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Nanomaterials
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Biomedical Applications of Anisotropic Magnetic Nanoparticles
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Biomedical Applications of Anisotropic Magnetic Nanoparticles

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Nanocomposite Materials".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (30 November 2021) | Viewed by 11808

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Jean-Michel Siaugue

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
PHysico-chimie des Electrolytes et Nanosystèmes InterfaciauX (PHENIX), Faculté des Sciences et Ingénierie, Sorbonne Université, UMR 8234, Paris, France
Interests: synthesis and characterization of magnetic nanoparticles; silica coated magnetic nanoparticles; magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications (drug delivery, multimodal imaging, in vitro diagnostics, magnetogenetics)

Special Issue Information

Dear Colleagues,

Magnetic nanoparticles have been studied for several decades for their biomedical applications. Due to their magnetic properties, they can be used as contrast agents in magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), thanks to the modification of the relaxation time of protons in their surroundings. Their ability to heat up when submitted to an alternating magnetic field has been used in thermotherapy but also for on-demand drug release with thermosensitive drug delivery systems. They can also accumulate in a specific area through the application of a magnetic field gradient (magnetic targeting), while their size gives them the property of accumulating to a certain extent within tumor areas (passive targeting, EPR effect). Their nanometric size and the resulting high specific surface area allow the grafting of large quantities of biochemical entities (proteins, antibodies, etc.) onto their surface, which has led to applications in targeted therapy (active targeting) but also in in vitro diagnostics. Until a few years ago, research on magnetic nanoparticles for biomedical applications was mainly focused on spherical, isotropic nanoparticles. However, an increasing research effort is now directed toward anisotropic magnetic nanoparticles, as their magnetic properties and biological activity can be improved by controlling their shape. Indeed, some researchers have reported that tuning the anisotropy, by modifying the shape of the nanoparticles, leads to a higher specific adsorption rate and better performance as a contrast agent in MRI. Moreover, enhanced blood circulation time and prolonged retention in tumors have also been observed for anisotropic nanoparticles.

Thus, this Special Issue focuses on the synthesis, properties, and biomedical applications of anisotropic magnetic nanoparticles that may be nanotubes, nanowires, nanorods, nanocubes, nanoflowers, nanosheets, nanoplates or anisotropic nanoparticle assembly.

The format of welcomed articles includes full papers, communications, and reviews.

Dr. Jean-Michel Siaugue
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nanomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • magnetic nanoparticles
  • anisotropy
  • biomedical applications
  • magnetic hyperthermia
  • magnetic resonance imaging
  • drug delivery
  • in vitro diagnostics
  • magnetogenetics

