and Antimicrobial Activity of Electrospun Fibrous Materials Based on PHB and Modified with Hemin
by Polina M. Tyubaeva, Ivetta A. Varyan, Elena D. Nikolskaya, Mariia R. Mollaeva, Nikita G. Yabbarov, Maria B. Sokol, Margarita V. Chirkina and Anatoly A. Popov
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(2), 236; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano13020236 - 05 Jan 2023
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 1594
Abstract
The effect of the hemin (Hmi) on the structure and properties of nanocomposite electrospun materials based on poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is discussed in the article. The additive significantly affected the morphology of fibers allowed to produce more elastic material and provided high antimicrobial activity. [...] Read more.
The effect of the hemin (Hmi) on the structure and properties of nanocomposite electrospun materials based on poly-3-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is discussed in the article. The additive significantly affected the morphology of fibers allowed to produce more elastic material and provided high antimicrobial activity. The article considers also the impact of the hemin on the biocompatibility of the nonwoven material based on PHB and the prospects for wound healing. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Biomedical Application)
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15 pages, 4243 KiB  
Article
Development and Efficacy Evaluation of a Novel Nano-Emulsion Adjuvant for a Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus-like Particles Vaccine Based on Squalane
by Xiaoni Shi, Kun Yang, Hetao Song, Zhidong Teng, Yun Zhang, Weihao Ding, Aofei Wang, Shuzhen Tan, Hu Dong, Shiqi Sun, Yonghao Hu and Huichen Guo
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(22), 3934; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12223934 - 08 Nov 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 1536
Abstract
The successful development of foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particles (FMD-VLPs) has opened a new direction for researching a novel subunit vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Therefore, it is urgent to develop an adjuvant that is highly effective and safe to facilitate a better immune [...] Read more.
The successful development of foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particles (FMD-VLPs) has opened a new direction for researching a novel subunit vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease (FMD). Therefore, it is urgent to develop an adjuvant that is highly effective and safe to facilitate a better immune response to be pair with the FMD-VLP vaccine. In this research, we prepared a new nano-emulsion adjuvant based on squalane (SNA) containing CpG using the pseudo-ternary phase diagram method and the phase transformation method. The SNA consisted of Span85, Tween60, squalane, polyethene glycol-400 (PEG400) and CpG aqueous solution. The average particle diameter of the SNA was about 95 nm, and it exhibited good resistance to centrifugation, thermal stability, and biocompatibility. Then, SNA was emulsified as an adjuvant to prepare foot-and-mouth disease virus-like particles vaccine, BALB/c mice and guinea pigs were immunized, and we evaluated the immunization effect. The immunization results in mice showed that the SNA-VLPs vaccine significantly increased specific antibody levels in mice within 4 weeks, including higher levels of IgG1 and IgG2a. In addition, it increased the levels of IFN-γ and IL-1β in the immune serum of mice. Meanwhile, guinea pig-specific and neutralizing antibodies were considerably increased within 4 weeks when SNA was used as an adjuvant, thereby facilitating the proliferation of splenic lymphocytes. More importantly, in guinea pigs immunized with one dose of SNA-VLPs, challenged with FMDV 28 days after immunization, the protection rate can reach 83.3%, which is as high as in the ISA-206 control group. In conclusion, the novel squalane nano-emulsion adjuvant is an effective adjuvant for the FMD-VLPs vaccine, indicating a promising adjuvant for the future development of a novel FMD-VLPs vaccine. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Biomedical Application)
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23 pages, 3399 KiB  
Article
Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles Enhance the Anticancer Efficacy of Platinum(IV)-Phenolate Conjugates in Breast Cancer Cell Lines
by Ivana Predarska, Mohamad Saoud, Dijana Drača, Ibrahim Morgan, Teodora Komazec, Thomas Eichhorn, Ekatarina Mihajlović, Duško Dunđerović, Sanja Mijatović, Danijela Maksimović-Ivanić, Evamarie Hey-Hawkins and Goran N. Kaluđerović
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(21), 3767; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12213767 - 26 Oct 2022
Cited by 9 | Viewed by 2654
Abstract
The main reasons for the limited clinical efficacy of the platinum(II)-based agent cisplatin include drug resistance and significant side effects. Due to their better stability, as well as the possibility to introduce biologically active ligands in their axial positions constructing multifunctional prodrugs, creating [...] Read more.
