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Nanomaterials
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Synthesis, Modification and Application of Graphene
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Synthesis, Modification and Application of Graphene

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "2D and Carbon Nanomaterials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (20 September 2022) | Viewed by 14697

Special Issue Editor

Prof. Dr. Shufen Chen

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Post and Telecommunications, Nanjing, China
Interests: nanomaterials; graphene; perovskite; solar cells; light-emitting devices

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Graphene is a two-dimensional sheet of sp2-hybridized carbon atoms, which has a larger theoretical specific surface area, high intrinsic mobility, high Young’s modulus, high thermal conductivity, high transparency and good electrical conductivity. The discovery of graphene has triggered the worldwide exploration of its applications owning to these unique properties. Many researches have already demonstrated the graphene’s potential in sensors, clean energy devices, and transparent conductive electrodes of field-effect transistors, solar cells, organic light-emitting diodes and touch screens.

In this Special Issue, we encourage submissions on high-quality synthesis, efficient transfer, novel modification, and innovative applications of graphene or its composites. Full research papers, communications, and reviews are all welcome.

Prof. Dr. Shufen Chen
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nanomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • Graphene
  • Synthesis
  • Transfer method
  • Modification method
  • Doping method
  • Applications

Published Papers (7 papers)

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Research

Jump to: Review

16 pages, 6500 KiB  
Article
Insights into the Stability of Graphene Oxide Aqueous Dispersions
by Codrut Costinas, Catalin Alexandru Salagean, Liviu Cosmin Cotet, Monica Baia, Milica Todea, Klara Magyari and Lucian Baia
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(24), 4489; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12244489 - 19 Dec 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1586
Abstract
Understanding graphene oxide’s stability (or lack thereof) in liquid solvents is critical for fine-tuning the material’s characteristics and its potential involvement in future applications. In this work, through the use of structural and surface investigations, the alteration of the structural and edge-surface properties [...] Read more.
Understanding graphene oxide’s stability (or lack thereof) in liquid solvents is critical for fine-tuning the material’s characteristics and its potential involvement in future applications. In this work, through the use of structural and surface investigations, the alteration of the structural and edge-surface properties of 2D graphene oxide nanosheets was monitored over a period of eight weeks by involving DLS, zeta potential, XRD, XPS, Raman and FT-IR spectroscopy techniques. The samples were synthesized as an aqueous suspension by an original modified Marcano-Tour method centred on the sono-chemical exfoliation of graphite. Based on the acquired experimental results and the available literature, a phenomenological explanation of the two underlying mechanisms responsible for the meta-stability of graphene oxide aqueous dispersions is proposed. It is based on the cleavage of the carbon bonds in the first 3–4 weeks, while the bonding of oxygen functional groups on the carbon lattice occurs, and the transformation of epoxide and hydroxyl groups into adsorbed water molecules in a process driven by the availability of hydrogen in graphene oxide nanosheets. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Modification and Application of Graphene)
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14 pages, 3276 KiB  
Article
The Local Coordination Effects on the Reactivity and Speciation of Active Sites in Graphene-Embedded Single-Atom Catalysts over Wide pH and Potential Range
by Milica S. Ritopečki, Ana S. Dobrota, Natalia V. Skorodumova and Igor A. Pašti
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(23), 4309; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12234309 - 05 Dec 2022
Cited by 3 | Viewed by 1714
Abstract
Understanding the catalytic performance of different materials is of crucial importance for achieving further technological advancements. This especially relates to the behaviors of different classes of catalysts under operating conditions. Here, we analyzed the effects of local coordination of metal centers (Mn, Fe, [...] Read more.
Understanding the catalytic performance of different materials is of crucial importance for achieving further technological advancements. This especially relates to the behaviors of different classes of catalysts under operating conditions. Here, we analyzed the effects of local coordination of metal centers (Mn, Fe, Co) in graphene-embedded single-atom catalysts (SACs). We started with well-known M@N4-graphene catalysts and systematically replaced nitrogen atoms with oxygen or sulfur atoms to obtain M@OxNy-graphene and M@SxNy-graphene SACs (x + y = 4). We show that local coordination strongly affects the electronic structure and reactivity towards hydrogen and oxygen species. However, stability is even more affected. Using the concept of Pourbaix plots, we show that the replacement of nitrogen atoms in metal coordinating centers with O or S destabilized the SACs towards dissolution, while the metal centers were easily covered by O and OH, acting as additional ligands at high anodic potentials and high pH values. Thus, not only should local coordination be considered in terms of the activity of SACs, but it is also necessary to consider its effects on the speciation of SAC active centers under different potentials and pH conditions. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Modification and Application of Graphene)
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9 pages, 10052 KiB  
Article
Indefinite Graphene Nanocavities with Ultra-Compressed Mode Volumes
by Chunchao Wen, Zongyang Wang, Jipeng Xu, Wei Xu, Wei Liu, Zhihong Zhu, Jianfa Zhang and Shiqiao Qin
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(22), 4004; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12224004 - 14 Nov 2022
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1463
Abstract
Explorations of indefinite nanocavities have attracted surging interest in the past few years as such cavities enable light confinement to exceptionally small dimensions, relying on the hyperbolic dispersion of their consisting medium. Here, we propose and study indefinite graphene nanocavities, which support ultra-compressed [...] Read more.
