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Nanomaterials
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Nanoparticles for Biosensor Application
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Nanoparticles for Biosensor Application

A special issue of Nanomaterials (ISSN 2079-4991). This special issue belongs to the section "Nanoelectronics, Nanosensors and Devices".

Deadline for manuscript submissions: closed (31 March 2023) | Viewed by 11243

Special Issue Editor

Dr. Edmondo Battista

E-Mail Website
Guest Editor
1. CRIB (Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biomaterials) University of Naples "Federico II", P.le Tecchio 80, Naples, Italy
2. IIT @CRIB CABHC (Center for Advanced Biomaterials for HealthCare), l.go Barsanti e Matteucci, 53 80125 Naples, Italy
Interests: bioengineering; biosensors; liquid biopsy; micro- and nano-gels
Special Issues, Collections and Topics in MDPI journals

Special Issue Information

Dear Collogues,

Today, more than ever, science is being used to improve the performances of current detection systems to be more sensitive, faster, and more precise. On several occasions, nanomaterials have already proven to be able to help solve everyday problems, but a growing need for new solutions has emerged. Biosensors based on nano-objects are now widespread and are used daily in many devices. Thanks to their optical and electrochemical properties, they have allowed for overcoming the barriers of conventional tests in many fields. Their applications have involved different fields, from biomedical to the detection of pollutants, from anticounterfeit to microelectronics.

This SI wants to lay the foundations for the definition of future detection systems, based on the combination of nanomaterials and nanoparticles of a different nature (polymer/metallic, organic/inorganic, hybrids, and composites). The present SI is open to contributions as full papers, communications, and reviews from chemists, materials scientists, and bioengineers from academia and industry, working in different fields where the nanomaterials have a great impact on the final product.

Potential topics include, but are not limited to, the following:

  • Engineering nanomaterials: innovative development, synthesis, and fabrication methods;
  • Biomedical applications of nanomaterials: nanoparticle functionalization for biomedical applications;
  • Nano-biosensors for pollutant detection;
  • Intracellular detection through nanoparticles;
  • Few molecules and single molecule detection systems;
  • Innovative nanomaterials, nanocomposites, and nanohybrids for biomedical applications;
  • Integration of nanoparticles, microfluidic devices, and/or electronics;
  • Nanotoxicity studies and models for the evaluation of innocuity.

Dr. Edmondo Battista
Guest Editor

Manuscript Submission Information

Manuscripts should be submitted online at www.mdpi.com by registering and logging in to this website. Once you are registered, click here to go to the submission form. Manuscripts can be submitted until the deadline. All submissions that pass pre-check are peer-reviewed. Accepted papers will be published continuously in the journal (as soon as accepted) and will be listed together on the special issue website. Research articles, review articles as well as short communications are invited. For planned papers, a title and short abstract (about 100 words) can be sent to the Editorial Office for announcement on this website.

Submitted manuscripts should not have been published previously, nor be under consideration for publication elsewhere (except conference proceedings papers). All manuscripts are thoroughly refereed through a single-blind peer-review process. A guide for authors and other relevant information for submission of manuscripts is available on the Instructions for Authors page. Nanomaterials is an international peer-reviewed open access semimonthly journal published by MDPI.

Please visit the Instructions for Authors page before submitting a manuscript. The Article Processing Charge (APC) for publication in this open access journal is 2900 CHF (Swiss Francs). Submitted papers should be well formatted and use good English. Authors may use MDPI's English editing service prior to publication or during author revisions.

Keywords

  • nanoparticles
  • nanostructures
  • microdevices
  • multiplex analysis
  • liquid biopsy
  • nanotoxicology
  • anticounterfeit

Published Papers (5 papers)