The main reasons for the limited clinical efficacy of the platinum(II)-based agent cisplatin include drug resistance and significant side effects. Due to their better stability, as well as the possibility to introduce biologically active ligands in their axial positions constructing multifunctional prodrugs, creating platinum(IV) complexes is a tempting strategy for addressing these limitations. Another strategy for developing chemotherapeutics with lower toxicity relies on the ability of nanoparticles to accumulate in greater quantities in tumor tissues through passive targeting. To combine the two approaches, three platinum(IV) conjugates based on a cisplatin scaffold containing in the axial positions derivatives of caffeic and ferulic acid were prepared and loaded into SBA-15 to produce the corresponding mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs). The free platinum(IV) conjugates demonstrated higher or comparable activity with respect to cisplatin against different human breast cancer cell lines, while upon immobilization, superior antiproliferative activity with markedly increased cytotoxicity (more than 1000-fold lower IC50 values) compared to cisplatin was observed. Mechanistic investigations with the most potent conjugate, cisplatin-diacetyl caffeate (1), and the corresponding MSNs (SBA-15|1) in a 4T1 mouse breast cancer cell line showed that these compounds induce apoptotic cell death causing strong caspase activation. In vivo, in BALB/c mice, 1 and SBA-15|1 inhibited the tumor growth while decreasing the necrotic area and lowering the mitotic rate. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Biomedical Application)
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17 pages, 6692 KiB  
Article
Silver Nanoparticles Functionalized Nanosilica Grown over Graphene Oxide for Enhancing Antibacterial Effect
by Qui Quach and Tarek M. Abdel-Fattah
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(19), 3341; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12193341 - 25 Sep 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1746
Abstract
The continuous growth of multidrug-resistant bacteria due to the overuse of antibiotics and antibacterial agents poses a threat to human health. Silver nanoparticles, silica-based materials, and graphene-based materials have become potential antibacterial candidates. In this study, we developed an effective method of enhancing [...] Read more.
The continuous growth of multidrug-resistant bacteria due to the overuse of antibiotics and antibacterial agents poses a threat to human health. Silver nanoparticles, silica-based materials, and graphene-based materials have become potential antibacterial candidates. In this study, we developed an effective method of enhancing the antibacterial property of graphene oxide (GO) by growing nanosilica (NS) of approximately 50 nm on the graphene oxide (GO) surface. The structures and compositions of the materials were characterized through powdered X-ray diffraction (P-XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (UV–VIS), dynamic light scattering (DLS), Raman spectroscopy (RM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Brunauer–Emmet–Teller (BET) surface area, and pore size determination. The silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with an average diameter of 26 nm were functionalized on the nanosilica (NS) surface. The composite contained approximately 3% of silver nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles on nanosilica supported over graphene oxide (GO/NS/AgNPs) exhibited a 7-log reduction of Escherichia coli and a 5.2-log reduction of Bacillus subtilis within one hour of exposure. Both GO/NS and GO/NS/AgNPs exhibited substantial antimicrobial effects against E. coli and B. subtilis Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Biomedical Application)
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15 pages, 3604 KiB  
Article
Mechanical Properties and Antibacterial Effect on Mono-Strain of Streptococcus mutans of Orthodontic Cements Reinforced with Chlorhexidine-Modified Nanotubes
by Elias Nahum Salmerón-Valdés, Ana Cecilia Cruz-Mondragón, Víctor Hugo Toral-Rizo, Leticia Verónica Jiménez-Rojas, Rodrigo Correa-Prado, Edith Lara-Carrillo, Adriana Alejandra Morales-Valenzuela, Rogelio José Scougall-Vilchis, Alejandra Itzel López-Flores, Lia Hoz-Rodriguez and Ulises Velásquez-Enríquez
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(17), 2891; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12172891 - 23 Aug 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1501
Abstract
Recently, several studies have introduced nanotechnology into the area of dental materials with the aim of improving their properties. The objective of this study is to determine the antibacterial and mechanical properties of type I glass ionomers reinforced with halloysite nanotubes modified with [...] Read more.