Explorations of indefinite nanocavities have attracted surging interest in the past few years as such cavities enable light confinement to exceptionally small dimensions, relying on the hyperbolic dispersion of their consisting medium. Here, we propose and study indefinite graphene nanocavities, which support ultra-compressed mode volumes with confinement factors up to 109. Moreover, the nanocavities we propose manifest anomalous scaling laws of resonances and can be effectively excited from the far field. The indefinite graphene cavities, based on low dimensional materials, present a novel rout to squeeze light down to the nanoscale, rendering a more versatile platform for investigations into ultra-strong light–matter interactions at mid-infrared to terahertz spectral ranges. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Modification and Application of Graphene)
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14 pages, 3849 KiB  
Article
Tailorable Electronic and Electric Properties of Graphene with Selective Decoration of Silver Nanoparticles by Laser-Assisted Photoreduction
by Inseon Song, Yujeong Kim, Byung Hoon Lee, Minji Chae, Sooyeon Kim, ChangKyu Yoon, Min-Kyu Joo, Jeeyoung Shin, Soo Min Kim and Changhyun Ko
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(20), 3549; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12203549 - 11 Oct 2022
Cited by 2 | Viewed by 1439
Abstract
While graphene shows great potential for diverse device applications, to broaden the scope of graphene-based device applications further, it would be necessary to tune the electronic state of graphene and its resultant electrical properties properly. Surface decoration with metal nanoparticles is one of [...] Read more.
While graphene shows great potential for diverse device applications, to broaden the scope of graphene-based device applications further, it would be necessary to tune the electronic state of graphene and its resultant electrical properties properly. Surface decoration with metal nanoparticles is one of the efficient doping methods to control the properties of two-dimensional materials. Here, we report the p-type doping effects in single-layer graphene decorated with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) that were formed area-selectively by the facile one-step photoreduction (PR) process based on focused-laser irradiation. During the PR process, AgNPs were reduced on graphene in AgNO3 solution by laser-driven photoexcitation followed by chemical reactions. Based on scanning electron microscopy analyses, the morphology characteristics of AgNPs were shown to be modulated by the laser dwell time and power controllably. Further, p-type doping effects were demonstrated using graphene-field-effect transistor structures whose graphene channels were selectively decorated with AgNPs by the PR process, as validated by the decrease in channel resistance and the shift of the Dirac point voltage. Moreover, the growth of AgNPs was observed to be more active on the graphene channel that was laser-annealed ahead of the PR process, leading to enhancing the efficiency of this approach for altering device characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Modification and Application of Graphene)
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12 pages, 3489 KiB  
Article
Manifestations of Laser-Induced Graphene under Ultraviolet Irradiation of Polyimide with Varied Optical Fluence
by Ilija R. Hristovski, Luke A. Herman, Michael E. Mitchell, Nikolai I. Lesack, Jason Reich and Jonathan F. Holzman
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(8), 1241; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12081241 - 07 Apr 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1930
Abstract
In this work, we put forward a rigorous study on ultraviolet (355-nm) laser irradiation of polyimide for the realization of high-quality laser-induced graphene (LIG) with micron-scale features. High-quality material and micron-scale features are desirable—but often at odds—given that small features demand tightly focused [...] Read more.
In this work, we put forward a rigorous study on ultraviolet (355-nm) laser irradiation of polyimide for the realization of high-quality laser-induced graphene (LIG) with micron-scale features. High-quality material and micron-scale features are desirable—but often at odds—given that small features demand tightly focused beam spots, with a predisposition to ablation. As such, we investigate the synthesis of LIG by correlating the material characteristics, as gleaned from scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, to the incident optical fluence, as a measure of applied optical energy per unit area. The study reveals that high-quality LIG, with ratios of Raman 2D-to-G peak heights approaching 0.7, can be synthesized with micron-scale features, down to 18 ± 2 μm, given suitable attention to the optical fluence. Optimal characteristics are seen at optical fluences between 40 and 50 J/cm2, which promote graphenization and minimize ablation. It is hoped that these findings will lay a foundation for the application of LIG in future integrated technologies. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Modification and Application of Graphene)
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11 pages, 1405 KiB  
Article
Photoinitiated Polymerization of Hydrogels by Graphene Quantum Dots
by Yuna Kim, Jaekwang Song, Seong Chae Park, Minchul Ahn, Myung Jin Park, Sung Hyuk Song, Si-Youl Yoo, Seung Gweon Hong and Byung Hee Hong
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(9), 2169; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano11092169 - 25 Aug 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 3163
Abstract
As a smart stimulus-responsive material, hydrogel has been investigated extensively in many research fields. However, its mechanical brittleness and low strength have mattered, and conventional photoinitiators used during the polymerization steps exhibit high toxicity, which limits the use of hydrogels in the field [...] Read more.
As a smart stimulus-responsive material, hydrogel has been investigated extensively in many research fields. However, its mechanical brittleness and low strength have mattered, and conventional photoinitiators used during the polymerization steps exhibit high toxicity, which limits the use of hydrogels in the field of biomedical applications. Here, we address the dual functions of graphene quantum dots (GQDs), one to trigger the synthesis of hydrogel as photoinitiators and the other to improve the mechanical strength of the as-synthesized hydrogel. GQDs embedded in the network effectively generated radicals when exposed to sunlight, leading to the initiation of polymerization, and also played a significant role in improving the mechanical strength of the crosslinked chains. Thus, we expect that the resulting hydrogel incorporated with GQDs would enable a wide range of applications that require biocompatibility as well as higher mechanical strength, including novel hydrogel contact lenses and bioscaffolds for tissue engineering. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Modification and Application of Graphene)
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Review