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Research

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17 pages, 4680 KiB  
Article
Intracellular Localization during Blood–Brain Barrier Crossing Influences Extracellular Release and Uptake of Fluorescent Nanoprobes
by Ornella Muscetti, Naym Blal, Valentina Mollo, Paolo Antonio Netti and Daniela Guarnieri
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(13), 1999; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano13131999 - 03 Jul 2023
Viewed by 1075
Abstract
To improve the efficacy of nanoparticles (NPs) and boost their theragnostic potential for brain diseases, it is key to understand the mechanisms controlling blood–brain barrier (BBB) crossing. Here, the capability of 100 nm carboxylated polystyrene NPs, used as a nanoprobe model, to cross [...] Read more.
To improve the efficacy of nanoparticles (NPs) and boost their theragnostic potential for brain diseases, it is key to understand the mechanisms controlling blood–brain barrier (BBB) crossing. Here, the capability of 100 nm carboxylated polystyrene NPs, used as a nanoprobe model, to cross the human brain endothelial hCMEC/D3 cell layer, as well as to be consequently internalized by human brain tumor U87 cells, is investigated as a function of NPs’ different intracellular localization. We compared NPs confined in the endo-lysosomal compartment, delivered to the cells through endocytosis, with free NPs in the cytoplasm, delivered by the gene gun method. The results indicate that the intracellular behavior of NPs changed as a function of their entrance mechanism. Moreover, by bypassing endo-lysosomal accumulation, free NPs were released from cells more efficiently than endocytosed NPs. Most importantly, once excreted by the endothelial cells, free NPs were released in the cell culture medium as aggregates smaller than endocytosed NPs and, consequently, they entered the human glioblastoma U87 cells more efficiently. These findings prove that intracellular localization influences NPs’ long-term fate, improving their cellular release and consequent cellular uptake once in the brain parenchyma. This study represents a step forward in designing nanomaterials that are able to reach the brain effectively. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles for Biosensor Application)
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11 pages, 3722 KiB  
Communication
Polyethylene Glycol Functionalized Silicon Nanowire Field-Effect Transistor Biosensor for Glucose Detection
by Yan Zhu, Qianhui Wei, Qingxi Jin, Gangrong Li, Qingzhu Zhang, Han Xiao, Tengfei Li, Feng Wei and Yingchun Luo
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(3), 604; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano13030604 - 02 Feb 2023
Cited by 1 | Viewed by 1487
Abstract
Accurate monitoring of blood glucose levels is crucial for the diagnosis of diabetes patients. In this paper, we proposed a simple “mixed-catalyzer layer” modified silicon nanowire field-effect transistor biosensor that enabled direct detection of glucose with low-charge in high ionic strength solutions. A [...] Read more.
Accurate monitoring of blood glucose levels is crucial for the diagnosis of diabetes patients. In this paper, we proposed a simple “mixed-catalyzer layer” modified silicon nanowire field-effect transistor biosensor that enabled direct detection of glucose with low-charge in high ionic strength solutions. A stable screening system was established to overcome Debye screening effect by forming a porous biopolymer layer with polyethylene glycol (PEG) modified on the surface of SiNW. The experimental results show that when the optimal ratio (APTMS:silane-PEG = 2:1) modified the surface of silicon nanowires, glucose oxidase can detect glucose in the concentration range of 10 nM to 10 mM. The sensitivity of the biosensor is calculated to be 0.47 μAcm−2mM−1, its fast response time not exceeding 8 s, and the detection limit is up to 10 nM. This glucose sensor has the advantages of high sensitivity, strong specificity and fast real-time response. Therefore, it has a potential clinical application prospect in disease diagnosis. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles for Biosensor Application)
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14 pages, 2509 KiB  
Article
The Voltammetric Detection of Cadaverine Using a Diamine Oxidase and Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube Functionalised Electrochemical Biosensor
by Mohsin Amin, Badr M. Abdullah, Stephen R. Wylie, Samuel J. Rowley-Neale, Craig E. Banks and Kathryn A. Whitehead
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(1), 36; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano13010036 - 22 Dec 2022
Cited by 4 | Viewed by 3706
Abstract
Cadaverine is a biomolecule of major healthcare importance in periodontal disease; however, current detection methods remain inefficient. The development of an enzyme biosensor for the detection of cadaverine may provide a cheap, rapid, point-of-care alternative to traditional measurement techniques. This work developed a [...] Read more.
Cadaverine is a biomolecule of major healthcare importance in periodontal disease; however, current detection methods remain inefficient. The development of an enzyme biosensor for the detection of cadaverine may provide a cheap, rapid, point-of-care alternative to traditional measurement techniques. This work developed a screen-printed biosensor (SPE) with a diamine oxidase (DAO) and multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) functionalised electrode which enabled the detection of cadaverine via cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry. The MWCNTs were functionalised with DAO using carbodiimide crosslinking with 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-Hydroxysuccinimide (NHS), followed by direct covalent conjugation of the enzyme to amide bonds. Cyclic voltammetry results demonstrated a pair of distinct redox peaks for cadaverine with the C-MWCNT/DAO/EDC-NHS/GA SPE and no redox peaks using unmodified SPEs. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used to isolate the cadaverine oxidation peak and a linear concentration dependence was identified in the range of 3–150 µg/mL. The limit of detection of cadaverine using the C-MWCNT/DAO/EDC-NHS/GA SPE was 0.8 μg/mL, and the biosensor was also found to be effective when tested in artificial saliva which was used as a proof-of-concept model to increase the Technology Readiness Level (TRL) of this device. Thus, the development of a MWCNT based enzymatic biosensor for the voltammetric detection of cadaverine which was also active in the presence of artificial saliva was presented in this study. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles for Biosensor Application)
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12 pages, 3084 KiB  
Article
Paper Biosensor for the Detection of NT-proBNP Using Silver Nanodisks as Electrochemical Labels
by Yi Peng, Nikhil Raj, Juliette W. Strasser and Richard M. Crooks
Nanomaterials 2022, 12(13), 2254; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano12132254 - 30 Jun 2022
Cited by 5 | Viewed by 1775
Abstract
We report on the use of silver nanodisks (AgNDs), having a diameter of 50 ± 8 nm and a thickness of 8 ± 2 nm, as electrochemical labels for the detection of a model metalloimmunoassay for the heart failure biomarker NT-proBNP. The detection [...] Read more.
We report on the use of silver nanodisks (AgNDs), having a diameter of 50 ± 8 nm and a thickness of 8 ± 2 nm, as electrochemical labels for the detection of a model metalloimmunoassay for the heart failure biomarker NT-proBNP. The detection method is based on an electrochemically activated galvanic exchange (GE) followed by the detection of Ag using anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV). The AgNDs labels are superior to Ag nanocubes and Ag nanospheres in terms of the dynamic range for both the model and NT-proBNP metalloimmunoassays. The linear dynamic range for the model composite is 1.5 to 30.0 pM AgNDs. When AgND labels are used for the NT-proBNP assay, the dynamic range is 0.03–4.0 nM NT-proBNP. The latter range fully overlaps the risk stratification range for heart failure from 53 pM to 590 pM. The performance improvement of the AgNDs is a result of the specific GE mechanism for nanodisks. Specifically, GE is complete across the face of the AgNDs, leaving behind an incompletely exchanged ring structure composed of both Ag and Au. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles for Biosensor Application)
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Review