Recently, several studies have introduced nanotechnology into the area of dental materials with the aim of improving their properties. The objective of this study is to determine the antibacterial and mechanical properties of type I glass ionomers reinforced with halloysite nanotubes modified with 2% chlorhexidine at concentrations of 5% and 10% relative to the total weight of the powder used to construct each sample. Regarding antibacterial effect, 200 samples were established and distributed into four experimental groups and six control groups (4 +ve and 2 −ve), with 20 samples each. The mechanical properties were evaluated in 270 samples, assessing microhardness (30 samples), compressive strength (120 samples), and setting time (120 samples). The groups were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and the antibacterial activity of the ionomers was evaluated on Streptococcus mutans for 24 h. The control and positive control groups showed no antibacterial effect, while the experimental group with 5% concentration showed a zone of growth inhibition between 11.35 mm and 11.45 mm, and the group with 10% concentration showed a zone of growth inhibition between 12.50 mm and 13.20 mm. Statistical differences were observed between the experimental groups with 5% and 10% nanotubes. Regarding the mechanical properties, microhardness, and setting time, no statistical difference was found when compared with control groups, while compressive strength showed higher significant values, with ionomers modified with 10% concentration of nanotubes resulting in better compressive strength values. The incorporation of nanotubes at concentrations of 5% and 10% effectively inhibited the presence of S. mutans, particularly when the dose–response relationship was taken into account, with the advantage of maintaining and improving their mechanical properties. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Biomedical Application)
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15 pages, 1910 KiB  
Article
β-Glucan-Functionalized Nanoparticles Down-Modulate the Proinflammatory Response of Mononuclear Phagocytes Challenged with Candida albicans
by Tânia Lima, Stefán B. Gunnarsson, Elisabete Coelho, Dmitry V. Evtuguin, Alexandra Correia, Manuel A. Coimbra, Tommy Cedervall and Manuel Vilanova
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(14), 2475; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12142475 - 19 Jul 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1785
Abstract
Systemic fungal infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and Candida albicans is the most common causative agent. Recognition of yeast cells by immune cell surface receptors can trigger phagocytosis of fungal pathogens and a pro-inflammatory response that may contribute to fungal [...] Read more.
Systemic fungal infections are associated with significant morbidity and mortality, and Candida albicans is the most common causative agent. Recognition of yeast cells by immune cell surface receptors can trigger phagocytosis of fungal pathogens and a pro-inflammatory response that may contribute to fungal elimination. Nevertheless, the elicited inflammatory response may be deleterious to the host by causing excessive tissue damage. We developed a nanoparticle-based approach to modulate the host deleterious inflammatory consequences of fungal infection by using β1,3-glucan-functionalized polystyrene (β-Glc-PS) nanoparticles. β-Glc-PS nanoparticles decreased the levels of the proinflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β and IL-12p40 detected in in vitro culture supernatants of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells and macrophage challenged with C. albicans cells. Moreover, β-Glc-PS nanoparticles impaired the production of reactive oxygen species by bone marrow-derived dendritic cells incubated with C. albicans. This immunomodulatory effect was dependent on the nanoparticle size. Overall, β-Glc-PS nanoparticles reduced the proinflammatory response elicited by fungal cells in mononuclear phagocytes, setting the basis for a targeted therapy aimed at protecting the host by lowering the inflammatory cost of infection. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Biomedical Application)
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17 pages, 43911 KiB  
Article
Graphene Oxide Nanoplatforms to Enhance Cisplatin-Based Drug Delivery in Anticancer Therapy
by Elena Giusto, Ludmila Žárská, Darren Fergal Beirne, Arianna Rossi, Giada Bassi, Andrea Ruffini, Monica Montesi, Diego Montagner, Vaclav Ranc and Silvia Panseri
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(14), 2372; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12142372 - 11 Jul 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2956
Abstract
Chemotherapeutics such as platinum-based drugs are commonly used to treat several cancer types, but unfortunately, their use is limited by several side effects, such as high degradation of the drug before entering the cells, off-target organ toxicity and development of drug resistance. An [...] Read more.