Published Papers (3 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 3305 KiB  
Article
Numerical Simulation of Temperature Variations during the Application of Safety Protocols in Magnetic Particle Hyperthermia
by Gerasimos Pefanis, Nikolaos Maniotis, Aikaterini-Rafailia Tsiapla, Antonios Makridis, Theodoros Samaras and Mavroeidis Angelakeris
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(3), 554; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12030554 - 06 Feb 2022
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 1770
Abstract
Unavoidably, magnetic particle hyperthermia is limited by the unwanted heating of the neighboring healthy tissues, due to the generation of eddy currents. Eddy currents naturally occur, due to the applied alternating magnetic field, which is used to excite the nanoparticles in the tumor [...] Read more.
Unavoidably, magnetic particle hyperthermia is limited by the unwanted heating of the neighboring healthy tissues, due to the generation of eddy currents. Eddy currents naturally occur, due to the applied alternating magnetic field, which is used to excite the nanoparticles in the tumor and, therefore, restrict treatment efficiency in clinical application. In this work, we present two simply applicable methods for reducing the heating of healthy tissues by simultaneously keeping the heating of cancer tissue, due to magnetic nanoparticles, at an adequate level. The first method involves moving the induction coil relative to the phantom tissue during the exposure. More specifically, the coil is moving symmetrically—left and right relative to the specimen—in a bidirectional fashion. In this case, the impact of the maximum distance (2–8 cm) between the coil and the phantom is investigated. In the second method, the magnetic field is applied intermittently (in an ON/OFF pulsed mode), instead of the continuous field mode usually employed. The parameters of the intermittent field mode, such as the time intervals (ON time and OFF time) and field amplitude, are optimized based on the numerical assessment of temperature increase in healthy tissue and cancer tissue phantoms. Different ON and OFF times were tested in the range of 25–100 s and 50–200 s, respectively, and under variable field amplitudes (45–70 mT). In all the protocols studied here, the main goal is to generate inside the cancer tissue phantom the maximum temperature increase, possible (preferably within the magnetic hyperthermia window of 4–8 °C), while restricting the temperature increase in the healthy tissue phantom to below 4 °C, signifying eddy current mitigation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Applications of Anisotropic Magnetic Nanoparticles)
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11 pages, 1289 KiB  
Article
Modelling of Dynamic Behaviour in Magnetic Nanoparticles
by Max Tigo Rietberg, Sebastiaan Waanders, Melissa Mathilde Horstman-van de Loosdrecht, Rogier R. Wildeboer, Bennie ten Haken and Lejla Alic
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(12), 3396; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano11123396 - 15 Dec 2021
Cited by 7 | Viewed by 2635
Abstract
The efficient development and utilisation of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for applications in enhanced biosensing relies on the use of magnetisation dynamics, which are primarily governed by the time-dependent motion of the magnetisation due to externally applied magnetic fields. An accurate description of the [...] Read more.
The efficient development and utilisation of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for applications in enhanced biosensing relies on the use of magnetisation dynamics, which are primarily governed by the time-dependent motion of the magnetisation due to externally applied magnetic fields. An accurate description of the physics involved is complex and not yet fully understood, especially in the frequency range where Néel and Brownian relaxation processes compete. However, even though it is well known that non-zero, non-static local fields significantly influence these magnetisation dynamics, the modelling of magnetic dynamics for MNPs often uses zero-field dynamics or a static Langevin approach. In this paper, we developed an approximation to model and evaluate its performance for MNPs exposed to a magnetic field with varying amplitude and frequency. This model was initially developed to predict superparamagnetic nanoparticle behaviour in differential magnetometry applications but it can also be applied to similar techniques such as magnetic particle imaging and frequency mixing. Our model was based upon the Fokker–Planck equations for the two relaxation mechanisms. The equations were solved through numerical approximation and they were then combined, while taking into account the particle size distribution and the respective anisotropy distribution. Our model was evaluated for Synomag®-D70, Synomag®-D50 and SHP-15, which resulted in an overall good agreement between measurement and simulation. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Applications of Anisotropic Magnetic Nanoparticles)
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Review

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20 pages, 10675 KiB  
Review
Fundamentals to Apply Magnetic Nanoparticles for Hyperthermia Therapy
by Hira Fatima, Tawatchai Charinpanitkul and Kyo-Seon Kim
Nanomaterials 2021, 11(5), 1203; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano11051203 - 01 May 2021
Cited by 94 | Viewed by 6667
Abstract
The activation of magnetic nanoparticles in hyperthermia treatment by an external alternating magnetic field is a promising technique for targeted cancer therapy. The external alternating magnetic field generates heat in the tumor area, which is utilized to kill cancerous cells. Depending on the [...] Read more.
The activation of magnetic nanoparticles in hyperthermia treatment by an external alternating magnetic field is a promising technique for targeted cancer therapy. The external alternating magnetic field generates heat in the tumor area, which is utilized to kill cancerous cells. Depending on the tumor type and site to be targeted, various types of magnetic nanoparticles, with variable coating materials of different shape and surface charge, have been developed. The tunable physical and chemical properties of magnetic nanoparticles enhance their heating efficiency. Moreover, heating efficiency is directly related with the product values of the applied magnetic field and frequency. Protein corona formation is another important parameter affecting the heating efficiency of MNPs in magnetic hyperthermia. This review provides the basics of magnetic hyperthermia, mechanisms of heat losses, thermal doses for hyperthermia therapy, and strategies to improve heating efficiency. The purpose of this review is to build a bridge between the synthesis/coating of magnetic nanoparticles and their practical application in magnetic hyperthermia. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Biomedical Applications of Anisotropic Magnetic Nanoparticles)
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