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31 pages, 3962 KiB  
Review
Tyrosinase Immobilization Strategies for the Development of Electrochemical Biosensors—A Review
by Alexandra Virginia Bounegru and Constantin Apetrei
Nanomaterials 2023, 13(4), 760; https://0-doi-org.brum.beds.ac.uk/10.3390/nano13040760 - 17 Feb 2023
Cited by 6 | Viewed by 2150
Abstract
The development of enzyme biosensors has successfully overcome various challenges such as enzyme instability, loss of enzyme activity or long response time. In the electroanalytical field, tyrosinase is used to develop biosensors that exploit its ability to catalyze the oxidation of numerous types [...] Read more.
The development of enzyme biosensors has successfully overcome various challenges such as enzyme instability, loss of enzyme activity or long response time. In the electroanalytical field, tyrosinase is used to develop biosensors that exploit its ability to catalyze the oxidation of numerous types of phenolic compounds with antioxidant and neurotransmitter roles. This review critically examines the main tyrosinase immobilization techniques for the development of sensitive electrochemical biosensors. Immobilization strategies are mainly classified according to the degree of reversibility/irreversibility of enzyme binding to the support material. Each tyrosinase immobilization method has advantages and limitations, and its selection depends mainly on the type of support electrode, electrode-modifying nanomaterials, cross-linking agent or surfactants used. Tyrosinase immobilization by cross-linking is characterized by very frequent use with outstanding performance of the developed biosensors. Additionally, research in recent years has focused on new immobilization strategies involving cross-linking, such as cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs) and magnetic cross-linked enzyme aggregates (mCLEAs). Therefore, it can be considered that cross-linking immobilization is the most feasible and economical approach, also providing the possibility of selecting the reagents used and the order of the immobilization steps, which favor the enhancement of biosensor performance characteristics. Full article
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Nanoparticles for Biosensor Application)
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