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24 pages, 1607 KiB  
Review
Graphene Family Nanomaterials (GFN)-TiO2 for the Photocatalytic Removal of Water and Air Pollutants: Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications
by Chih-Hsien Lin and Wei-Hsiang Chen
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(12), 3195; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano11123195 - 25 Nov 2021
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 2592
Abstract
Given the industrial revolutions and resource scarcity, the development of green technologies which aims to conserve resources and reduce the negative impacts of technology on the environment has become a critical issue of concern. One example is heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation. Titanium dioxide (TiO [...] Read more.
Given the industrial revolutions and resource scarcity, the development of green technologies which aims to conserve resources and reduce the negative impacts of technology on the environment has become a critical issue of concern. One example is heterogeneous photocatalytic degradation. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) has been intensively researched given its low toxicity and photocatalytic effects under ultraviolet (UV) light irradiation. The advantages conferred by the physical and electrochemical properties of graphene family nanomaterials (GFN) have contributed to the combination of GFN and TiO2 as well as the current variety of GFN-TiO2 catalysts that have exhibited improved characteristics such as greater electron transfer and narrower bandgaps for more potential applications, including those under visible light irradiation. In this review, points of view on the intrinsic properties of TiO2, GFNs (pristine graphene, graphene oxide (GO), reduced GO, and graphene quantum dots (GQDs)), and GFN-TiO2 are presented. This review also explains practical synthesis techniques along with perspective characteristics of these TiO2- and/or graphene-based materials. The enhancement of the photocatalytic activity by using GFN-TiO2 and its improved photocatalytic reactions for the treatment of organic, inorganic, and biological pollutants in water and air phases are reported. It is expected that this review can provide insights into the key to optimizing the photocatalytic activity of GFN-TiO2 and possible directions for future development in these fields. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Synthesis, Modification and Application of Graphene)
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