Chemotherapeutics such as platinum-based drugs are commonly used to treat several cancer types, but unfortunately, their use is limited by several side effects, such as high degradation of the drug before entering the cells, off-target organ toxicity and development of drug resistance. An interesting strategy to overcome such limitations is the development of nanocarriers that could enhance cellular accumulation in target cells in addition to decreasing associated drug toxicity in normal cells. Here, we aim to prepare and characterize a graphene-oxide-based 2D nanoplatform functionalised using highly branched, eight-arm polyethylene-glycol, which, owing to its high number of available functional groups, offers considerable loading capacity over its linear modalities and represents a highly potent nanodelivery platform as a versatile system in cancer therapy. The obtained results show that the GO@PEG carrier allows for the use of lower amounts of Pt drug compared to a Pt-free complex while achieving similar effects. The nanoplatform accomplishes very good cellular proliferation inhibition in osteosarcoma, which is strictly related to increased cellular uptake. This enhanced cellular internalization is also observed in glioblastoma, although it is less pronounced due to differences in metabolism compared to osteosarcoma. The proposed GO@PEG nanoplatform is also promising for the inhibition of migration, especially in highly invasive breast carcinoma (i.e., MDA-MB-231 cell line), neutralizing the metastatic process. The GO@PEG nanoplatform thus represents an interesting tool in cancer treatment that can be specifically tailored to target different cancers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Biomedical Application)
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19 pages, 2810 KiB  
Article
Controlled Delivery of an Anti-Inflammatory Toxin to Macrophages by Mutagenesis and Nanoparticle Modification
by Ayaka Harada, Hiroyasu Tsutsuki, Tianli Zhang, Kinnosuke Yahiro, Tomohiro Sawa and Takuro Niidome
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(13), 2161; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12132161 - 23 Jun 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1946
Abstract
Advances in drug delivery systems (DDSs) have enabled the specific delivery of drugs to target cells. Subtilase cytotoxin (SubAB) produced by certain enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli strains induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and suppresses nitric oxide generation in macrophages. We previously reported that modification [...] Read more.
Advances in drug delivery systems (DDSs) have enabled the specific delivery of drugs to target cells. Subtilase cytotoxin (SubAB) produced by certain enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli strains induces endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress and suppresses nitric oxide generation in macrophages. We previously reported that modification of SubAB with poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) nanoparticles (SubAB-PLGA NPs) increased intracellular uptake of SubAB and had an anti-inflammatory effect on macrophages. However, specific delivery of SubAB to macrophages could not be achieved because its effects on other cell types were not negligible. Therefore, to suppress non-specific SubAB binding, we used low-binding mutant SubABS35A (S35A) in which the 35th serine of the B subunit was mutated to alanine. In a macrophage cell line, PLGA NPs modified with S35A (S35A-PLGA NPs) induced ER stress and had anti-inflammatory effects similar to WT-PLGA NPs. However, in an epithelial cell line, S35A-PLGA NPs induced lower ER stress than WT-PLGA NPs. These results suggest that S35A is selectively delivered to macrophages rather than epithelial cells by modification with PLGA NPs and exerts anti-inflammatory effects. Our findings provide a useful technique for protein delivery to macrophages and encourage medical applications of DDSs for the treatment of inflammatory diseases. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Biomedical Application)
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18 pages, 4926 KiB  
Article
Strong and Elastic Hydrogels from Dual-Crosslinked Composites Composed of Glycol Chitosan and Amino-Functionalized Bioactive Glass Nanoparticles
by Qing Min, Congcong Wang, Yuchen Zhang, Danlei Tian, Ying Wan and Jiliang Wu
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(11), 1874; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12111874 - 30 May 2022
Cited by 10 | Viewed by 1733
Abstract
Mesoporous bioactive glass (BG) nanoparticles (NPs) with a high specific surface area were prepared. The surfaces of BG NPs were further modified using an amino-containing compound or synthesized precursors to produce three kinds of amino-functionalized bioactive glass (ABG) NPs via devised synthetic routes. [...] Read more.
Mesoporous bioactive glass (BG) nanoparticles (NPs) with a high specific surface area were prepared. The surfaces of BG NPs were further modified using an amino-containing compound or synthesized precursors to produce three kinds of amino-functionalized bioactive glass (ABG) NPs via devised synthetic routes. The achieved ABG NPs possessed various spacer lengths with free amino groups anchored at the end of the spacer. These ABG NPs were then combined with glycol chitosan (GCH) to construct single- or dual-crosslinked ABG/GCH composite hydrogels using genipin (GN) alone as a single crosslinker or a combination of GN and poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether (PEGDE) as dual crosslinkers. The spacer length of ABG NPs was found to impose significant effects on the strength and elasticity of GN-crosslinked ABG/GCH hydrogels. After being dually crosslinked with GN and PEGDE, the elastic modulus of some dual-crosslinked ABG/GCH hydrogels reached around 6.9 kPa or higher with their yielding strains larger than 60%, indicative of their strong and elastic features. The optimally achieved ABG/GCH hydrogels were injectable with tunable gelation time, and also able to support the growth of seeded MC3T3-E1 cells and specific matrix deposition. These results suggest that the dual-crosslinked ABG/GCH hydrogels have the potential for some applications in tissue engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Biomedical Application)
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19 pages, 3931 KiB  
Article
Fluorinated PEG-PEI Coated Magnetic Nanoparticles for siRNA Delivery and CXCR4 Knockdown
by Yixiang Cao, Shiyin Zhang, Ming Ma and Yu Zhang
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(10), 1692; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12101692 - 16 May 2022
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 2544
Abstract
CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a promising therapeutic target. Previous studies have shown that intracellular delivery of siRNA to knockdown CXCR4 expression in cancer cells is an effective therapeutic strategy. To prepare efficient magnetic nucleic acid carriers, it is now necessary to [...] Read more.
CXC chemokine receptor 4 (CXCR4) is a promising therapeutic target. Previous studies have shown that intracellular delivery of siRNA to knockdown CXCR4 expression in cancer cells is an effective therapeutic strategy. To prepare efficient magnetic nucleic acid carriers, it is now necessary to improve the endocytosis efficiency of PEGylated magnetic nanoparticles. In our work, Heptafluorobutyryl-polyethylene glycol-polyethyleneimine (FPP) was first prepared and then used to coat magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) to obtain magnetic nanocarriers FPP@MNPs. The materials were characterized by 19 F-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), transmission electron microscope (TEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), and dynamic light scattering (DLS). The biosecurity of FPP@MNPs was confirmed by cell viability and apoptosis experiments. Cellular uptake of FPP@MNPs and siRNA transfection enhanced by external magnetic fields were detected by fluorescence microscopy, confocal laser microscopy, and flow cytometry. The results show that the cellular uptake efficiency of FPP@MNPs was significantly improved, and transfection efficiency reached more than 90%. The knockdown of CXCR4 on the 4 T1 cell membrane was confirmed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and flow cytometry. In conclusion, the fluorinated cationic polymer-coated magnetic nanoparticles FPP@MNPs can be loaded with siRNA to reduce CXCR4 expression as well as be expected to be efficient universal siRNA carriers. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Biomedical Application)
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15 pages, 4697 KiB  
Article
A Visual Discrimination of Existing States of Virus Capsid Protein by a Giant Molybdate Cluster
by Yarong Xue, Mingfen Wei, Dingyi Fu, Yuqing Wu, Bo Sun, Xianghui Yu and Lixin Wu
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(5), 736; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12050736 - 22 Feb 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1378
Abstract
We report a unique phenomenon, the opposite color response of a giant polyoxometalate, (NH4)42[Mo132O372(CHCOO)30] (H2O)72 ([Mo132]), to the existing states of human papillomavirus (HPV) major capsid protein, L1-pentamer [...] Read more.
We report a unique phenomenon, the opposite color response of a giant polyoxometalate, (NH4)42[Mo132O372(CHCOO)30] (H2O)72 ([Mo132]), to the existing states of human papillomavirus (HPV) major capsid protein, L1-pentamer (L1-p), and virus-like particles (VLPs). The color responses originate from the different assembly forms between [Mo132] and the capsid protein. The latter were inspected and separated by using CsCl gradient centrifugation, and validated in detail by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE), dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging. Furthermore, the intrinsic mechanisms were investigated in-depth by using XPS-based semi-quantitative analysis and well-designed peptides, revealing the critical points of L1 that determine the charge–transfer ratio between Mo(V) to Mo(VI), and consequently, the levels of [Mo132] hypochromic in different assemblies. Such a unique phenomenon is significant as it supplies a colorimetry approach to distinguish the existing states of the HPV capsid protein and would be significant in the quality assay of the HPV vaccine and existing states of other viruses in the future. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Biomedical Application)
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Review

Jump to: Editorial, Research

19 pages, 3440 KiB  
Review
Smart Magnetic Drug Delivery Systems for the Treatment of Cancer
by Angela Spoială, Cornelia-Ioana Ilie, Ludmila Motelica, Denisa Ficai, Augustin Semenescu, Ovidiu-Cristian Oprea and Anton Ficai
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(5), 876; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano13050876 - 26 Feb 2023
Cited by 15 | Viewed by 3027
Abstract
Cancer remains the most devastating disease, being one of the main factors of death and morbidity worldwide since ancient times. Although early diagnosis and treatment represent the correct approach in the fight against cancer, traditional therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and [...] Read more.
Cancer remains the most devastating disease, being one of the main factors of death and morbidity worldwide since ancient times. Although early diagnosis and treatment represent the correct approach in the fight against cancer, traditional therapies, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy, have some limitations (lack of specificity, cytotoxicity, and multidrug resistance). These limitations represent a continuous challenge for determining optimal therapies for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. Cancer diagnosis and treatment have seen significant achievements with the advent of nanotechnology and a wide range of nanoparticles. Due to their special advantages, such as low toxicity, high stability, good permeability, biocompatibility, improved retention effect, and precise targeting, nanoparticles with sizes ranging from 1 nm to 100 nm have been successfully used in cancer diagnosis and treatment by solving the limitations of conventional cancer treatment, but also overcoming multidrug resistance. Additionally, choosing the best cancer diagnosis, treatment, and management is extremely important. The use of nanotechnology and magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) represents an effective alternative in the simultaneous diagnosis and treatment of cancer using nano-theranostic particles that facilitate early-stage detection and selective destruction of cancer cells. The specific properties, such as the control of the dimensions and the specific surface through the judicious choice of synthesis methods, and the possibility of targeting the target organ by applying an internal magnetic field, make these nanoparticles effective alternatives for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer. This review discusses the use of MNPs in cancer diagnosis and treatment and provides future perspectives in the field. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Biomedical Application)
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21 pages, 4022 KiB  
Review
Osteoimmunomodulatory Nanoparticles for Bone Regeneration
by Jingyi Wen, Donglin Cai, Wendong Gao, Ruiying He, Yulin Li, Yinghong Zhou, Travis Klein, Lan Xiao and Yin Xiao
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(4), 692; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano13040692 - 10 Feb 2023
Cited by 13 | Viewed by 3057
Abstract
Treatment of large bone fractures remains a challenge for orthopedists. Bone regeneration is a complex process that includes skeletal cells such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and immune cells to regulate bone formation and resorption. Osteoimmunology, studying this complicated process, has recently been used to [...] Read more.
Treatment of large bone fractures remains a challenge for orthopedists. Bone regeneration is a complex process that includes skeletal cells such as osteoblasts, osteoclasts, and immune cells to regulate bone formation and resorption. Osteoimmunology, studying this complicated process, has recently been used to develop biomaterials for advanced bone regeneration. Ideally, a biomaterial shall enable a timely switch from early stage inflammatory (to recruit osteogenic progenitor cells) to later-stage anti-inflammatory (to promote differentiation and terminal osteogenic mineralization and model the microstructure of bone tissue) in immune cells, especially the M1-to-M2 phenotype switch in macrophage populations, for bone regeneration. Nanoparticle (NP)-based advanced drug delivery systems can enable the controlled release of therapeutic reagents and the delivery of therapeutics into specific cell types, thereby benefiting bone regeneration through osteoimmunomodulation. In this review, we briefly describe the significance of osteoimmunology in bone regeneration, the advancement of NP-based approaches for bone regeneration, and the application of NPs in macrophage-targeting drug delivery for advanced osteoimmunomodulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Biomedical Application)
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Graphical abstract

43 pages, 4139 KiB  
Review
Recent Advances in the Development of Lipid-, Metal-, Carbon-, and Polymer-Based Nanomaterials for Antibacterial Applications
by Ruohua Ren, Chiaxin Lim, Shiqi Li, Yajun Wang, Jiangning Song, Tsung-Wu Lin, Benjamin W. Muir, Hsien-Yi Hsu and Hsin-Hui Shen
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(21), 3855; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12213855 - 01 Nov 2022
Cited by 12 | Viewed by 2866
Abstract
Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are becoming a serious threat to public health worldwide. With an ever-reducing pipeline of last-resort drugs further complicating the current dire situation arising due to antibiotic resistance, there has never been a greater urgency to attempt to [...] Read more.
Infections caused by multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria are becoming a serious threat to public health worldwide. With an ever-reducing pipeline of last-resort drugs further complicating the current dire situation arising due to antibiotic resistance, there has never been a greater urgency to attempt to discover potential new antibiotics. The use of nanotechnology, encompassing a broad range of organic and inorganic nanomaterials, offers promising solutions. Organic nanomaterials, including lipid-, polymer-, and carbon-based nanomaterials, have inherent antibacterial activity or can act as nanocarriers in delivering antibacterial agents. Nanocarriers, owing to the protection and enhanced bioavailability of the encapsulated drugs, have the ability to enable an increased concentration of a drug to be delivered to an infected site and reduce the associated toxicity elsewhere. On the other hand, inorganic metal-based nanomaterials exhibit multivalent antibacterial mechanisms that combat MDR bacteria effectively and reduce the occurrence of bacterial resistance. These nanomaterials have great potential for the prevention and treatment of MDR bacterial infection. Recent advances in the field of nanotechnology are enabling researchers to utilize nanomaterial building blocks in intriguing ways to create multi-functional nanocomposite materials. These nanocomposite materials, formed by lipid-, polymer-, carbon-, and metal-based nanomaterial building blocks, have opened a new avenue for researchers due to the unprecedented physiochemical properties and enhanced antibacterial activities being observed when compared to their mono-constituent parts. This review covers the latest advances of nanotechnologies used in the design and development of nano- and nanocomposite materials to fight MDR bacteria with different purposes. Our aim is to discuss and summarize these recently established nanomaterials and the respective nanocomposites, their current application, and challenges for use in applications treating MDR bacteria. In addition, we discuss the prospects for antimicrobial nanomaterials and look forward to further develop these materials, emphasizing their potential for clinical translation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Biomedical Application)
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26 pages, 27272 KiB  
Review
Nanoparticles for Coronavirus Control
by Maryam Kianpour, Mohsen Akbarian and Vladimir N. Uversky
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(9), 1602; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12091602 - 09 May 2022
Cited by 8 | Viewed by 2235
Abstract
More than 2 years have passed since the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak began, and many challenges that existed at the beginning of this pandemic have been solved. Some countries have been able to overcome this global challenge by relying on vaccines against the virus, and [...] Read more.
More than 2 years have passed since the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak began, and many challenges that existed at the beginning of this pandemic have been solved. Some countries have been able to overcome this global challenge by relying on vaccines against the virus, and vaccination has begun in many countries. Many of the proposed vaccines have nanoparticles as carriers, and there are different nano-based diagnostic approaches for rapid detection of the virus. In this review article, we briefly examine the biology of SARS-CoV-2, including the structure of the virus and what makes it pathogenic, as well as describe biotechnological methods of vaccine production, and types of the available and published nano-based ideas for overcoming the virus pandemic. Among these issues, various physical and chemical properties of nanoparticles are discussed to evaluate the optimal conditions for the production of the nano-mediated vaccines. At the end, challenges facing the international community and biotechnological answers for future viral attacks are reviewed. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Biomedical Application)
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32 pages, 2367 KiB  
Review
Nanotechnology-Assisted Cell Tracking
by Alessia Peserico, Chiara Di Berardino, Valentina Russo, Giulia Capacchietti, Oriana Di Giacinto, Angelo Canciello, Chiara Camerano Spelta Rapini and Barbara Barboni
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(9), 1414; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12091414 - 20 Apr 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2634
Abstract
The usefulness of nanoparticles (NPs) in the diagnostic and/or therapeutic sector is derived from their aptitude for navigating intra- and extracellular barriers successfully and to be spatiotemporally targeted. In this context, the optimization of NP delivery platforms is technologically related to the exploitation [...] Read more.
The usefulness of nanoparticles (NPs) in the diagnostic and/or therapeutic sector is derived from their aptitude for navigating intra- and extracellular barriers successfully and to be spatiotemporally targeted. In this context, the optimization of NP delivery platforms is technologically related to the exploitation of the mechanisms involved in the NP–cell interaction. This review provides a detailed overview of the available technologies focusing on cell–NP interaction/detection by describing their applications in the fields of cancer and regenerative medicine. Specifically, a literature survey has been performed to analyze the key nanocarrier-impacting elements, such as NP typology and functionalization, the ability to tune cell interaction mechanisms under in vitro and in vivo conditions by framing, and at the same time, the imaging devices supporting NP delivery assessment, and consideration of their specificity and sensitivity. Although the large amount of literature information on the designs and applications of cell membrane-coated NPs has reached the extent at which it could be considered a mature branch of nanomedicine ready to be translated to the clinic, the technology applied to the biomimetic functionalization strategy of the design of NPs for directing cell labelling and intracellular retention appears less advanced. These approaches, if properly scaled up, will present diverse biomedical applications and make a positive impact on human health. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Nanomaterials in Biomedical Application)
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